
Chapter 10: Nature of
Research Design and
Methods
 Research Method- dictated by the problem
statement and goal of the research.
 Research Design- thought as the structure of the
research. “glue” that hold together all of the
elements in a research project.
What is Research design?
 Research design
 Researcher’s overall plan of how the study will
be conducted
 The blueprint of the study that maximizes
control over factors that could interfere with the
study’s desired outcome and intention of the
researcher to generalize the findings.
 Contains such details as the type of data to be
collected, techniques or the means to be used to
obtain these data, basis for the choice of the
subjects, manner of determining the size,
instruments to be used and their validation, an
data analysis: application of the statistical tools
for treatment of data
 Elements to Consider in the choice of research Design
1. The total pop.
2. The method of selecting the samples
3. Criterion measures evaluating the effects of the
independent var.
4. Statistical treatment of data, using various tools
Basic Research Designs
 Experimental Research
 Is an inquiry on relationships, and is conducted
in a specialized setting: laboratory, experimental
unit or research center
 Consists of a set of actions and observations
performed to accept or reject the hypothesis to
establish a causal relationship between
phenomena.
 Researcher controls and manipulates the
independent variable and randomly assigns the
subjects to dif. situations.
 The benefit gained in experimental studies is the
possibility of establishing causal relationships
between independent and dependent variables.
Types of experimental Research:
1. True Experiment
Are held under highly controlled conditions to
yield reliable evidence about cause and effect
relationship.
 Researchers can establish purity and accuracy of
the cause and effect relationship since variables
are observed under controlled conditions
A. Manipulation/intervention
- the researcher subjects the respondents of the
study to a particular situation.
B. Control- the researchers imposes certain conditions
over the experimental situation such as the use of
a. Control Group(CG)- this groups is not
subjected to any experimental treatment.
b. Experimental Group(EG)- this group is
subjected to any experimental treatment used by
researcher whose performance is compared and
analyze.
Techniques of Research Control:
1. Control of external factors
 Control of environment-subjects are brought in
an environment.
 Control of time- ensure constancy of data
collection at the same time of the day.
 Interactions with the subjects- transcripts of
information regarding the purpose and mechanics
of the study should be prepared and disseminated
to study subjects.
2. Control the Intrinsic
 Randomization- to secure comparable group to
equalize them with respect to the criteria of the
study.
 Homogeneity- only subjects with similar
characteristics with respect to the criteria of the
study.
 Matching- Use information about characteristics
of subjects to form a comparison groups.
 Statistical control- a powerful statistical
mechanisms to control extraneous variables.
C. Randomnozation- the researcher assigns the subjects
to a control or experimental group on random basis
-every subjects has an equal chance of being
assigned to any group.
 Random selection
- how the sample of people is drawn from the
population.
- is most related to the external validity or
generalizability of the research results.
- The point of taking random samples is to ensure
that the research participants better represent the
larger group from which they have drawn.
- screens samples the subjects based on egligibility
or inclusion criteria.
- informed consent are secured.
 Random assignment
 - how the sample drawn from the population is
assigned to different groups or treatments in the
study.
- basic to experimental design. Satisfy the internal
validity criteria of true experiements.
- ensure that experiemental groups have similar
characteristics.
 it is possible to have only one of these, both, or neither
in the study.
- The point of taking random samples is to ensure
that the research participants better represent the
larger group from which they have drawn.
- Fallacy is prevented by randomization, the key
element in experimental design.
D. Validity
- Researcher must ensure the validity of data
gathered, in order to objectively test research
hypotheses and answer all research questions.
- To ensure validity of data, all experimental
studies should have the following
characteristics:
1. Internal Validity- the degree of which changes in the
dependent variable (effects) can be attributed to the
independent variable (cause).
Threats to internal validity:
a) Selection Bias
b) History
c) Maturation
d) Testing
e) Instrumentation change
f) Mortality
2. External Validity- this the degree to which the study
results can be influenced or affected by external
factors or population and settings.
