Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation of Data

Presented By:
Ahlette C. Reyes
Reyan L. Arinto
Nanette Babiano
This chapter presents the data
gathered, the results of the
statistical analysis done and
interpretation of findings..
Presentation of Data
The process of organizing data into logical, sequential
and meaningful categories and classification to make
them amenable to study and interpretation
Organization of data into tables, graphs or charts so
that logical conclusion be derived from collected
measurements.

should be clear and scholarly done and may come in

the form of tables, figures or charts.
Organization of the presentation
The organization of the presentation and interpretation of
findings vary according to the research method used. In
descriptive research, especially the survey type, the presentation
of results follow a pattern. The findings presented will follow
the sequence of the sub-problems raised in Chapter 1.

It would be a good idea if reports assist in the analysis,

interpretation and clarification of the next materials. Properly
chosen, carefully drawn, and accurately presented, they can
make many of the statements appearing in the body of the
report more meaningful.
Organization of the presentation
Do not present your findings by recasting your sub-
problems in Chapter 1. Remember that your whole
Chapter 4 is the exposition of the answers of findings to
your research questions specially stated in Chapter 1. Your
answers become the subheadings of your Chapter 4.
Examples:
For Research Problem 1. What is the profile of the respondents in
terms of age, sex, educational attainment, civil status and position?
Your subheading in Chapter 4 should be:
1. Profile of the Respondents In Terms of Age, Sex, Educational
Attainment, Civil Status and Position

For research Problem No. 2

What is the leadership styles of the local government officials in
Manila as assessed by the officials themselves and their
subordinates, using the following five dimensions of McPhee
Andrewartha’s Rating scale: 2.1 Focus,2.2 Emphasis 2.3 Relationship,
2.4 timing and 2.5 Thinking
Presentation of Data
Data may be presented in (3 Methods)

-Textual
-Tabular
-Graphical
- Simplest way to summarize data

- Data are presented as absolute numbers or

percentages
Tables: Frequency distribution
Set of categories with numerical counts

Year Number of births

1900 61
1901 58
1902 75
Tables: Relative frequency

number of values within an interval

x 100
total number of values in the table

Year # births (n) Relative frequency (%)

1900–1909 35 27
1910–1919 46 34
1920–1929 51 39
Total 132 100.0
Tables
Percentage of births by decade between 1900 and 1929
Year Number of births Relative frequency
(n) (%)
1900–1909 35 27
1910–1919 46 34
1920–1929 51 39
Total 132 100.0

Source: U.S. Census data, 1900–1929.

 Bar chart
Comparing categories
6

4
Site 1
3
Site 2
2 Site 3

0
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
 Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each
site, by quarter

6
% o f new enrollees tested for

5
4
3
HIV

2
Site 1
1 Site 2
0 Site 3
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Q1 Jan–Mar Q2 Apr–June Q3 July–Sept Q4 Oct–Dec
Months

Data Source: Program records, AIDS Relief, January 2009 – December 2009.rce:
Quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008
Pie chart
Contribution to the total = 100%
Percentage of All Patients Enrolled by Quarter
8%

10%

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
23% 59% 4th Qtr

N=150
 Line graph
Displays trends over time
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4*

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3
1

0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

*Includes doctors and nurses

 Line graph
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1-4*
6

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3

0
Y1 1995
Year 1 Y2Year
19962 Y3Year
19973 Y4 1998
Year 4

Zambia Service Provision Assessment, 2007.

*Includes doctors and nurses

Interpretation of Data
Interpreting data

The process of making sense of

numerical data that has been
collected, analyzed and presented
Interpretation – relevance of finding

 Adding meaning to information by making

connections and comparisons and exploring
causes and consequences
Interpretation – relevance of finding

 Does the indicator meet the target?

 How far from the target is it?
 How does it compare (to other time periods,
other facilities)?
 Are there any extreme highs and lows in the
data?
Interpretation – possible causes?
• Supplement with expert opinion
• Others with knowledge of the program or target
population
Interpretation – consider other data

Use routine service data to clarify questions

• Calculate nurse-to-client ratio, review
commodities data against client load, etc.
Use other data sources
Interpretation – other data sources

 Situation analyses
 Demographic and health surveys
 Performance improvement data
Interpretation – conduct further
research
 Data gap conduct further research
 Methodology depends on questions being asked
and resources available