PRESENTATION OF DATA

There are three ways of presenting data:

1. Tabular Method
2. Graphical Method
3. Textual Method

TOPIC: TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA

Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Describe the tabular method of presenting
data

2. Construct a frequency distribution table for

group and ungrouped data

3. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot

4. Write the correct syntax of the countif

command in Excel and use it to find the
frequency of a particular data set
Tabular Presentation
 It is a systematic and logical arrangement of data
in the form of Rows and Columns with respect to
the characteristics of data.
 It is an orderly arrangement which is compact
and self-explanatory.

Parts of a Table
Frequency Distribution Table
 grouping of the data into categories showing the
number of observations in each of the non-
overlapping classes.

Example 1
Twenty applicants were given a performance
evaluation appraisal. The data set is
High High High Low Average
Average Low Average Average Average
Low Average Average High High
Low Low Average High High

Solution:
A. Manually. This is advisable when data set is
small, like this example.
Step 1. Tick mark the list as you tally
Class Tally Frequency Percentage
High 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼
Average 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼
Low 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
Step 2: Write the frequency
Class Tally Frequency Percentage
High 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼 7
Average 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼 8
Low 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 5

Step 3. Compute for the percent

𝑓
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛 𝑥 100 where 𝑓 = frequency of the class
and 𝑛 = total number of values
Class Tally Frequency Percentage
High 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼 7 35
Average 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼𝐼 8 40
Low 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 5 25
Total 20 100

B. Using Microsoft Excel

If the data is in Excel then it is more convenient.

We use the countif command to skip the tally part.

Command:
=Countif(range,”string”) used when data are
description like the example

=Countif(range,number) when counting numbers

See the illustration below:

Hiding the formula on cell B7, B8 & B9, we have

Important
 Make sure that the data encoded in Excel are the
same for its string. The string “High” is different
from “high”. The exact match is being counted by
the countif command.

Frequency Distribution for Ungrouped data

 Ungrouped data is raw data. It has not been
sorted into groups.

Example 2:
Let data set represent number of books borrowed by
teachers from the library:
3,4,3,4,3,5,5,3,4,2,4,5,3,2,3,5,2,5,5,4
Using the same process as Example 1, we have
No of Books Frequency Percent
Borrowed
2 3 15%
3 6 30%
4 4 20%
5 7 35%
Total 20 100%
Frequency Distribution for Grouped Data
 Grouped data is data that has been organized
into groups from the raw data.
Example 3
A random sample of 50 customers taking travel tours
last summer revealed these ages. Create a frequency
distribution table with 6 classes
18 29 37 42 47 49 53 57 61 67
19 31 38 44 48 50 54 58 62 68
24 34 39 45 48 51 54 58 63 70
27 36 39 46 48 51 55 59 64 74
28 36 40 46 49 52 56 60 66 77

To aid us in our counting of frequency, we construct

the stem-and-left plot.
Stem – and – Leaf Plot
 It is another method of presenting data
Stem
 leading digit or digits
Leaf
 trailing digit
Below is the stem-and-leaf plot. For the stem 1, we
have the leaves 8 & 9 (18 & 19)

Stem Leaf
1 8, 9
2 4, 7,8, 9,
3 1, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9
4 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9
5 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8,9
6 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8
7 0, 4, 7,

Class Width
First, find class width,𝑖 where
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒−𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒+1
𝑖=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

6 classes means there are 6 class intervals (or groups)

77−18+1
𝑖= = 10
6

Class Interval
 the range of such class of data
The highest class interval: LLH – Highest Score
Where Lower Limit of the highest class interval (LLH)
 𝐿𝐿𝐻 = 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 – 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ + 1
𝐿𝐿𝐻 = 77 − 10 + 1 = 68

First Class Interval (68-77)

To get the succeeding class interval, just deduct

𝒊 from each limit of the previous class interval.

Second Class Interval (58-67), since 𝑖 = 10

From the above stem-and-leaf plot and the computed
class intervals, we have
Class Frequency Midpoint or Class Boundary
Interval Class mark
LLH 68-77 4
58-67 10
48-57 15
38-47 10
28-37 7
18-27 4

Midpoint of Classmark, 𝒙𝒎
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝑥𝑚 = 2
For the first row,
𝑥𝑚=68+77=72.5
2
Class Boundary
 The data values that separate classes

a b c d e
18-27 28-37 38-47 48-57
Class boundary of 18-27 class: a – b
of 28-37 class: b - c
To get b = (27+28)/2 = 27.5
To get c = (37+38)/2 = 37.5

Computing for all the midpoints and class boundaries,

the completed frequency distribution of the grouped
data is
Class Frequency Midpoint or Class Boundary
Interval Class mark
68-77 4 72.5 67.5 – 77.5
58-67 10 62.5 57.5 – 67.5
48-57 15 52.5 47.5 – 57.5
38-47 10 42.5 37.5 – 47.5
28-37 7 32.5 27.5 – 37.5
18-27 4 22.5 17.5 – 27.5
Exercises.
1. Create a frequency distribution.
Sophomore Senior Senior Senior
Freshman Sophomore Junior Junior
Senior Sophomore Junior Sophomore
Sophomore Freshman Sophomore Junior
Freshman Senior Senior Sophomore
Sophomore Freshman Sophomore Freshman
Junior Junior Senior Senior

2. Construct a steam- and- leaf plot and the grouped

frequency distribution table using 7 classes
6 29 37 41 47 49 53 57 61 66
19 31 38 44 48 50 53 57 62 67
23 33 38 44 48 51 54 58 63 68
26 35 39 45 49 52 56 59 64 74
28 35 41 46 49 52 56 60 65 75