Threats to External validity:
a) Hawthrone effect
- occurs when the study participants respond in a
particular manner, or there is obvious change in
behavior because they are aware that they are
being observed.
- having a great deal focused on them.
- Blind experiement- subject does not know
he/she is receiving the treatment or a placebo.
b) Experimenter effect- results when the
reseracher’s behavior influences the behavior of
the subjects.
c) Reactive Effect of the Pretest
d) Halo effect- tendency of the researcher to rate the
subject high or low because the impression he has
on the latter.
- Fir the researchers to minimize the external
threats to the validity, the double blind method
may be used to remove the observer’s bias.
Hence, the observer cannot distort the data.
- If the double blind is not feasible, the double
observer method may be used to determine the
extent of bias between the two observers as they
both observe and record the subject’s
performance on a dependent variable.
Types of True Experimental Design
A. Basic Experiment
1. The post test-only design.
- This refers to the randomization and
experimental treatment of the subjects were
completed, followed by a post-test on the
performance of the subjects on certain variables.
- Sometimes called “after-only design”.
2. The Pretest-Posttest- Design
- The pretest posttest conducted before and after
the experimental treatment to the control and
experimental group.
- By removing threats to internal validity the
researcher is able to maintain equivalence
between the groups.
3. One-shot design
- Has one intact group of subjects which is given
the treatment and then measured or observed.
Thus, one group will be given one treatment and
one “observation”.
- Highly useful in practice settings since it
provides the least measure to a new treatment of
the group in question.
- Answers only the question on the posttreatment
behavior which is to describe the information
about the behavior of the subjects shortly after
treatment.
4. Clinical Trials
- Experiments done in healthcare setting.
- Used to evaluate new drugs, medical devices and
other interventions.
5. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)
- Experimental studies done to evaluate a
proposed new treatment option against the best
standard treatment currently available.
Types of Randomized Clinical (RCT):
a) Treatment of Intervention Research:
- The nurse researcher must introduce an
intervention to produce an outcome or effect.
b) Placebo effect:
- determine patient’s response to an intervention
regardless of whether it is a real thing or a
placebo.
- placebo is a beneficial physiological or
psychological change associated with the use of
medications.
c) Single-blind and double blind techniques.
6. Solomon Four Group Design
 -Involves two control groups and two
experimental groups. One control and one
experimental group take the pre-test before
treatment while the other two groups do not.
- Often bypassed because it requires twice as
many groups.
7. Factorial Design
- There is a simultaneous manipulation of two or
more independent variable which permit testing
of multiple hypotheses in a single experiment.
8. Randomized Block Design
- There are two dependent variables, but one
independent variable is not experimentally
manipulated due to the heterogeneous
randomized assignment of subjects.
- This is called the blocking variable
- This allows the researcher to control the sample
size if it is perceived to be a confounding
variable.
9. Crossover Design or Switching Replication Design:
- Same subjects are exposed to two or more
different treatment or conditions.
- The influence of one treatment on the subject
may be carried over to the next treatments.
2. Quasi-Experiment
- lacks one or more of the four (4) properties of the
true experiment
- the missing ingredient is either randomization or
the control group or the validity component.
- the term comparison group is generally used in
lieu of the control group
- Comparison group- a group by which the
performance outcome of the experimental group
are compared and evaluated.
- this method ultimately depends , in part, on
human judgment rather than on objective criteria,
the validity of cause and effect inferences may be
challenged.
Types of Quasi-experimental Designs:
a) Non-equivalent Control Group Before and After
Design.
- This design is identical to the pretest-posttest
control group design, with exception of
randomization.
- Involves use of two or more groups subjects
observed before and after treatment was done.
- Comparison groups are used but chosen to have
similar characteristics with the experimental
group.
b) Cohort Design
- The chosen comparison group is another group
with similar characteristics with that of the
experimental group.
- The strength of this design depends on the extent
to which both groups are similar in key
characteristics such as age, gender educational
level and previous experience.
