GRAPHICAL REP-

RESENTATION OF
DATA
By- yukti sharma

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Meaning of Graphical representation of
data

A picture is said to be more effective than words for describing a

particular thing.
A graphic representation is the geometrical image of a set of data .
It is a mathematical picture.
It enables us to think about a statistical problem in visual terms.
It is an effective and economic device for the presentation ,
understanding and interpretation of the collected data.
Importance of Graphical representation of
data

It is used to make the data understandable to common man.

It helps in easy and quick understanding of data.
Data displayed by graphical representation can be memorized for
a long time
Can be compared at a glance.
Types of Graphical representation

Ungrouped data
Line graph

Bar graph

Pie diagram or circle graph

 LINE GRAPH
What is a line graph?

A line graph is a type of chart used to show information that

changes over time. We plot line graphs using several points con-
nected by straight lines.  We also call it a line chart.

The line graph comprises of two axes known as ‘x’ axis and ‘y’
axis.
•The horizontal axis is known as the x-axis.
•The vertical axis is known as the y-axis.
Plotting a line graph-

Plotting a line graph is easy. Here are the simple steps to consider while
plotting a line graph.
Draw the x-axis and y-axis on the graph paper. Make sure to write the title
above
the table so that it determines the purpose of the graph.
For instance, if one of the factors is time, it goes on the horizontal axis, referred
to as the x-axis. The other factor would subsequently go on the vertical axis
which is known as the y-axis. Label both the axes as per their respective factors.
For example, we can label the x-axis as time or day.
Afterward, with the help of the already given data, point out the exact values on
the graph. Once you join the points, you can make a clear inference about the
trend.
 Example
The table below shows Sam's weight in kilograms for 5
months.
Months Weight
January 49
February 54
March 61
April 69
May 73
 BAR GRAPH

In bar graphs data is represented by bars.

The bars can be made in any direction i.e. vertical or horizontal.
The bars are taken of equal weight and start from a common
horizontal or vertical line and their length indicates the
corresponding values of statistical data.

When do we use Bar graph?

•When the data are to be compared easily.
• When the data are given in whole numbers.
Steps to Construct a Bar Graph
Step 1 :
On a graph paper, draw vertical line and horizontal line which are perpendicu-
lar to each other. 
Step 2 :
In the given data, you will have two variables. One of the variables to be taken
on the horizontal line and other variable to be taken on the vertical line.  
Step 3 :
The bars we take either on the horizontal line or vertical line should have uni-
form width. 
Step 4 :
If we take the first variable on horizontal line, the bars should be drawn on
horizontal line. 
If we take the first variable on vertical line, the bars should be drawn on verti-
cal line.
Step 5 : 
The height of each bar will depend upon the data given. 
How to make a bar graph
 PIE CHART

It is a circle in which different components are represented through the

sections or portions of a circle.
To draw a pie diagram, first the value of each category is expressed as a
percentage of the total and then the angle 360⁰ is divided in the same
percentages.
Then at the centre of a circle these angle are drawn simultaneously starting
from a particular radius.
In this way we get a set of sectorial areas proportional to the values of the
items.
When do we use pie diagram?
 When the data are given in percentage.
 When different aspect of a variable are to be displayed.
 When the data are to be compared normally.
How to make a Pie chart
 HISTOGRAM

• A histogram is essentially a bar graph of a frequency distribution.

 It can be constructed for equal as well as unequal class intervals.
 Area of any rectangle of a histogram is proportional to the frequency of
that class.
When do we use histogram ?
When data are given in the form of frequencies.
When class interval has to be displayed by a diagram.
When we need to calculate the Mode of a distribution graphically.
Steps to Construct a histogram

Step 1 :
Represent the data in the continuous (exclusive) form if it is in
the discontinuous (inclusive) form.
Step 2 :
Mark the class intervals along the X-axis on a uniform scale.

Step 3 :
Mark the frequencies along the Y-axis on a uniform scale.
Step 4 :
Construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and
corresponding frequencies as heights.
How to make a histogram
 FREQUENCY POLYGON

A frequency polygon is essentially a line graph .

We can get it from a histogram, if the mid points of the upper bases of the
rectangles are connected by straight lines.
But it is not essential to plot a histogram first to draw it.
We can construct it directly from a given frequency distribution.

 When do we use Frequency polygon?

• When data are given in the form of frequencies.
•When two or more groups have to be displayed in one diagram.
•When two or more groups are to be compared.
Constructing Frequency Polygon
Step 1 :
Obtain the frequency distribution and compute the mid points of each class
interval.
Step 2 :
Represent the mid points along the X-axis and the frequencies along the Y-
axis.
Step 3 :
Plot the points corresponding to the frequency at each mid point.
Step 4 :
Join these points, by straight lines in order.
Step 5 :
To complete the polygon join the point at each end immediately to the lower
or higher class marks (as the case may be at zero frequency) on the X-axis.
How to draw frequency polygon
 FREQUENCY CURVE

Frequency curve is another type of graphical representation of data.

