METHODS OF DATA

PRESENTATION
Textual Method
Tabular Method
Graphical
Method
METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

1. Textual Method – a narrative description of the data

gathered.

2. Tabular Method – a systematic arrangement of

information into columns and rows.

3. Graphical Method – an illustrative description of the

data.
THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
(FDT)
• An FDT is a statistical table showing the frequency or number
of observations contained in each of the defined classes or
categories.

Parts of an FDT / Statistical Table

1. Heading
2. Body
3. Stubs or classes
4. Caption
 THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
(FDT)

Heading Table 1: Awareness on the Gender Laws and

Provisions
Relative
Caption Gender Laws Frequency
Frequency

Magna Carta of Women 6 12%

Anti Trafficking of Women 5 10%
Stubs/ RA 9262 14 28% Body
Classes CEDAW 7 14%
Harassment Bill 18 36%
Total 50 100
Source: Approaching Gender Mainstreaming in the Academe
TYPES OF FDT
• Qualitative or Categorical FDT – an FDT where the data are
group according to some qualitative characteristics; data are
grouped into non numerical categories.
• Quantitative FDT – an FDT where data are grouped according
to some numerical or quantitative characteristics.

Table 1. Frequency Distribution of the Age of the

Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage
16-19 134 66%
20-25 64 32%
26 above 4 2%
total 202 100%
Steps in the Construction of a Frequency
Distribution Table.
Other Columns of a Quantitative FDT
Other Columns of a Quantitative FDT

4. Cumulative frequency (CF)

a. Less than CF (<CF) – total number of observations whose
values do not exceed the UL of the class.
b. Greater than CF (>CF) – total number of observations
whose values are not less than the LL of the class.
5. Relative cumulative frequency (RCF)
a. Less than relative cumulative frequency (<RCF)
b. Greater than relative cumulative frequency (>RCF)
Example
Construct the FDT of the given data set.

Age (in years) of 40 Patients Confined at a certain

Hospital.
5 15 23 27 33 38 44 52
5 15 24 30 33 40 45 53
7 20 25 31 34 42 45 55
10 20 25 31 35 42 50 57
13 21 26 32 36 43 51 57
• Based from the given problem:
• Make an Interpretation and Conclusion.
• Answer the following questions.
• HOW MANY PATIENTS ARE 40 YEARS OLD AND BELOW?
• HOW MANY PATIENTS ARE 23 YEARS OLD AND ABOVE?
• HOW MANY PATIENTS ARE BETWEEN 5-13 YEARS OLD?
• WHAT IS THE PERCENTAGE OF MAJORITY OF THE
PATIENTS CONFINED AT THE HOSPITAL?
• THE AVERAGE AGE OF 22.5% OF THE TOTAL
OBSERVATIONS IS _____.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

Advantages:
• Main features and implications of a body of data can be seen at once.
• Can attract attention and hold the reader’s interest
• Simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so
many words.
• Can readily clarify data, frequently bring out hidden facts and
relationship.
Qualities of a Good Graph
• Accurate
• Clear
• Simple
• Good appearance
COMMON TYPES OF GRAPH

• SCATTER GRAPH – a graph used to represent measurements

or values that are thought to be related.
• LINE CHART – graphical representation of data especially
useful for showing trends over a period of time.
• PIE CHART – a circular graph that is useful in showing how a
total quantity is distributed among a group of categories.
• COLUMN AND BAR GRAPH – like pie chart, this is
applicable only to grouped data. Used for discrete, grouped data
of ordinal and nominal.
Graphical representation of the FDT
• FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM – a bar graph that displays the
classes on the horizontal axis and the frequencies of the classes on
the vertical axis; the vertical lines of the bars are erected at the
class boundaries and the height of the bars correspond to the class
frequency.
• RELATIVE FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM – a graph that displays
the classes on the horizontal axis and the relative frequencies on
the vertical axis.
• FREQUENCY POLYGON – line chart that is constructed by
plotting the frequencies at the class marks. (Frequency vs. class
marks).
• OGIVES – graph of the cumulative frequency distribution.
• <OGIVE – the <CF is plotted against the UTCB.
• >OGIVE – the >CF is plotted against the LTCB.
 TYPES OF GRAPH

Scatter Plot of the Amount of Garbage Discarded

and Household size Sales report of Company A from year 1995 to
10 2012
9
8
7

Sale (in million pesos)

15.214.9
14.6 15 14.7
6 14.113.9
13.4 13 13.212.8 13
5 12.5 12.4
12 11.6 11.8
11
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Scatter Plot of the Amount of Garbage Discarded and Household size

Sales report of Company A from year 1995 to 2012

TYPES OF GRAPH
Chart Title Students of Students of the DLSU-D
DLSU-D
per colleges 3100
CEAT CSCS 0%
17% 18% 2700 2600
CLAC
12% 2100
CBAA 1900
20%
CTHM 1500
14% CoEd 1300
CCJE
9% 10%

CSCS CBAA CoEd CCJE CTHM CLAC CEAT

Students of the DLSU-D

CEAT 2600
CLAC 1900
CTHM 2100
CCJE 1300
CoEd 1500
CBAA 3100
CSCS 2700