- Examine patterns of change, sequence of events,
growth or trends overtime.
c) Time series Design
- Is an epidemiological research design in which a
single population group of defined size is
studied over a period during which preventive or
therapeutic interventions are taking place, with
measurements of factors and variables of interest
done at specified time intervals.
- Both treatment group (EG) and control group
(CG) are used without randomization.
- the aim is to detect trends such as variations in
incidence rates of disease or other health related
phenomenon in response to a particular
intervention.
 Non-experimental Research
- the researcher does not interfere with nature, and
the conditions for research are realistic or
natural.
- Often known as “surveys”, which have less
control over the study subjects and the setting
where it is conducted.
- Researcher cannot manipulate the independent
variable.
- Mostly conducted in natural settings: schools,
hospital, etc.
Types of Non-experimental Designs:
a) Basic or Library Research
- Intended to increase knowledge in science for
the purpose of knowing and learning the truth.
- Also called pure purpose research for purpose of
“generating new knowledge for knowledge
sake.” Such as: reading books and literatures,
listening to discussions, etc.
- Goal is to improve patient care, alleviate the
problem of nursing shortage, enrich nursing
curriculum, etc.
b) Applied Research or “action research”
- Undertaken for practical purposes
- A scientific investigation conducted to generate
that will directly influence or improve clinical
practice.
- Provide evidence-based data
- Findings of Action research can also help in
making decisions or predict and control
outcomes.
Types of Applied Research
1. Historical design
- A critical investigation and analysis of events,
developments and experiences of the past.
2. Descriptive
- A study that describes the nature of the
phenomenon under investigation after survey of
current trends, practices and conditions that
relate to that phenomenon.
- Involve analysis of an extremely board range of
phenomena, the result of such analysis are a
comprehensive presentation and interpretation of
statistical tabulations.
- Answers questions and satisfies curiosity about
certain phenomena.
Types of Descriptive Research:
a) Descriptive Normative Surveys
- Are self-reported data which are collected from
samples for purposes of exploring and
describing real-life situations.
- Provide an accurate account of the
characteristics of that particular situation
- Involve classification and enumeration of
collated data which are gathered using
questionnaires.
b) Correlational Studies
- Examine the extent of relationship between
variables how changes in one variable relate to
changes in another variable.
- Also called “explanatory research”.
- Discovers how the phenomena under study are
related.
- It is premised on thinking that, it is not enough
to say that something happens, but more
importantly, one has to find out why it
happened.
3. Comparative Studies
- Examine two or more intact groups to find out
the difference in their performance between and
among them in certain dependent variable of
interest.
- There is no manipulation of independent
variables
- Also applicable to: descriptive study &
Experimental Study
4. Descriptive Evaluative Surveys or
Methodological Studies.
- Are concerned with the development, testing and
evaluation of methods, procedures, guidelines
and instruments after which an evaluative
judgements is done.
- Also used to revise, modify existing programs or
develop more effective programs, methods and
procedures in nursing
- Also known as “developmental or evaluative
research”.
- Aims to test the viability, quality or effective
ness of a product, program, method, etc. and
answer specific questions on these.
5. Problem-solving
- All researches are investigations leading to
solutions of problems.
- The objective is to improve specific problem
situations derived from reliable and accurate
data.
6. Decision-Making
- Selects the most feasible course of action from
given alternatives to solve the problem.
- Useful in policy making and in improving the
image of nursing as a profession.
7. Case Study
- An in-depth study of single case or limited
number of typical, interconnected cases intended
to interpret their behavior relative to the
occurrence of certain events or phenomenon of
interest to the nursing discipline.
8. Content Analysis
- Process of synthesizing or dissecting
information and messages embodied in
documents.
9. Feasibility Study
- Is conducted to determine the viability of an
undertaking or a business venture and
establishing an institution or constructing
infrastructure.
10. Cross-Sectional Designs
- The subjects are assessed at a single point in
time in their lives.
