Adv Stat Data Presentation

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
DATA PRESENTATION
Ungrouped data - Any data that you first gather. It is
data in the raw. An example of ungrouped data is any
list of numbers that you can think of.
Example 7: The marks obtained by 20 students in a

class in a certain examination are given
below:
21, 23, 19, 17, 12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 19, 23, 23, 21, 23,
25, 25, 21, 19, 19, 19

below:
21, 23, 19, 17, 12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 19, 23, 23, 21, 23,
25, 25, 21, 19, 19, 19
below:
21, 23, 19, 17, 12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 19, 23, 23, 21, 23,
25, 25, 21, 19, 19, 19
below:
21, 23, 19, 17, 12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 19, 23, 23, 21, 23,
25, 25, 21, 19, 19, 19
below:
21, 23, 19, 17, 12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 19, 23, 23, 21, 23,
25, 25, 21, 19, 19, 19
below:
21, 23, 19, 17, 12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 19, 23, 23, 21, 23,
25, 25, 21, 19, 19, 19
Example 7: The marks obtained by 20 students in a class
in a certain examination are given below:
21, 23, 19, 17, 12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 19, 23, 23, 21, 23,
25, 25, 21, 19, 19, 19
Array - An arrangement of ungrouped data in ascending or

descending order of magnitude is called an array.
Arranging the marks of 20 students in ascending order,
we get the following array.
12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 25,
Frequency distribution table or Frequency
chart for raw data using tally mark
Frequency distribution table or Frequency
chart for raw data using tally mark
• A frequency is the number of times a data value
occurs. For example, if ten students score 80 in
statistics, then the score of 80 has a frequency of 10.
Frequency is often represented by the letter f.
■ A frequency chart is made by arranging data values

in ascending order of magnitude along with their
frequencies..
Exercises 3: In the table below, make a frequency chart
of the data in Example 1.
12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 25,
25
Exercises 3: In the table below, make a frequency chart
of the data in Example 1.
12, 15, 15, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 25,
25
Marks Tally Marks Frequency

12 / 1
15 // 2
17 /// 3
19 //// 5
21 /// 3
23 //// 4
25 // 2
Presenting Grouped Data
Grouped data is data that has been organized into groups known
as classes. Grouped data has been 'classified' and thus some level
of data analysis has taken place, which means that the data is no
longer raw.
Grouped data is data that has been organized into groups known
as classes. Grouped data has been 'classified' and thus some level
of data analysis has taken place, which means that the data is no
longer raw.
The data are grouped into class intervals (or groups) to help us
organize, interpret and analyze the data. Each class is bounded by
two figures, which are called class limits. The figure on the left
side of a class is called its lower limit and that on its right is called
its upper limit.
Types of Grouped Frequency Distribution
1. Exclusive Form (or Continuous Interval Form): A
frequency distribution in which the upper limit of
each class is excluded and lower limit is
included, is called an exclusive form.
Exclusive Form (or Continuous Interval Form)
Exclusive Form (or Continuous Interval Form)
Example 8: Suppose the marks obtained by some students in an examination are
given. We may consider the classes 0 – 5, 5 – 10 etc. In class 0 – 5, we include 0 and
exclude 5. In class 5 – 10, we include 5 and exclude 10.
Here, the class 0 – 5 means, marks obtained from 0 to 4, i.e., excluding 5.

2. Inclusive Form (or Discontinuous Interval Form):
A frequency distribution in which each upper
limit as well as lower limit is included, is called
an inclusive form.
Inclusive Form (or Discontinuous Interval Form)
Example 9: Classes of the form 360 – 369, 380 – 389, 410 – 419 etc.
Battery life, minutes (x) Frequency (f)

