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f
Common Graphical Representations
of Frequency Distributions
• Bar Graphs
• Histogram
• Pie Chart
• Line Graph
Bar Graph
Consider the results of the post-test from students for the year 2000
and the year 2010 being illustrated in boxplots. What do these results
tell us about how students performed on the 29-question post-test for
the two years?
Answer:
The two divisions obtain the same mean score of 77.75 points in the
test. Can we say that the quality of performance in the two divisions
are identical?
very poor score
The scores of Division B are more closely located about the mean
of 77.75 indicating a more consistent or homogeneous set of
workers in terms of performance.
Histograms
Boxplots
Measure of central tendency
presents only half of the picture
or the description of the data.
Measure of variability completes
the description of the data.
Measure of Variability
spread out the other members of the data set are around the
mean.
Consider this...
In this distribution, there are only few fish with extreme length and
many have average length... so NORMAL.
68% of the students got a score between 17.8 and 24.2 points.
95% of the students got a score between 14.6 and 27.4 points.
Almost all students got a score between 11.4 and 30.6
points.
Exercise
29 38 29 28 42 40
32 32 37 35 28 46
41 41 40 26 28 29
44 44 46 27 31 27
32 32 29 33 27 25
Reporting:
The mean score of the students is 33.93 (SD = 6.63).The scores
are non-normally distributed with skewness of 0.50 (SE = 0.43)
and kurtosis of -1.17 (SE = 0.83).
Alternative Tests of Normality:
• Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
• Shapiro-Wilk Test
Normality Tests:
□Shapiro-Wilk test
if sample size is less than 50
□Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
if sample size is greater than 50