- Is fast and can be done at one time with a large
number of patients at least cost or effort.
- Efficient in identifying association of
relationships, but may have problems deciding
cause and effect.
- Provide a snapshot of the variables included in
the study, at one particular time.
- Generally use survey techniques to gather data.
11. Longitudinal Designs
- Collects data over long periods of time.
- Measurements are taken on each variable over
two or more distinct time periods.
- Allows the researcher to measure change in
variables over time.
Types of Longitudinal Designs:
o Trend studies- investigations in which samples
from a populations are taken over time with
respect to some phenomenon of interest
o Panel designs- collect repeated measurements
from the same subjects over time. Reveal
changes at the individual level.
o Follow-up studies- usually undertaken to
determine the subsequent status of the subjects
with a specified condition or those who received
a specified intervention.
Reasons for Conducting Non-Experimental Research
1. Situations are such that the individual variable is
inherently non-manipulable.
 2. There are variables that can be technically
manipulated, but should not be, for ethical
reasons.
3. There are situations in which it is deemed
impractical or undesirable to conduct
experiments.
4. There are also situations in which the researcher
observes manifestations of events and determines
factors that have caused these.
 Combined Experimental and Non-experimental
Research
- known as “partial experiments” or partially controlled
non-experimental designs.
- a natural setting is used: nursing unit in a hospital
- Researchers exercises some control I the assignment
of the study subjects to various study groups.
 Quantitative and Qualitative Research Designs
- both designs are said to be systematic.
A. Quantitative Research
- Manipulates and control research situations and
verify results, using empirical data.
- Concerned with the objective meaning of
experience to an individual.
- Considered as “hard science”, characterize by
replicable and reliable data.
- Applies to both experimental and non-
experimental studies that yield numerical data.
- Uses deductive or theory-testing approach.
Types of Quantitative Research
a) Surveys
- Gather primarily quantitative data such as what
people do, how or what they eat, etc.
- Usually based on answers given by the
respondents to questions of the researcher.
- Called “self reports”
- Data can be primarily collected through interview
and questionnaires.
b) Methodological Research
- Concerned with the development of an
instrument or procedure that measures effect or
change on the dependent variable.
c) Evaluative Research
- Is applied research that aims to find out how well
a program, practice, procedure or policy is
working out.
- The purpose is to answer the questions of people
who must make decisions in terms of what
intervention or policies to implement.
d) Content Analysis
- The qualification of narrative data of a research
report, published articles, or any forms of
communications for purposes of analysis and
evaluation.
e) Clinical Trials or Intervention Research
- Designed to assess the safety and effectiveness or
nursing intervention.
- May involve an experimental or quasi-
experimental design and quantitative analysis of
variables.
f) Secondary Analysis
- The use of data gathered in a previous study to
test new hypotheses or explore new phenomena.
- Commonly known as “second-hand analysis”
- Analysis of pre-existing data in a different way or
to answer a different question than what was
originally intended.
- Utilizes data that was collected by someone else.
Steps in doing a quantitative study
 Phase I: Conceptual Phase
- involve in the cognition and intellectualization
of the problem.
- done through reading, theorizing,
conceptualizing, etc. with colleagues or experts.
Steps to follow in Conceptual phase:
1. State the research problem and purpose
2. Cite related Literature and Studies
3. Conduct pre-survey and clinical fieldwork
4. Formulate Theoretical Framework and
Conceptual Paradigm
5. Define Variables
6. Formulate Hypotheses
 Phase II: Research Design and Planning Phase
- Researcher decides on what method, techniques
and procedure to be used in the study.
Steps to follow:
7.Choose research design
8.Formulate an intervention or Treatment
Program
9. Identify the Target Population
10. Choose Sampling Design
11. Specify the Methods to Measure Variables
12. Apply ethical Principles
13. Review and Finalize research Plan
 Phase III: The Empirical or Study Phase
- Involves collecting, collating and analyzing data
Steps to follow:
14. Collect data
15. Prepare to analyze the data
 Phase IV: The Analysis Phase
- This include the use of theories and literature
and the researcher’s observations and interview
of the participants during the course of the study
to validate its findings.