360–369 2
370–379 3
380–389 5
390–399 7
400–409 5
410–419 4
420–429 3
Here, class 360 – 369 means, marks obtained from 360 to 369, including both.
The general rules for constructing a
frequency distribution are
• There should not be too few or too many classes.
• Insofar as possible, equal class intervals are preferred. But the first and
last classes can be open-ended to cater for extreme values.
• Each class should have a class mark to represent the classes. It is also
named as the class midpoint of the ith class. It can be found by taking
simple average of the class boundaries or the class limits of the same
class.
Exercises 4: Group the following raw data into ten classes.
An array of the marks of 25 students in ascending order.
8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 16, 16, 20, 24, 25, 25, 25, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 40, 40, 42, 45, 45,
49.
Class Interval Frequency
Exercises 4: Group the following raw data into ten classes.
An array of the marks of 25 students in ascending order.
8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 16, 16, 20, 24, 25, 25, 25, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 40, 40, 42, 45, 45,
49.
Class Interval Frequency
8 – 11 3
12 – 15 2
16 – 19 3
c. i. = 49 – 8 = 4.1
20 – 23 1
24 – 27 4
10
28 – 31 2
32 – 35 2
36 – 39 2
40 – 43 3
44 and above 3
Boundaries
• The true values which describe the actual class limits of a class
are called class boundaries. The smallest true value is called the
lower class boundary and the largest true value is called the
upper class boundary of the class.
• In exclusive form, the lower and upper limits are known as true
lower limit (lower boundary) and true upper limit (upper
boundary) of the class interval. Thus, class limits of 10 - 20 class
intervals in the exclusive form are 10 and 20.
• In inclusive form, class limits (boundaries) are obtained by
subtracting 0.5 from lower limit and adding 0.5 to the upper
limit. Thus, class limits of 10 - 20 class interval in the inclusive
form are 9.5 - 20.5
Boundaries
Example 10: Inclusive class intervals and true/actual class limits or
boundaries.
Consider the class interval 170 – 174: its lower boundary is 169.5 and its
upper boundary is 174.5.
• Cumulative Frequency is the total of a frequency and all
frequencies so far in a frequency distribution. It is the
'running total' of frequencies. The last entry of the
cumulative frequency column is one, indicating the total
frequency.
• A relative frequency is the fraction of times an answer

