z

Data presentation
& interpretation
 Learning Objectives
z

 Understand different ways to best

summarize data
 Choose the right table/graph for the right
data
 Interpret data to consider the programmatic
relevance
z
Summarizing data

 Tables
 Simplest way to summarize data

 Data are presented as absolute numbers or

percentages

 Charts and graphs

 Visual representation of data

 Data are presented as absolute numbers or

percentages
z
Basic guidance when summarizing
data

 Ensure graphic has a title

 Label the components of your graphic

 Indicate source of data with date

 Provide number of observations (n=xx) as a

reference point

 Add footnote if more information is needed

 z
Tables: Frequency distribution
Set of categories with numerical counts

Year Number of births

1900 61
1901 58
1902 75
 z
Tables: Relative frequency

number of values within an interval x 100

total number of values in the table

Year # births (n) Relative frequency (%)

1900–1909 35 27

1910–1919 46 34

1920–1929 51 39

Total 132 100.0

 z
Tables

Percentage of births by decade between 1900 and 1929

Year Number of births Relative frequency
(n) (%)
1900–1909 35 27
1910–1919 46 34
1920–1929 51 39
Total 132 100.0

Source: U.S. Census data, 1900–1929.

z
Charts and graphs

 Charts and graphs are used to portray:

 Trends, relationships, and comparisons

 The most informative are simple and self-

explanatory
z
Use the right type of graphic
 Charts and graphs

 Bar chart: comparisons,

categories of data
 Line graph: display trends over
time
 Pie chart: show percentages or
proportional share
 z
Bar chart
Comparing categories

4
Site 1
3
Site 2
2 Site 3

0
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
 Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site,
z by quarter
6
% o f new enrollees tested for

5
4
3
HIV

2
Site 1
1 Site 2
0 Site 3
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Months

Q1 Jan–Mar Q2 Apr–June Q3 July–Sept Q4 Oct–Dec

Data Source: Program records, AIDS Relief, January 2009 – December 2009.rce:
Quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008
 Has the program met its goal?
z
Percentage of new enrollees tested for HIV at each site, by
quarter
60%
% of new enrollees tested

50%
40%
for HIV

30% Site 1
20% Site 2
Site 3
10%
0% Target
Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

Data Source: Program records, AIDS Relief, January 2009 – December 2009..
quarterly Country Summary: Nigeria, 2008
 Stacked bar chart
Represent
z components of whole & compare wholes
Number of Months Female and Male Patients Have Been
Enrolled in HIV Care, by Age Group

Females 4 10

0-14 years
15+ years
Males 3 6

0 5 10 15

Number of months patients have been enrolled in HIV care

Data source: AIDSRelief program records January 2009 - 20011

 Line graph
z

Displays trends over time

Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1–4*

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3
1

0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
 z
Line graph
Number of Clinicians Working in Each Clinic During Years 1-4*
6

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3

0
Y1 1995
Year 1 Y2Year
19962 Y3Year
19973 Y4 1998
Year 4

Zambia Service Provision Assessment, 2007.

 Pie chart
z
Contribution to the total = 100%

Percentage of All Patients Enrolled by Quarter

8%

10%

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
23% 59% 4th Qtr

N=150
z
Interpreting data
 z
Interpreting data

 Adding meaning to information by making

connections and comparisons and exploring causes
and consequences Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
 Interpretation – relevance of finding
z

 Adding meaning to information by making

connections and comparisons and exploring causes
and consequences Conduct
Relevance Reasons Consider
further
of finding for finding other data
research
 Interpretation – relevance of finding
z

 Does the indicator meet the target?

 How far from the target is it?

 How does it compare (to other time periods, other

facilities)?

 Are there any extreme highs and lows in the data?

 z
Key messages

 Use the right graph for the right data

 Tables – can display a large amount of data

 Graphs/charts – visual, easier to detect patterns

 Label the components of your graphic

 Interpreting data adds meaning by making

connections and comparisons to program
 Service data are good at tracking progress &
identifying concerns – do not show causality
Activity: Calculating coverage
and retention

z
z
Learning Objectives

 Use basic statistics to measure coverage and

retention

 Develop graphs that display performance measures

(utilization, trends)

 Interpret performance measures for programmatic

decision making
 z
Homework: Small group activity
In groups of 3 students (work with Google: Docs, Sheets, or
PowerPoint).
Display the data using:
a) Table
b) Pie chart
c) Histogram/bar graph
d) Line graph

Assignment is due during the next lesson. Each group will

present their work via Zoom!