Steps to follow:
16. Analyze Data
 17. Interpret Results
 Phase V: The Dissemination Phase
Steps to Follow:
18. Communicate the Findings
19. Utilize Findings in Practice
B. Qualitative Research
- Focuses on insights into and understanding of
individual perceptions on the phenomenon of the
study.
- Attempts to obtain rich, in-depth and valid data
which almost always delve into their hidden
meanings.
- Considered to belong to non-experimental type
of studies.
- “soft science”, concerned with the “subjective”
meaning of experiences to an individual.
- Used to enhance the interpretability of
quantitative findings.
- Makes a thorough description of people or
events and data collected through unstructured
interview and participant observation.
- Uses empirical data from simple (observed) to
complex (theory) data or the inductive approach.
- Bricoleur- a person who is immersed is a study
situation and has expertise in performing
qualitative research. Can put together a complex
array of data derived from a variety of sources
and methods called bricolage, ranging from
interviewing to observing to interpreting
personal historical data.
- Samples are referred to as “informants”,
respondents or participants
- Samples are mostly selected using a non-
probability sampling such as purposive or
snowball sampling.
- Snowball sampling- used in cases that are
unusual or special.
- Researcher must consider the saturation point in
qualitative studies. Saturation is the key
consideration for the sample size in qualitative
studies. Reached when themes become
repetitive, suggesting no new inputs is needed.
- Qualitative research is based on trustworthiness
of data rather than reliability or validity.
Following Characteristics:
 Credibility- findings represent realities of the
participants
 Confirmability- researcher enhances objectivity by
reducing bias on methods and process.
 Dependability- repetition of the study of similar
subjects results in constant data findings.
 Transferability- The results can be used for situations
with similar subjects and settings.
 Authenticity- researcher described truthfully and
accurately varied experiences of participants.
Types of Qualitative Research
1. Phenomenological Studies
- Derived from philosophy and psychology which
examines the lived experiences of individuals
about a phenomenon through description and
analysis.
- Hermeneutics- describes, interpret and explain
the lived experiences with people.
- Human ethology- describes the biology of
human behavior as it evolved in its natural
context.
- This focuses on the meaning and interpretations
of events to people.
- Can be descriptive or interpretative.
Involves the following steps:
 Bracketing- identifying and holding in
abeyance preconceived ideas, beliefs, and
opinions, to limit the researcher’s bias of the
phenomenon.
 Immersion- researcher lives with the data
overtime.
 Intuiting- is open to meanings attributed to the
phenomenon by those who have experienced it.
 Data reduction
 Analyzing
 Describing
- A rigorous, critical, systematic investigation of
phenomena.
Six core steps:
1. Descriptive phenomenology
- Direct exploration, analysis, and description of a
particular phenomenon, as free as possible from
any biased opinions or preconceived ideas of
researcher.
- Aims to maximize intuitive presentation and
analysis of data as experienced by the
participants.
2. Phenomenology of essences
- Involves probing through the data to search for
common themes or essential patterns of
relationships shared by the study participants.
3. Phenomenology of appearances
- Involves giving attention to the ways which a
phenomenon appear by looking into different
ways in which an object or people presents
itself.
4. Constitutive Phenomenology
- Studying a phenomenon as they happened or
constituted in one’s consciousness.
5. Reductive Phenomenology
- Researcher considers all events taking in place
in that phenomenon and brackets it to keep what
is already known separated from lived
experiences.
 6. Hermeneutic Phenomenology
- Designed to unveil otherwise concealed
meanings in the phenomenon.
2. Ethnographic Studies
- Refer to collection and analysis of data on the
lifestyle and daily activities of a culture or
group.
- Description and interpretation of cultural and
social behavior of people in a particular group.
