DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Nguyen Van Dung Ph.D.

 1. Frequencies

 The Frequencies command. For example, there were 56 males

and 37 females.
 Use Frequencies command with Ordinal and Nominal
measures.
1. Frequencies
1. Frequencies
1. Frequencies
1. Frequencies
 2. Crosstabulation

 The function of the Crosstabs command to “cross” two

variables (e.g. ethnic by gender)
 Use Crosstabs command with Ordinal and Nominal
measures.
2. Crosstabulation
2. Crosstabulation
 2. Crosstabulation

Choose these
options
 2. Crosstabulation

Row gender * ethnicity Crosstabulation

ethnicity
Native Asian Black White Hispanic Total
gender Female Count 4 13 14 26 7 64
% within gender 6.3% 20.3% 21.9% 40.6% 10.9% 100.0%
% of Total 3.8% 12.4% 13.3% 24.8% 6.7% 61.0%
Male Count 1 7 10 19 4 41
% within gender 2.4% 17.1% 24.4% 46.3% 9.8% 100.0%
% of Total 1.0% 6.7% 9.5% 18.1% 3.8% 39.0%
Total Count 5 20 24 45 11 105
% within gender 4.8% 19.0% 22.9% 42.9% 10.5% 100.0%
% of Total 4.8% 19.0% 22.9% 42.9% 10.5% 100.0%
 2. Crosstabulation

Column
gender * ethnicity Crosstabulation
ethnicity
Native Asian Black White Hispanic Total
gender Female Count 4 13 14 26 7 64
% within ethnicity 80.0% 65.0% 58.3% 57.8% 63.6% 61.0%
% of Total 3.8% 12.4% 13.3% 24.8% 6.7% 61.0%
Male Count 1 7 10 19 4 41
% within ethnicity 20.0% 35.0% 41.7% 42.2% 36.4% 39.0%
% of Total 1.0% 6.7% 9.5% 18.1% 3.8% 39.0%
Total Count 5 20 24 45 11 105
% within ethnicity 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
% of Total 4.8% 19.0% 22.9% 42.9% 10.5% 100.0%
 3. Graphs and Charts

Types of Graphs
 Bar graphs: Bar graphs are used most often to display the
distribution of subjects or cases in certain categories, such as
the number of A, B, C, D, and F grades in a particular class.
Use with Ordinal and Nominal measures.
 Line graphs: Line graphs may be used to display trends in
data (use with time series measures) and multiple line charts
are often employed to demonstrate ANOVA interactions.
 Pie charts: Pie charts = bar charts, are another popular way of
displaying the number of subjects or cases within different
subsets of categorical data. Use with Ordinal and Nominal
measures.
 3. Graphs and Charts

Types of Graphs
 Scatter plots (simple and overlay): Scatter plots are a popular
way of displaying the nature of correlations between
variables.
 3. Graphs and Charts

The Sample Graph

3. Graphs and Charts
3. Graphs and Charts
 3. Graphs and Charts

3.1 Bar graphs

 Create a clustered bar chart showing how men and women
differed in total points scored in each of the three sections.
 3. Graphs and Charts

3.1 Bar graphs

 Adding labels inside the bars: We may wish to include the
actual values (mean value of total points in this case) inside
each of the bars. The following sequence will provide the mean
total points, accurate to one decimal, in bordered at the top of
each bar.
 3. Graphs and Charts

3.1 Bar graphs

 Adding (or modifying) a Title and Changing the Font: The
following sequence will create a title for the Chart and then
change the font size to 14.
3. Graphs and Charts
 3. Graphs and Charts

3.1 Bar graphs

 Create a simple bar chart showing how men and women differed
in total points scored.
 Bar 1: 1 biến phân loại; bar 2: 1 biến phân loại
 3. Graphs and Charts

3.2 Line Graphs

 The sequence step below produces a line graph with total
points (total) on the Y-axis, class section (section) on the X-
axis, and separate lines (with different colors) for females and
males (gender)
 3. Graphs and Charts

3.2 Line Graphs

 Changing the scale and increment values: We may decide
that we don’t want such a tall graph (scaled from 0 to 120) and
would prefer to have more frequent increments (every 10
points rather than the default every 20). Notice that we leave
the maximum value automatic.
 3. Graphs and Charts

3.2 Line Graphs

 Adding grid lines: To enhance clarity we may wish to add grid
lines to the chart. The following sequence will place horizontal
grid lines at 5-point intervals.
3. Graphs and Charts
 3. Graphs and Charts

Graphs > Chart Builder >

Line > Simple Line >
SPSS data file: Price-Sales Data Input X Axis (with Date)
Line => xu hướng theo thời Input Y Axis (with Price) > Ok

giá dầu có sự thay đổi qua các năm

tháng 1& t2 năm 2006 giá ko thay đổi nhiều, như
t3 thì có sự giảm nhẹ.

giai đoạn Tháng 2/2007 giá dầu giảm mạnh

đỉnh điểm giá tăng cao nhất là tháng 6/2008
=> giá dầu tăng mạnh, tăng nhanh
 3. Graphs and Charts

3.3 Pie Charts (biểu đồ hình chiếc bánh)

 The sequence step below produces a pie chart where each slice
of the pie represents the number of different grades in the class.
The meaning of each slice is identified in the legend.
 3. Graphs and Charts
3.3 Pie Charts
 Inserting percents and frequencies
 3. Graphs and Charts
Graphs > Chart Builder >
3.4 Scatter plots Scatter/Dot > Simple Scatter with Fit Line >
Input X Axis (with Price)
SPSS data file: Crude Oil Prices Input Y Axis (with Demand) > Ok
 thể hiện mqh giữa 2 biến vs nhau
 4. Descriptive Statistics

 Mean: the average value of the distribution, or, the sum of all
values divided by the number of values. The mean of the
distribution [3 5 7 5 6 8 9] is: (3 + 5 + 7 + 5 + 6 + 8 + 9)/7 =
6.14
 Median: the middle value of the distribution. The median of
the distribution [3 5 7 5 6 8 9], is 6, the middle value (when
reordered from small to large, 3 5 5 6 7 8 9). If there is an even
number of values in a distribution, then there will be two
middle values. In that case the average of those two values is
the median.
 Mode: the most frequently occurring value. The mode of the
distribution [3 5 7 5 6 8 9] is 5, because 5 occurs most
frequently (twice, all other values occur only once).
 4. Descriptive Statistics

 Variance: the sum of squared deviations from the mean

divided by N − 1. The variance for the distribution [3 5 7 5 6 8
9] (the same numbers used above to illustrate the mean) is:

 Variance is used mainly for computational purposes. Standard

deviation is the more commonly used measure of variability.
 Standard deviation: the positive square root of the variance.
For the distribution [3 5 7 5 6 8 9], the standard deviation is the
square root of 4.1429, or 2.0354.
4. Descriptive Statistics
 4. Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
final 105 40 75 61.48 7.943
percent 105 41 99 80.34 12.135
gpa 105 1.14 4.00 2.7789 .76380
total 105 51 124 100.57 15.299
Valid N (listwise) 105
Thank you