occurs. To find the relative frequencies, divide each
frequency by the total frequency in the sample. Relative
frequencies can be written as fractions, percent, or decimals.
Cumulative relative frequency is the accumulation of the
previous relative frequencies. The last entry of the
cumulative relative frequency column is one, indicating that
one hundred percent of the data has been accumulated.
Example 11: The Cumulative frequency column lists the total of each frequency added to
its predecessor. Thus, the class interval 20 – 24 has a cumulative frequency of 15
calculated as 4+6+3+2 or simply 13+2.
The Relative frequency in class interval 20 – 24 is 2 divide by 25. While its Cumulative
Relative frequency 0.60 calculated from 0.16+0.24+0.12+0.08 or simply 0.52+0.08.
Cumulative Cumulative
Class Interval Frequency Relative
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4
10 – 14 6
15 – 19 3
20 – 24 2
25 – 29 6
30 – 34 4
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4
10 – 14 6
15 – 19 3
20 – 24 2
25 – 29 6
30 – 34 4
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4
10 – 14 6 10
15 – 19 3
20 – 24 2
25 – 29 6
30 – 34 4
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4
10 – 14 6 10
15 – 19 3 13
20 – 24 2
25 – 29 6
30 – 34 4
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4
10 – 14 6 10
15 – 19 3 13
20 – 24 2 15
25 – 29 6
30 – 34 4
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4
10 – 14 6 10
15 – 19 3 13
20 – 24 2 15
25 – 29 6 21
30 – 34 4
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4
10 – 14 6 10
15 – 19 3 13
20 – 24 2 15
25 – 29 6 21
30 – 34 4 25
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16
10 – 14 6 10
15 – 19 3 13
20 – 24 2 15
25 – 29 6 21
30 – 34 4 25
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24
15 – 19 3 13
20 – 24 2 15
25 – 29 6 21
30 – 34 4 25
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24
15 – 19 3 13 0.12
20 – 24 2 15
25 – 29 6 21
30 – 34 4 25
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24
15 – 19 3 13 0.12
20 – 24 2 15 0.08
25 – 29 6 21
30 – 34 4 25
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24
15 – 19 3 13 0.12
20 – 24 2 15 0.08
25 – 29 6 21 0.24
30 – 34 4 25
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24
15 – 19 3 13 0.12
20 – 24 2 15 0.08
25 – 29 6 21 0.24
30 – 34 4 25 0.16
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24
15 – 19 3 13 0.12
20 – 24 2 15 0.08
25 – 29 6 21 0.24
30 – 34 4 25 0.16
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24 0.40
15 – 19 3 13 0.12
20 – 24 2 15 0.08
25 – 29 6 21 0.24
30 – 34 4 25 0.16
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24 0.40
15 – 19 3 13 0.12 0.52
20 – 24 2 15 0.08
25 – 29 6 21 0.24
30 – 34 4 25 0.16
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24 0.40
15 – 19 3 13 0.12 0.52
20 – 24 2 15 0.08 0.60
25 – 29 6 21 0.24
30 – 34 4 25 0.16
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24 0.40
15 – 19 3 13 0.12 0.52
20 – 24 2 15 0.08 0.60
25 – 29 6 21 0.24 0.84
30 – 34 4 25 0.16
n or Σf = 25
Frequency Relative
(ci) (f) Frequency
(F) Frequency
5–9 4 4 0.16 0.16
10 – 14 6 10 0.24 0.40
15 – 19 3 13 0.12 0.52
20 – 24 2 15 0.08 0.60
25 – 29 6 21 0.24 0.84
30 – 34 4 25 0.16 1.00
n or Σf = 25
GRAPHICAL METHODS
• Bar graph - A bar graph is a way of summarizing a set of categorical
data. It displays the data using a number of rectangles, of the same
width, each of which represents a particular category. Bar graphs can be
displayed horizontally or vertically and they are usually drawn with a
gap between the bars (rectangles).
Employees in Company A
GRAPHICAL METHODS
• Histogram - A histogram is a way of summarizing data that
are measured on an interval scale (either discrete or
continuous). It is often used in exploratory data analysis to
illustrate the features of the distribution of the data in a
convenient form.
Seafarers onboard
GRAPHICAL METHODS
• Pie chart - A pie chart is used to display a set of categorical
data. It is a circle, which is divided into segments. Each
segment represents a particular category.
GRAPHICAL METHODS
• Line graph - A line graph is particularly useful when we want
to show the trend of a variable over time. Time is displayed
on the horizontal axis (x-axis) and the variable is displayed
on the vertical axis (y- axis).
GRAPHICAL METHODS
• Stem and leaf plot graphs – are usually used when
there are large amounts of numbers to analyze. Some
examples of common uses of these graphs are to track
series of scores on sports teams, series of
temperatures or rainfall over a period of time, and
series of classroom test scores.
STEM AND LEAF PLOT GRAPHS
Example 12: Consider the following test scores:
50, 50, 52, 58, 58, 61, 64, 64, 67, 68, 72, 74, 76, 78, 78, 79, 83, 85, 92,
92, 96, 98
Stem and leaf plot graph for the test scores:

Test Scores Out Of 100
Stem Leaf
5 00288
6 14478
7 246889
8 35
9 2268
Back-to-Back Stem and Leaf Plot Graphs
Example 13:
Back-to-back stem and leaf display. The left side shows the
1998 TD data and the right side shows the 2000 TD data.
11 4
3 7
332 3 233
8865 2 889
44331110 2 001112223
987776665 1 56888899
321 1 22444
7 0 69
Exercises 5:
Complete a back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot for the following two lists of
class sizes:
Economics: 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 21, 22, 25, 25, 26
Libertarianism: 14, 16, 17, 18, 18, 20, 20, 24, 29
Back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot for class

sizes in Economics and Libertarianism
Leaf for Economic Stem Leaf for Libertarianism
9 0
9766543 1 46788
6552110 2 0049
Seatwork 2

Adv Stat Data Presentation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Adv Stat Data Presentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Example 7: The marks obtained by 20 students in a

Example 7: The marks obtained by 20 students in a

Array - An arrangement of ungrouped data in ascending or

■ A frequency chart is made by arranging data values

Marks Tally Marks Frequency

Here, the class 0 – 5 means, marks obtained from 0 to 4, i.e., excluding 5.

Battery life, minutes (x) Frequency (f)

• A relative frequency is the fraction of times an answer

Stem and leaf plot graph for the test scores:

Back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot for class

You might also like