- Aim is to understand the participant’s world
view and how their culture is communicated and
portrayed.
4 Major Schools of Thought:
 Classical ethnography- the study requires
to include both description of behavior and
demonstrate why and under what
circumstances the behavior took place.
 Systematic ethnography- aims to define
the structure of culture rather than to
describe people and their social interaction,
emotion, and materials.
 Interpretative or hermeneutic
ethnography- the study aims to discover
meanings of observed social interactions.
 Critical ethnography- relies of critical
theory. The researcher and members of a
culture together create a cultural schema,
rather than just believing that a culture
exist.
- Ethnography is a naturalistic inquiry that enables
the nurse to draw conclusions about how health
and illness are addressed in real-life.
Three types of information collected for analysis such
as the:
 Group’s cultural behavior
 Cultural artifacts
 Cultural speech
3. Grounded Theory Studies
- Are concerned with the analysis of data leading
to the development of theory.
- Data include in-depth interviews and
observation of the study participants to generate
comprehensive explanations.
Stern (1980) differentiated grounded theory from
other qualitative methodologies. 5 basic differences:
1. In grounded theory, the conceptual framework is
generated from the data rather from previous
studies.
2. The researcher attempts to discover dominant
processes in the social scene rather than describe
the unit under investigation.
3. The researcher compares present data with all
other data
4. The researcher may modify data collection
according to the advancing theory; that is, the
researcher drops false leads or asks more intense
questions as the study progresses.
5. The investigation examines data as they come in
coding, categorizing, conceptualizing them.
4. Historical Studies
- Involved in identification, location, critical
evaluation and synthesis of past events in order
to shed light on present behavior, trends or
practices.
- The data are usually found in documents or in
relics and artifacts.
5. Case Studies
- Involves in-depth examination and analysis of
people or groups of people in relation to nursing
issues.
- The results of the case analysis are used as basis
for formulating a suitable nursing care plan and
as a guide for its implementation.
6. Field Studies
- Investigate problems as they occur in their
natural setting as in the nursing home, etc.
- Data are collected from individuals in their usual
roles.
- Aim is to understand practices, behavior, and
beliefs of these individuals or groups as they
normally function in real life.
7. Biographies
- explore the real life of an individual
- data are derived from documents the describe
the turning point or significant moments in the
life of an individual.
8. Critical Theory
- is a action-oriented.
- Aims to integrate theory and practice such that
people become aware of contractions and
incongruities in their culture so they can become
inspired to changed them
9. Feminist Approach
- Focuses in gender domination and
discrimination characteristics of patriarchal
societies.
10. Participatory Action Research (PAR)
- The researcher works with groups or
communities that are vulnerable to control or
oppression of a dominant group or culture.
- Aim is to raise community consciousness to the
problem that they face and empower them to
discover their solutions.
 - Collaboration between participant and the
researcher is the major component of PAR.
11. Focus Group
- Is a form of an in-depth qualitative interview in
which as group of people are asked about their
attitude towards a particular subject.
- Questions are asked in an interactive group
setting where participants are free to talk with
other group members.
Various Types of Focus Groups:
 Two-way focus group- one focus group
watches another group and discusses the
observed interactions and conclusion.
 Dual moderator focus group- One moderator
ensures that the session progresses smoothly,
while another moderator ensures that all the
topics are covered.
 Dueling moderator focus group- two
moderators deliberately take opposite sides on
the issue under discussion.
 Respondent moderator focus group- one or
more of the respondents are asked to act as the
moderator temporarily.
 Client participant focus group- one or more
client representatives participate in the
discussion, either covertly or overtly.
 Mini focus groups- this groups is composed of
four or five members rather than six or twelve.
 Teleconference focus groups- telephone
network is used.
 Online focus groups- computers connected via
the internet
- the discussion in focus groups can be videotaped
or recorded.
 Mixed Method or Multimethod Studies
- Integrates both quantitative and qualitative data
in a single study or coordinated clusters of
studies.
