Organization and Date: ____________

MODULE Presentation of Data: Week: 01

O4 Graphs Submission due date:

_____________

Content
 Graphing Representations
Desired learning outcomes
 enumerate the different types of graphs used in presenting data
 describe each type of graph
 discuss when and how to use the graph
 give examples of each graph according to use

Lesson Overview:
Types of graphs: (for grouped data)
 Frequency Histogram – is a plot that lets you discover, and show, the underlying
frequency distribution (shape) of a set of continuous data. This allows the inspection
of the data for its underlying distribution (e.g., normal distribution), outliers,
skewness, etc.
o The frequency is represented by points in the vertical axis and the class
intervals in the horizontal axis. The ordered pair of points in the vertical
and horizontal axes is plotted by placing bars in the graph area. Each bar
represents the class interval with its corresponding frequency. There are
no gaps in between bars.
o What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram?
The major difference is that a histogram is only used to plot the
frequency of score occurrences in a continuous data set that has
been divided into classes. Bar charts, on the other hand, can be
used for a great deal of other types of variables including ordinal
and nominal data sets.

Example:
Relative Frequency
Age in Years Frequency <CF >CF
(%)
60 – 68 1 36 1 2.78
51 – 59 2 35 3 5.56
42 – 50 3 33 6 8.33
33 – 41 2 30 8 5.56
24 – 32 20 28 28 55.56
15 – 23 5 8 33 13.89
6 – 14 3 3 36 8.33
N = 36
 Fig 1. Frequency Histogram of the data above

 Frequency Polygon – unlike the frequency histogram where bars drawn side y side
are used, points connected by line segments are utilized in the frequency polygon.
o are analogous to line graphs, and just as line graphs make continuous
data visually easy to interpret, so too do frequency polygons.
o To construct a frequency polygon, first examine the data and decide on
the number of intervals, or class intervals, to use on the x-axis and y-axis.
After choosing the appropriate ranges, begin plotting the data points.
After all the points are plotted, draw line segments to connect them.
Example:

Fig 2. Frequency Polygon of the data above

  Cumulative Frequency Ogive – is a graph of a cumulative distribution, which
explains data values on the horizontal plane axis and either the cumulative
relative frequencies, the cumulative frequencies or cumulative per cent
frequencies on the vertical axis.
o is a line graph where the bases are the class boundaries and the heights
are the <cf for the less than ogive and the >cf for the greater than
ogive.
o To construct an Ogive, firstly, the cumulative frequency of the variables
is calculated using a frequency table. It is done by adding the
frequencies of all the previous variables in the given data set. The result
or the last number in the cumulative frequency table is always equal to
the total frequencies of the variables.
Example:

Fig 3. Cumulative Frequency Ogive of the data above

 Relative Frequency Graph – also known as the percentage frequency graph

o A relative frequency histogram is a type of graph that shows how often
something happens, in percentages.
o To construct a relative frequency graph, make a histogram with the
information from your frequency chart.

Example:

Fig 4. Relative Frequency Histogram of the data above

  A stem and leaf - is a table used to display data. The 'stem' is on the left
displays the first digit or digits. The 'leaf' is on the right and displays the last
digit.

Example:

"32" is split into "3" (stem) and "2" (leaf)

 Stem "1" Leaf "5" means 15

 Stem "1" Leaf "6" means 16
 Stem "2" Leaf "1" means 21

Assessment Task:

The following scores were made on a 50-item test:

49 44 39 37 33 31 29 27 24 21
48 43 39 36 33 31 29 27 24 21
46 43 38 35 32 30 28 26 23 20
46 41 37 35 31 30 27 26 23 20
45 41 37 34 31 30 27 25 22 19
(note: the given data is from assessment task of module 3)
Given the data above, construct the following:
a. Frequency Histogram
b. Frequency Polygon
c. Cumulative Frequency Ogive
d. Relative Frequency Graph
e. Stem and Leaf Plot

Performance Task:
Come up with your own data and construct the following graphs:
a. Frequency Histogram
b. Frequency Polygon
c. Cumulative Frequency Ogive
d. Relative Frequency Graph
e. Stem and Leaf Plot

References:

Parreño, Elizabeth B. & Jimenez, Ronel O. Basic Statistics: A Worktext 2 nd Edition

https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/understanding-histograms.php