Module

Statistics – Definition and Scope

1
OUTLINE ( Teaching Hours - 5)

1. Introduction
2. Sample and Population
3. Data Analysis : Classifications and Tabulations
4. Graphical representation and its interpretations

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, Atmiya University,

06/04/20
Rajkot. 1
20
 Meaning of word Statistics

Latin word Italian word German Word

Equal Meaning

Political State

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 2

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Meaning of word Statistics
Containing:
Emotions of
People, Locality
etc.
Containing : Boundary
Containing:
management, Culture of Income,
region etc Departure and
Demographical
etc.
Management

Geographical Economical
management Management

Ical
(Management)
There is associate
with 3-types of
managements

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 3

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Meaning of word Statistics
Therefore the word statistics is associate with, the study of economy,
demography and geography of any state or country.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 4

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Definition: Statistics
The statistics is a science which deals with presentation, interpretation, collection
and analysis of data.

Definition : Data
The data is collection of facts or relevant information‘s.

Definition : Row data

The row data is the data , in original form before any statistical computation used.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 5

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Types of data

Primary Is a data which are

collected by a person or an

Data organization for its own

use only
Row data Is a data which are
Secondary collected by another
person or an organization
Data for its own use only but
investigator is also used it.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 6

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Classification of data
The classification of data is scientific process in which the data divided into
certain categories according to resemblances.

Classification

on the basis of on the basis of

on the basis of on the basis of
Numerical Location and
Social Status Time
Size Place

Qualitative Quantitative Geographical

Temporal
Data Data

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 7

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Classification of Data
 Qualitative
When the basis of classification according to characteristics like social
status and etc., is called qualitative data.
 For example : 1. Reach and Poor Persons
2. Educated and Uneducated Persons etc.,

 Quantitative
When the basis of classification according to differences in quantity means
is made according to a numerical size is called quantitative data.
 For example : 1. A class of students split up into groups according to their
heights or ages.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 8

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Classification of Data
 Temporal
The classification according to time is called temporal classification of data
 For example : 1. The students who got first class during the last three
years are classified year wise.

 Geographical
The classification according to geographical location or place is called
geographical classification of data.
 For example : 1. The production of wheat (in quintals) in different states.

 According to above classification of data, the quantity which is vary from

one to another is called a variable.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 9

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Types of Variable

Data which are separate

by comma’s and like a
sequence of numbers

Data with
Variable frequency

Data distributed
in classes with
frequency

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 10

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Tabulation of Data
The last stage in compilation of data is tabulation.

 After the data have been collected and classified , it is essential to put
them in the form of tables with rows and columns.

 Tabulation is a scientific process used in setting out the collected data in an

understandable form.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 11

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Tabulation
Ex-1 : In 1990, out of a total of 2000 students in a college 1400
were from graduation and the rest for post – graduation. Out
of 1400 graduates students 100 were girls. However in all
there were 600 girls in the college. In 1995, number of
graduates students increased to 1700 out of which 250 were
girls, but the number of post – graduate fall to 500 of which
only 50 were boys . In 2000, out of 800 girls 650 were from
graduation , whereas the total number of graduates was 2200.
The number of boys and girls in post – graduation classes was
equal. Represent the above information in tabular form. Also
calculate the percentage increase in the number of graduate
students in 2000 as compared to 1990.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 12

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Tabulation
Year UG PG Total
(a)+(b)
B G T(a) B G T(b)
1990 1300 100 1400 100 500 600 2000

1995 1450 250 1700 50 450 500 2200

2000 1550 650 2200 150 150 300 2500

Total 4300 1000 5300 300 1100 1400 6700

Increment the number of students in % as

1400------------100 | % = (800/1400)*100 = 57.14
800 ------------ ? |
By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 13
Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Tabulation
Ex-2 : In a sample study about coffee habit in two towns in the
year 1990, the following information was received :
• Town A : Females were 40% , total coffee drinkers were 45%
and males non – coffee drinkers were 20%.
• Town B : Males were 55% , Males non- coffee drinkers were
30% and female coffee drinkers were 15%.
Present the above data in a tabular form.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 14

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Tabulation
Solution -2

Town B
Town A

M F Total M F Total
Coffee drinkers 40 5 45 25 15 40
Non-Coffee
drinkers 20 35 55 30 30 60

Total 60 40 100 55 45 100

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 15

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data

 There are 3 – methods to represent the Ungrouped data in

graphical way :
a) Pictograms
b) Bar Charts
c) Pie Diagrams

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 16

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data

a) Pictograms :
 In this representation method the ungrouped data in
which represent the frequency by horizontal line and
square.
Ex – 3 : The number of television sets repaired in a workshop
by a technician is six, one month period is as shown below.
Present these data as a pictogram.
Month Number repaired
January 11
February 06
March 15
April 09
May 13
June 08

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 17

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data
Solution -3
Month No. Of TV set repaired =2
January
February
March
April
May
June

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 18

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data

b) Bar Charts :
 Bar Charts is a representation of a numbers using bars of
uniform width and length of bars depends upon frequency
and scale you have chosen.

Horizontal
Bar charts
 The data represent by equally
spaced in horizontal rectangles
 Rectangles parallel to X -axis
Vertical
Bar charts
The data represent by equally
spaced in vertical rectangles
 Rectangles parallel to Y – axis

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 19

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data

Ex-4 : The distance in kilometers travelled by 4- salesman in a

week are as shown below :
Salesman
P Q R S
(Y)
Distance
Travelled 413 264 597 143
(X)

Use a horizontal bar chart to represent these data

diagrammatically.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 20

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data
Solution -4

Distance Travelled in Km by a salesman

R
Distance Travelled in Km
by a sales man
Q

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 21

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data

Ex-5 : The number of tools from a store in a factory is

observed for seven , one –hour period in a day and the
results of the survey are as follows :

Perio
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d(X)
No.
Of
34 17 9 5 27 13 6
issues
(Y)

Present these data on a vertical bar chart.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 22

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data
Solution -5

No of tools issues by factory in one -hour period

40
35
30
25 No of tools issues by
factory in one -hour
20 period
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 23

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data

(C) Pie Chart :

 The pie chart is represented by a circle.
 The are of circle represent the whole and the area of
sectors of the circle are proportional to the part which
make up the whole.