- Commonly used in social, behavioral and health
sciences.
- Provide extensive analysis of the phenomenon
which makes nursing theories are more objective
and practical.
- Mixed method utilizes triangulation approach
to data analysis since data are synthesized from
multiple sources.
- Triangulation combines information from
quantitative and qualitative studies.
- Triangulation method is a powerful tool when a
rapid response is needed, or when good data do
not exist to answer a specific question.
Advances of integrating triangulation:
 Enhance validity
 Complements data
 Validates data
 Creates new frontiers
Importance of Mixed Method:
 Instrumentation
 Generation of testing hypothesis
 Presentation of data
 Demonstrates casual relationships and
processes
 Theory building, testing and refinement
Strategies used for mixed methods
1. Qualitative analysis of survey method
- Researcher can ask or interview the respondents
to interpret the meaning of the surveyed data for
in-depth analysis
2. Incorporate quantitative measures into
ethnography
- Researcher can pursue a survey or record
frequency of activities after in-depth field work.
3. Incorporating qualitative data into
experimental studies
- Use of qualitative method can enrich clinical
trials and determine differences in experiences,
processes and outcomes in experimental studies.
Steps in Doing Qualitative Research
 Phase I: Conceptual Phase
- Qualitative research is engaged in cognition or
intellectualization of the Phenomenon.
Steps to follow:
1. Identify the research problem
2. Review of related literature
3. Select research sites and gain entry
4. Formulate an over-all strategy
5. Address Ethical Issues
 Phase II: Conducting Qualitative Study
6. Gather initial findings
7. Proceed with observations and discussions
8. Cluster findings
9. Identify emerging patterns
10. Determine data saturation
11. Ascertain Trustworthiness of the Data
12. Debriefing
 Phase III: Steps in writing Qualitative Data
13. Transcribe all data verbatim
14. Develop Category scheme
15. Content analysis of narrative data
16. Coding Qualitative Data
 8. Feminist approach
- Qualitative studies which focuses on gender
discrimination and discrimination with
patriarchal societies.
9. Control
- True experiment consist of four properties.
Which of the properties does not
belong(validity, manipulation, randomization)
10. Quasi-experimental
- Experimental design where one intact group of
subjects is given the treatment then measured
without randomization nor control group.

CHAPTER 11

1. Universe
- Refers to the target population from which the
researcher intends to collect data and generalize
the findings of the study.
2. Sampling
- the process of selecting representative portion of
the population to represent the entire population.
3. All of the above
- Sampling procedure is an important component
of research because any of the following
PRACTICE TEST: CHAPTER 10 reasons.
1. Research design 4. Power sampling
- The researcher’s overall plan of how the study - The standard of determining adequacy of
will be conducted, type of data to be collected sampling size to detect a difference in the
and the techniques to be used. population outcome variable.
2. Sampling design 5. Inclusion
- Choice of samples or target population that will - The criteria in the selection of the sample size
serve as respondents of the study. required in the study.
3. Experimental 6. Non-probability
- Research design to primarily determine cause - Sampling of subjects using a non-random way
and effect relationship. 7. Theoretical
4. Non-experimental - type of sampling to advance the development of
- Research design which has less control over the selected theory to manage and control the
study subjects and often known as surveys. collected data.
5. Generalized 8. Modal instance
- Quantitative research design yield numerical - type of sampling when one wishes to investigate
data and trend to produce results that can be.. thoughts and actions of typical people but may
6. Subjective lost its significance when data are generalized.
- Qualitative research is considered as “soft 9. Systematic
science” which is concerned with the meaning of - Which is not a part of sampling group
experience to an individual. (accidental, quota, judgement)
7. Phenomenological 10. Sample bias
- Qualitative studies used to examine the lived - When data does not represent the sample size
experiences of individuals about a phenomenon. from which it was drawn.
CHAPTER 13

1. Develop questionnaire
- Research instruments