Presentation of Data

Three Ways of Presenting Data

Textual Method
 presents the collected data in narrative and
paragraphs form
Tabular Method
 presents the collected data in table which are
orderly arranged in rows and columns for an
easier and more comprehensive comparison of
figures.
Graphical Method
 presents the collected data in visual or pictorial
form to get a clear view of data.
TOPIC: Graphical Method of Presenting Data

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, you should be able to
1. Describe the different graphs used in statistics
2. Create graph
Graphing Frequency Distribution
1. Histogram
 is a graph in which classes are marked on the
horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the
vertical axis.
 This type of graph is used with quantitative
data.
 Ranges of values, called classes, are listed at
the bottom, and the classes with greater
frequencies have taller bars.
 A histogram often looks similar to a bar graph,
but they are different because of the level of
measurement of the data.
 Bar graphs measure the frequency of
categorical data. A categorical variable is one
that has two or more categories, such as gender
or hair color. Histograms, by contrast, are used
for quantitative data.
2. Frequency Polygon
 graph that displays the data using points which
are connected by lines.
3. Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)
 graph that displays the cumulative frequencies
for the classes in a frequency distribution.

4. Pareto Chart
 is a type of chart that contains both bars and
a line graph, where individual values are
represented in descending order by bars, and
the cumulative total (in percent) is represented
by the line.
Table of the Pareto Chart Above
5. Bar Chart (Bar Graph)
 presents categorical data with rectangular
bars with heights or lengths proportional to the
values that they represent.
 A categorical variable is one that has two or more
categories, such as gender or hair color.
 the bars could be presented horizontally or
vertically

6. Pie Chart (Circle Graph)

 is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided
into slices to illustrate numerical proportion.
7. Time Series Graph
 represents data that occur over specific period of
time under observation
 measure trends overtime

8. Pictograph
 is the representation of data using images.
 represent the frequency of data while using
symbols or images that are relevant to the data.
9. Scatter Plot
 used to examine possible relationships between
two numerical variables.

Behavior of dots in the relationship of the two

variables
10. Dot Plot
 A dot plot is a hybrid between a histogram and a
stem and leaf plot.
 Each quantitative data value becomes a dot or
point that is placed above the appropriate class
values.

11. Stem and Leaf Plot

 A stem and left plot breaks each value of a
quantitative data set into two pieces: a stem,
typically for the highest place value, and a leaf for
the other place values.
 It provides a way to list all data values in a
compact form.
12. Box Plot (also known as box and whisker plot)
 is a type of chart often used in explanatory data
analysis to visually show the distribution of
numerical data and skewness through displaying
the data quartiles (or percentiles) and averages.
Minimum Score
The lowest score, excluding outliers (shown at the
end of the left whisker).
Lower Quartile
Twenty-five percent of scores fall below the lower
quartile value (also known as the first quartile).
Median
The median marks the mid-point of the data and is
shown by the line that divides the box into two parts
(sometimes known as the second quartile). Half the
scores are greater than or equal to this value and half
are less.
Upper Quartile
Seventy-five percent of the scores fall below the
upper quartile value (also known as the third quartile).
Thus, 25% of data are above this value.
Maximum Score
The highest score, excluding outliers (shown at the
end of the right whisker).
Whiskers
The upper and lower whiskers represent scores
outside the middle 50% (i.e. the lower 25% of scores
and the upper 25% of scores).
The Interquartile Range (or IQR)
This is the box plot showing the middle 50% of scores
(i.e., the range between the 25th and 75th percentile).

Example
Example 1: Using the information in the table about
the favorite snacks of 870 youths, construct a bar
chart, and pie chart.
Products Sales
Junk Foods 135
Candy 250
Ice Cream 185
Chocolate 210
Others 90

This could be easily graph using Microsoft Excel

Solution: Bar Chart

Others

Junk Foods

Ice Cream

Chocolate

Candy

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Solution: Pie Chart

Favorite Snacks
Others
10% Candy
29%
Junk Foods
16%

Ice Cream
21% Chocolate
24%

Example 2: Using the information in the table below

about the dollar to peso exchange rate from January
to December of 2015, construct a time series graph.

Month Jan Feb March April May June

Exchange 41 42 43 46 44 45
Rate
Month July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Exchange 43 42 45 44 45 43
Rate
 Peso-US Dollar Exchange Rate
47
Peso per US Dollar
46

45

44

43

42

41

40

39

38
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Months
Exercises:
1. Complete the table and construct a histogram and
frequency polygon.
Solution:
Class Limits 𝑓 𝑥𝑚
94 – 97 4
98 – 101 10
102 – 105 15
106 – 109 13
110 – 113 6
114 - 117 2

2. Draw a pareto chart, pie chart and bar chart that

shows this information.
Education Level Average Monthly Earnings
Elementary graduate ₱8,000
Less than 4 years of High School ₱10,000
High School graduate ₱12,500
College Level ₱15,800
College graduate ₱19,200

3. Construct a time series graph for the number of

credit card payments.
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Card Payments 11.2 13.4 14.5 17.6 15.8 28.3 25.1