* Steps for making a Pie Chart :

Step -1 : Find total
Step – 2 : Convert into %
Step -3 : % convert into degree
Step – 4 : Arrange in ascending order
Step – 5 : Plot and Label.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 24

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data

Ex-6 : In IGNOU university year 2005 , course wise admission

data is given below :
Course Number of
students
M.A 200
M.com 600
M.Sc 400
M.B.A 800

Represent the above data on pie chart.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 25

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data
Solution -6
Courses No. Of % Deg. Increasing
students order
M.A 200 10% 36 1
M.com 600 30% 108 3
M.Sc 400 20% 72 2
M.B.A 800 40% 144 4
TOTAL 2000 100% 360 ----------

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 26

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Discrete data
Solution -6
No. Of students in various courses of IGNOU university in year
2005
M.A
10%
M.B.A M.Sc
40% 20%

M.Co
m
30%

Total number of students =2000

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 27

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data

o The Graphical representation of grouped data is classified into

3-categarioes :

(a) Histogram
(b) Frequency Polygon
(c) Ogive

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 28

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
(a) Histogram :
 The histogram is mainly used for presentation of grouped data in
which the respective frequency of the classes are plot on a graph as
a vertical adjacent rectangles.
 If class intervals are of equal length then the heights of rectangles
of a histograms are equal to frequencies.
 If lower bound of the first class is not same as upper bound of the
next class then using the following procedure make them equal
1. Upper class boundary+0.5
2. Lower class boundary -0.5
 If class intervals are of not equal length then the heights of
rectangles of a histograms are obtain by using following manner:
1. Find Class Length(CL)
2. New frequency = (f/CL)* Lowest CL

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 29

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 30

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 31

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Ex- 7 : Construct a histogram from the following tabular data :
Class Frequency
70-72 1
73-75 2
76-78 7
79-81 12
82-84 9
85-87 6
88-90 3

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 32

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Solution : 7 : Here upper bound of the first class and lower
bound of the second class not equal therefore, make
them equal first.
Class Equal Class Frequency
70-72 69.5-72.5 1
73-75 72.5-75.5 2
76-78 75.5-78.5 7
79-81 78.5-81.5 12
82-84 81.5-84.5 9
85-87 84.5-87.5 6
88-90 87.5-90.5 3

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 33

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Solution : 7

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 34

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Ex- 8 : Construct a histogram from the following tabular data :
Class Frequency
1-2 5
2-3 3
3-5 6
5-7 12
7-10 9
10-15 10
15-17 4

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 35

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Solution : 8
Class Frequen (f/CL)*Lowest CL
cy (f) Class = New Frequency
Length
(CL)

1-2 5 1 (5/1)*1 =5
2-3 3 1 (3/1)*1 = 3
3-5 6 2 (6/2)*1=3
5-7 12 2 (12/2)*1=6
7-10 9 3 (9/3)*1=3
10-15 10 5 (10/5)*1 =2
15-17 4 2 (4/2)*1 =2

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 36

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Solution : 8

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 37

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data

(b) Frequency Polygon :

 The Frequency Polygon is a graph obtained by plotting
frequency against mid-point values and joining the
coordinates with straight lines.
 If the class intervals are very small then the frequency
polygon assumes the form of a smooth curve known as the
frequency curve.

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 38

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data

Ex-9 : Draw the frequency polygon for the data given in

following table :
Class Mid-Point Frequency
7.1-7.3 7.2 3
7.4-7.6 7.5 5
7.7-7.9 7.8 9
8.0-8.2 8.1 14
8.3-8.5 8.4 11
8.6-8.8 8.7 6
8.9-9.1 9.0 2

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 39

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data

Solution : 9
Frequency Polygon
16
14
12
10
Frequency

8
6
4
2
0
7.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9
Class Mid-Point
By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 40
Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data

(C) Ogive or Cumulative Frequency Distribution curve :

 The curve is obtained by joining the coordinates of
cumulative frequency (vertically ) against upper class
boundary ( horizontally) is called an Ogive or Cumulative
Frequency Distribution curve .

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 41

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Ex-10 : The frequency distribution for marks of 50 students is
given in the following table. Form cumulative frequency
distribution for these data and draw the corresponding Ogive.
Class Frequency
0-10 2
10-20 4
20-30 10
30-40 4
40-50 3
50-60 8
60-70 1
70-80 5
80-90 11
90-100 2

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 42

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Solution : 10
Class Frequency Upper class Cumulative
Boundary frequency
0-10 2 10 2
10-20 4 20 6
20-30 10 30 16
30-40 4 40 20
40-50 3 50 23
50-60 8 60 31
60-70 1 70 32
70-80 5 80 37
80-90 11 90 48
90-100 2 100 50

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 43

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Graphical Representations of Continuous data
Solution : 10
Ogive
60

50
Cumulative Frequency

40
Ogive
30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Upper class boundary value in marks

By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/20 44

Atmiya University, Rajkot. 20
 Thank
You
By Tushar Bhatt, Assistant Professor in Mathematics, 06/04/202 45
Atmiya University, Rajkot. 0