ENGLISH FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS

(2 CSU)
WEEK 5: : Theory and Practice
DESCRIBING AND EXPLORING DATA

 Dr. Andri Cahyo Kumoro, ST, MT

No. 3 Lecturer Room, Level 1, Left wing of A Building
Department of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering-Diponegoro University
Expected learning outcomes (ELOs):

 Enhance students’ speaking skills

 Develop students’ writing skills
 Expose students to real world communication
 Enable students to communicate effectively with the
professionals in their own specializations and others
 Enable students to carry out activities and tasks that
would make their study of the subject more effective
Competencies:
After this unit you will be able:
 to explain tests and experiments
 to exchanging views of predictions and theories
 to compare results with expectations
 to discuss causes and effects

Presentation and organization of Data:

To well illustrate and present data with various variables, the
following media can be used:
 Graphs
 Figures
 Diagrams
 Tables
 Summarizing Data

• Tables
– Simplest way to summarize a set of observations data
– A table has …….. and ………..containing data
– Data are presented as absolute numbers or percentages or both

• Charts and graphs

– Visual representation of data
– If well designed, they will convey the general patterns of the
data
– Data are presented as absolute numbers or percentages
 Basic Guidance When Summarizing Data
To make your graphics as self-explanatory as possible,
there are several things to always include:
 Every table or graph should have a title or heading
 The x- and y-axes of a graph should be labeled.
include value labels, such as a percentage sign; include a
legend
 Always cite the source of your data and put the date of data
were collection or publication
 Provide the sample size or the number of people to which
the graph is referring (N)
 Include a footnote if the graphic isn’t self-explanatory
 Charts and Graphs
General Rules:
 Charts and graphs are used to portray:
Trends, relationships, and comparisons
 The most informative are simple and self-explanatory

Charts and graphs

– Bar chart: comparisons, categories of data
– Line graph: display trends over time, relationship
– Pie chart: show percentages or proportional share

Although they are easier to read than tables, charts provide less
detail. The loss of detail may be replaced by a better understanding
of the data.
 TABLES
• Frequency Distribution
Set of categories with numerical counts
• Relative frequency
number of values within an interval x 100
total number of values in the table
• Correlation of variables
 A summary table indicates the frequency, amount,
or percentage of items in a set of categories so
that you can see differences between categories.

How do you spend the holidays? Percent

At home with family 45%
Travel to visit family 38%
Vacation 5%
Catching up on work 5%
Other 7%
 Year Number of births
1900 61
1901 58
1902 75

Most tables show a frequency distribution, which is a set of

categories with numerical counts. Here, you see the year as the
category and the number of births as the numerical count.

What should be added to this table to provide the reader with

more information?

Year # births (n) Relative frequency (%)

1900–1909 35 27
1910–1919 46 34
1920–1929 51 39
Total 132 100.0

Source: U.S. Census data, 1900–1929.

  In a bar chart, a bar shows each category, the
length of which represents the amount, frequency
or percentage of values falling into a category.

How Do You Spend the Holidays?

Other 7%

Catching up on w ork 5%

Vacation 5%

Travel to visit family 38%

At home w ith family 45%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

 6

4
Site 1
3
Site 2
2 Site 3

0
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

In this bar chart, we’re comparing the categories of data, which are the
different sites. You see a comparison between sites by quarters and between
quarters over time.

What should be added to this chart to provide the reader with more
information?
 Percentage of new enrollees tested for Malaria at each site, by
quarter
6
% of new enrollees tested for Malaria

4
Site 1
3
Site 2
2 Site 3

0
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Q1 Jan–Mar Q2 Apr–June Q3 July–Sept Q4 Oct–Dec

Data Source: Program records, malaria Relief, January 2009 – December

2009.rce
 Describing Relationship between
Two Variables – Scatter Diagram Examples
Annual Cost ($)

Age of Buses and Maintenance Cost Height vs Salary

Describing Relationship between Two Variables –
Scatter Diagram Examples
 Describing Relationship between
Two Variables Line Graph
6

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3

0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Zambia Service Provision Assessment, 2007.

A line graph should be used to display trends over time. The line graphs
are particularly useful when there are many data points. How many data
points for each clinic? Here, you see the number of clinicians working in
each clinic during years 1–4. You will note the asterisk in the title. This
asterisk clarifies the definition of clinical to include both doctors and
nurses.
THE LINE GRAPHS
 The pie chart is a circle broken up into slices that represent
categories. The size of each slice of the pie varies according
to the percentage in each category.

How do you spend the holiday?

Percentage of enrollment of patients

 Interpretation – Relevance Of Finding

• Adding meaning to information by making

connections and comparisons and exploring causes
and consequences

Releva Reaso Consi Condu

ct
nce of ns for der
further
findin findin other researc
g g data h
DIAGRAM AND ILLUSTRATIONS
DIAGRAM AND ILLUSTRATIONS
CALCULATING THE AVERAGE
THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE
FLOWCHARTS
TOOLS
Complete each sentences with the appropriate TOOLS,
chosen between:
axe, file, scissors, spade, hammer, saw, screwdriver, spanner, knife, drill,
pliers
CONDITIONALS
Fill the blanks lines in the following sentences to make correct
conditionals:
Match the parts of the sentences to make correct
conditionals:
END OF THIS SESSION