When then top points of a frequency polygon are joined not by straight
lines but by curved ones.
Frequency polygon is drawn using scale while Frequency curve is drawn us-
ing free hand.
When do we use frequency curve ?
•When the number of class intervals are very large i.e., width of the class
intervals are very small and the total number of sample values be increased
indefinitely.
The cumulative frequency graph

The data organized in the form of cumulative frequency distribution may be

graphically represented through the cumulative frequency graph. It is essen-
tially a line graph drawn on a graph paper by plotting actual upper limits of
the class intervals on the x-axis and the respective cumulative frequencies of
these class intervals on y-axis.
The cumulative frequency curve
or Ogive
Ogives are graphs that are used to estimate how many numbers lie
below or above a particular variable or value in data.

To construct an Ogive, firstly, the cumulative frequency of the variables is

calculated using a frequency table. It is done by adding the frequencies of all
the previous variables in the given data set. The result or the last number in
the cumulative frequency table is always equal to the total frequencies of the
variables.

The most commonly used graphs of the frequency distribution are his-
togram, frequency polygon, frequency curve, Ogives (cumulative frequency
curves).
 Ogive graph

The graphs of the frequency distribution are frequency graphs that are used
to exhibit the characteristics of discrete and continuous data. Such figures are
more appealing to the eye than the tabulated data. It helps us to facilitate the
comparative study of two or more frequency distributions. We can relate the
shape and pattern of the two frequency distributions.

The two methods of Ogives are:

•Less than Ogive
•Greater than or more than Ogive
Less than Ogive
The frequencies of all preceding classes are added to the frequency of a class.
This series is called the less than cumulative series. It is constructed by adding
the first-class frequency to the second-class frequency and then to the third
class frequency and so on. The downward cumulation results in the less than
cumulative series.
Greater than or More than Ogive
The frequencies of the succeeding classes are added to the frequency of a
class. This series is called the more than or greater than cumulative series. It is
constructed by subtracting the first class, second class frequency from the
total, third class frequency from that and so on. The upward cumulation result
is greater than or more than the cumulative series.
Ogive chart
An Ogive Chart is a curve of the cumulative frequency distribution or
cumulative relative frequency distribution. For drawing such a curve, the
frequencies must be expressed as a percentage of the total frequency. Then,
such percentages are cumulated and plotted, as in the case of an Ogive.
Below are the steps to construct the less than and greater than Ogive.
How to Draw Less Than Ogive Curve?
Draw and mark the horizontal and vertical axes.
Take the cumulative frequencies along the y-axis (vertical axis) and the up-
per-class limits on the x-axis (horizontal axis).
Against each upper-class limit, plot the cumulative frequencies.
Connect the points with a continuous curve.
How to Draw Greater than or More than Ogive Curve?
•Draw and mark the horizontal and vertical axes.
•Take the cumulative frequencies along the y-axis (vertical axis) and the lower-
class limits on the x-axis (horizontal axis).
•Against each lower-class limit, plot the cumulative frequencies
•Connect the points with a continuous curve.

Uses of Ogive Curve

Ogive Graph or the cumulative frequency graphs are used to find the median
of the given set of data. If both, less than and greater than, cumulative
frequency curve is drawn on the same graph, we can easily find the median
value. The point in which, both the curve intersects, corresponding to the
x-axis, gives the median value.  Apart from finding the medians, Ogives are
used in computing the percentiles of the data set values.
 Ogive Example
Question 1:

Construct the more than cumulative frequency table and draw the Ogive for
the below-given data.

Marks 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80

Frequency 3 8 12 14 10 6 5 2
 Marks frequency Cumulative frequency
More than 1 3 60

SolutionMore than 11 8 57
More than 21 12 49
More than 31 14 37
More than 41 10 23
More than 51 6 13
More than 61 5 7
More than 71 2 2

Plotting an Ogive:
Plot the points with coordinates such as (70.5, 2), (60.5, 7), (50.5, 13), (40.5, 23),
(30.5, 37), (20.5, 49), (10.5, 57), (0.5, 60).
An Ogive is connected to a point on the x-axis, that represents the actual upper limit of
the last class, i.e.,( 80.5, 0)
Take x-axis, 1 cm = 10 marks
Y-axis = 1 cm – 10 c.f
General rules for constructing graphs

Proper size Proper heading

Proper scale Use of signs and colors

THANK YOU