1.

Nominal Variable Analysis: The nominal data is the specific form of data in
which variables are labelled without giving quantitative value. And this analysis of
variables is known as nominal variable analysis. The nominal data is sometimes also
called or known as the nominal scale. Nominal scale is the least simple type of
measuring scale. Nominal data is pretty different from the ordinal and interval data.
One cannot order and measure the nominal data.

Executive Summary: Usually the gender, race, religious affiliation and political party
are included in this nominal measure. Calculations on these variables is simple and there is no
numerical value. These are multiple choice type questions which can answered simply. The
frequency calculates the number of people which respond to a particular question and why
they responded on that particular answer.
The nominal data is either in the quantitative or qualitative form. While there is shortage of
numerical relationship in the quantitative labels. The grouping method is used to analyse the
nominal data. The variable data is put into different categories for which frequency and
percentage is evaluated. Visual presentation in the form of pie chart is another method for
presenting the data. A statistical method, Hypothesis Testing, can be used to treat the nominal
data. Chi-squared test helps in carrying the hypothesis testing for analysing nominal data.
[CITATION JRe14 \l 2057 ]

Frequency Table and a Graph/Chart: For creating a frequency table, there is need
to know the measurement categories as well as the number of responses within a given
measurement category. For example, there is class of 100 in which 40 students secure 90%
above marks, then the frequency of 90% above securing students will be 40. This is the
simplest example.

Variable 1- Age
Age Tally Frequency In Numbers
18 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII II 22

19 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII I 21

20 IIII IIII II 12

21 IIII IIII 10
22 IIII II 7
23 IIII 5

24 III 3

25 IIII 5

30 II 2
 31 II 2

33 III 3

34 I 1

37 III 3

40 I 1

66 I 1

Graph/Chart Visualization:

Age wise percentage

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 30 31 33 34 37 40 66

Central Tendency Report: The central tendency is a value usually a single which tries
to explain set of data by recognizing the centre point present in the data set. Sometimes,
central tendency is also known as measures of central position. They are classified as
summary statistics. Central tendency is usually measured by the mean, median and mode. In
nominal variable analysis, mostly Mean gives the measure of central tendency. It is because it
consists of all values in data for calculation so if there is any change in value it will directly
affect the mean. It is often the average of any observations. For example there are different
values in nominal data then we will take the mean by adding the all the values and then
dividing the sum with total number of values. Like the mean for the values 5, 6, 3, -2, -4, -2,
it will be calculated as:
M= {(5)+(6)+(3)+(-2)+(-4)+(-2)}/6 = 6/6 = 1
So, it can be inferred that the mean gives the most average value in the values of nominal
data

Variability Report: Numbers which explian diversity or variability in the data

distribution. Standard deviation is the best option to go in variability report of nominal data.
This is combined very accurately with the mean. [ CITATION UNU95 \l 2057 ]

2. Ordinal Variable Analysis: That type of data in there is natural order of the
values is called ordinal data. The biggest difference in ordinal data is that it cannot be
taken into account meaning that they have no meaning. The ordinal type of data is
used in different surveys. There can only be one scale in ordinal type of data either
strongly agree or agree.

Executive Summary: Using of visualization tool helps in analyzing the ordinal type of
data. So for the visualization, a table can be made in which each row has different category.
Advanced Statistical tool like Hypothesis Testing can also help in analyzing the ordinal data
type. While, ANOVA or t-test is unable to be implemented in such data analyasis. Mann-
Whitney U test and Matched-Pairs test are the only nonparametric tests which help in
carrying out the hypothesis testing.[ CITATION Kar10 \l 2057 ]

Frequency Table and a Graph/Chart: The frequency tells about the number of
people which respond to any certain action. Whereas commulative frequency summs up the
total frequency. The example is given below.The chart that is often used in ordinal variable
analysis is bar chart.The is as below.

Variable 2 - How Many Children

No Tally Frequency
In Numbers
0 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII
IIII IIII 74

1 III
3
2 IIII I
6

3 IIII I
 6
4 IIII
4
5 II
2

6 II
2

8 I
1

Graph/Chart Visualization:

How Many Children

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cetral Tedency Report: Most Typical value of data is established by its measure of
central tendency. In ordinal variable anlysis, median is used to determine the central tedency
point and then based on this report is made.

Variability Report: Interquile range or percetile-based ranges are bestly paired with the
median. So that’s why IQR is mostly used in variabilty report of ordinal data. [ CITATION
Mec10 \l 2057 ]
 3. Interval/Ratio Variable Analysis: The data which is calculated on a numerical
scale which has fixed equal value distances from each other. The distance is known is
intervals and its analysis is known as interval variable analysis.

Executive Summary: Interval data type, there is an order of variables and gives accurate
understanding of intervals. In this way, it satisfies three properties of magnitude, identity and
intervals. Descriptive and inferential are two methods of analyzing the interval variable data.
This interval data analysis method is mainly dependent investigation nature. [ CITATION
WGa10 \l 2057 ]

Frequency table and Chat: The frequency table for interval data analysis can come a
long way. It has no fixed start point but there is definite interval values. A histogram/pie
graph can be used to visualize the data.

Variable 3 - Health
Condition Tally Frequency
In Numbers
1.Very good IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII I
21

2.Good IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII
III 63
3.Fair IIII IIII IIII
14
4.Poor

Graph/Chart Visualization:
 Describing Health

1.Very Good 2.Good 3.Fair 4.Poor

Cental Tedency Report: Median or Mean are best measure used to detemine the central
tedency of the interval data type. It depends on the symmetry of the data distribution. If the
data is distributed in symmetric way then mean will be used as measure of variability in
central tedency report. If the data distribution is skewed then Median will be used to
determine central tendency.

Variability Report: Variability report can easily be evaluated. The intervals between the
values adjacent to each other can be calculated by taking mean. After which the variabilty can
be analyzed easily for just one interval as each interval is at a fixed distance from each other.
So that’s why range is the best option for same size samples. It is reasonable intituative
statistics. [ CITATION WMB99 \l 2057 ]
Reference
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analysis and data mining: A review of methodologies. J Res Med Sci, 47-56.

 Moustaki, K. G. (2010). Factor Analysis of Ordinal Variables: A Comparison of Three

Approaches. Multiple Behavioural Research, 347-387.

 Umesh, U. N. (1995). Predicting nominal variable relationships with multiple response.

Journal of Forecasting , 585-596.

 W Gao, C. S.-L. (2010). Probabilistic interval analysis for structures with uncertainty.
Structural Safety, 191-199.

 WM Baum, C. A. (1999). Optimality and concurrent variable‐interval variable‐ratio schedules.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis, 75-89.

 Zovoina, M. &. (2010). A statistical model for the analysis of ordinal level dependent
variables. The Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 103-120.