Module 3 |

Presentation of Data
Lesson Objectives

1. To present data in tabular, graphical and textual form;

2. To identify the most appropriate type of chart for a given data
set; and
3. To create tables and charts using MS Excel
I. Textual Presentation of Data
 
In this method, data are presented in paragraph or in sentences. This includes enumeration of
important characteristics, emphasizing the most significant features and highlighting the most
striking attributes of the data set.
 
Example:
 
The population of the Philippines as of August 1, 2015 was 100,981,437, based on the 2015
Census of Population (POPCEN 2015). Of the country’s 18 administrative regions, Region IV-
A (CALABARZON) had the biggest population in 2015 with 14.41 million, followed by the
National Capital Region (NCR) with 12.88 million, and Region III (Central Luzon) with 11.22
million. The combined population of these three regions accounted for about 38.1 percent of
the Philippine population in 2015. The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
was the fast growing region with an average annual population growth rate of 2.89 percent.
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
The frequency distribution is a way of summarizing data by showing the number of
observations that belong in the class intervals.
 
Some Definitions:

Class interval – the range of values that belong the class or category
Class limits – are the end numbers used to define the class interval. The lower class
limit is the lower end number and the upper class limit is the upper end number.
Class frequency – is the number of observations that belong in a class interval.
Class size – is the size of the class interval. Use multiples of 5, 10, 15, etc.
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Steps in Constructing the Frequency Distribution Using MS Excel:
 
1. Get the lowest data and the highest observations of the variable of interest.
2. Construct the bin range. The bin range should consist only of the upper class limits. Choose the first upper class
limit. Make sure that the number of digits of the upper class limit is the same as the number of digits of the raw
data. Make sure that the first upper class limit is a value lower or equal to the lowest observation.
3. Add the class size to the first upper class limit. Use class size in the multiple of 5, 10, etc., for easy addition.
4. Continue to add the class limits until the highest observations is within the interval of the last upper class limit.
5. Click Data Menu.
6. Click Data Analysis.
7. Click Histogram.
8. Click Ok.
9. For the input Range, highlight the data.
10. For the Bin Range, highlight the bin range that was constructed.
11. Click Ok.
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Example: Construct the frequency distribution of the following scores of the students in their Statistics
subjects consisted of 100 items: 78, 45, 67, 22, 90, 90, 82, 87, 58, 89, 59, 66, 78, 73, 75, 82, 82, 81, 69,
70.
 
Output using Excel:
 
First thing to do is to encode the data in excel. 
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Step 1:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Step 2-4:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Step 5-6:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Step 7-8:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Step 9-10:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Step 11:
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

A. Frequency Distribution
 
Edited Output

Cumulative
Scores Frequency Frequency
21-30 1 1
31-40 0 1
41-50 1 2
51-60 2 4
61-70 4 8
71-80 4 12
81-90 8 20
II. Tabular Presentation of Data

B. Stem and Leaf Plot

It is introduced by John Tukey and the objective of this method is to some extent overcomes the loss of
actual observations. The stem is the leading digit or digits and the leaf is the trailing digit. The stem is
placed in the first column and the leaf at the second column.

Example: Construct a stem-and-leaf plot using the scores of the students in their Statistics subjects
consisted of 100 items: 78, 45, 67, 22, 90, 90, 82, 87, 58, 89, 59, 66, 78, 73, 75, 82, 82, 81, 69, 70.

 
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

1. Histogram
 
A histogram is a graph in which classes are
marked on the horizontal axis (x-axis) and
the class frequencies on the vertical axis (y-
axis). The height of the bars represents the
class frequencies and the bars are drawn
adjacent to each other.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

2. Frequency Polygon
 
A frequency polygon is a graph that
displays the data using points which are
connected by lines. The frequencies are
represented by the heights of the points at
the midpoints of the classes. The vertical
axis represents the frequency of the
distribution while the horizontal axis
represents the midpoints of the frequency
distribution.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

3. Cumulative Frequency Polygon

 
A cumulative frequency distribution or
ogive is a graph that displays the
cumulative frequencies for the classes in a
frequency distribution. The vertical axis
represents the cumulative frequency of the
distribution while the horizontal axis
represents the upper class boundaries of the
frequency distribution
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

4. Pareto Chart
 
A pareto chart is a graph used to represent
the frequency distribution for a categorical
data (or nominal level) and frequencies are
displayed by the heights of vertical bards,
which are arranged in order from highest to
lowest.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

5. Bar Chart
 
A bar chart is similar to bar histogram. The
bases of the rectangle are arbitrary intervals
whose centers are the codes. The height of
each rectangle represents the frequency of
that category. It is also applicable for
categorical data.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

6. Pie Chart
 
A pie chart is a circle divided in to portions
that represent the relative frequencies (or
percentages) of the data belonging to
different categories. The data in pie chart
should be categorical data.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

7. Time Series Graph

 
A time series graph represents that occur
over specific period of time under
observation. In addition, it shows for a trend
or pattern on the increase or decrease over
the period of time.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

8. Pictograph
 
A pictograph immediately suggests the
nature of the data being shown. It is a
combination of the attention-getting quality
and accuracy of the bar chart. Appropriate
pictures arranged in a row present the
quantities for comparison.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

A. Types of Charts

9. Scatter Plot
 
A scatter plot is used to examine possible
relationships between two numerical
variables. The two variables are plot in x-
axis and y-axis.
 
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

B. Steps on Creating a Chart Using MS Excel

1. Select the data for which you want to create a chart.

2. Click INSERT > Recommended Charts.
3. On the Recommended Charts tab, scroll through the list of charts that Excel recommends for your data,
and click any chart to see how your data will look.If you don’t see a chart you like, click All Charts to
see all the available chart types.
4. When you find the chart you like, click it > OK.
5. Use the Chart Elements, Chart Styles, and Chart Filters buttons, next to the upper-right corner of the
chart to add chart elements like axis titles or data labels, customize the look of your chart, or change the
data that is shown in the chart.
6. To access additional design and formatting features, click anywhere in the chart to add the CHART
TOOLS to the ribbon, and then click the options you want on the DESIGN and FORMAT tabs.
III. Graphical Presentation of Data

C. Guidelines for Developing Good Graphs / Charts

1. The graph/chart should include a title.

2. The scales for all axes should be included.
3. The scale on the y-axis should start at zero.
4. The graph or chart should not disfigure the data.
5. The x-axis and y-axis should be properly labeled.
6. The graph/chart should not contain unnecessary decorations.
7. The simplest possible graph/chart should be used for any data set.