WORKSHOP:

 The workshops are organized to develop the psychomotor aspects of the

learner regarding practices of new innovations in area of education. Under
this technique participants have to do some practical work to produce
instructional teaching & testing material.

DEFINITION:

 “Workshop is defined as assembled group of 10 to 25 persons who share a

common interest or problem. They meet together to improve their individual
skill of a subject through intensive study, research, practice & discussion.”
 “A workshop is a meeting during which experienced people in response
positions come together with experts and consultants to find solutions to
problems.”
 “Workshop refers to a group of individuals who work together towards the
solution of problem in a given subject matter field during a specific period of
+time.”

SOURCE OF WORKSHOP TECHNIQUE:

 The word “workshop” has been borrowed from engineering. In the

workshop s persons have to do some task with their hands to produce
 something. The participants of the workshop prepare questions of his
subject. The participants are given knowledge and training for preparing
questions in the workshop. The word workshop has been borrowed from
technology.

OBJECTIVES OF WORKSHOP

The workshop are organised to realize the following objectives: cognitive

and psychomotor.

Cognitive objectives:

 To solve the problems of teaching profession.

 To provide the philosophical and sociological background for instructional
and teaching situation.
 To identify the educational objectives in the present context.
 To develop an understanding regarding the uses of a theme and problem.

Psychomotor objectives:

 To develop the proficiency for planning and organizing teaching and

instructional activities.
 To develop the skills to perform a task independently.
 To determine and use of teaching strategies effectively.
 To train the persons for using different approaches of teaching.

- It is used for in-service teachers for giving awareness and training of new
practices in education
- It provides an opportunity to prepare specific professional, vocational or
community service functions.

PRINCIPLES OF WORKSHOP:

 Allowing the participant to prepare & select the objectives to be reached will
increase the participant’s motivation.
 Giving the participant an active role will make teaching, more effective.
 Providing the participant with regular opportunities to see the progress. He is
making will increase his learning speed & improve the quality of the knowledge
& skills he acquire.
 To learn better relations.
 Every individual have worth & has contribution to make the common goal.
 The most critical learning at any given time has to do with this individual’s
current problems.

STEPS OF ARRANGING WORKSHOP:

 Select the theme on which the workshop has to be organized.

 Resource personnel’s consent should be obtained.
 Budget plan has to be prepared.
 Confirm the date of workshop, it should not coincide public holidays.
Professional commitment of political meeting.
 At list one working day will precede opening of the workshop.
 Print pamphlets/hand chart specifying the aims, registration fees,
activities, programme specified.
 Choose the place, where participants can stay comfortably attend total
activities.
 Selects homogenous participant in 2 months before day of workshop. 45
days before confirmation of participant is needed.
 Written confirmation detailing the specified conditions.
 Committee of sponsors, assistant organizers, volunteers has to be
formulated.
 National language is working language.
 Documentation, equipment, checklist, publicity, press has to be planned.
 Co-ordination of activities.

PROCEDURE:

Generally workshops are organized for 3-10 days duration. It depends on the
nature of task assigned to the workshop. It is organized in three stages.

First stage: presentation of the theme of providing awareness.

 Second stage: practice the approach for its applicability.

Third stage: evaluate the material prepared by the participants and

follow-up.

First stage:

The source persons or experts are invited to provide the awareness and
understanding of the topic. This stage is like a seminar type. The paper reading is
also done to discuss the different aspects of the theme.

-The experts provide the suitable illustration and steps for using it in classroom
teaching or education.

-This stage continues first two days of the schedule.

Second stage:

In the first stage theoretical background is provided to the participants. In

the second stage the group is divided into small groups. The groups are formed on
the basis of subjects.
-The expert provides guidance and supervises their work of each trainee of his
group. Every participant has to work individually& independently.

-Every trainee has to complete his task within the given period. At the end they
meet groups and discuss and present their task to be completed.

Third stage:

At this stage all groups meet at one place and presents their reports of work
done at second stage.

- The participants are given opportunities to comment and given suggestion for
further improvement.

- The experts also provide suggestions on different aspects of the reports and
formalities are observed at the end of the workshop.

Follow up:

A follow-up program is an important part of a good workshop. The

effectiveness of a workshop is ascertained by a follow-up programe.

- The participants are invited to meet again and present their experiences
regarding applicability of the topic or new practices.
- A report is also prepared of workshop.

ROLES IN WORKSHOP:

In organising a workshop the following four roles are performed.

1. Organizer of the workshop.

2. Convener of chairman in first stage.
3. Experts and resources persons.
4. Participants or trainees.

1. Organizer of the workshop technique:

 Whole program and schedule is prepared by the organiser. He has to arrange
for boarding and lodging facilities for participants as well as the experts.

-The date, days, venue or workshop are decided by him.

2. Convener in first stage:

At first stage of the workshop, theoretical aspects are discuss by the

experts on the theme of the workshop.

- He has to conduct work of this stage and he has to observe the formalities
and keynote of the workshop

3. Experts or resource persons:

In organising the workshop, resource person play an important role

in providing theoretical and practical aspects of the theme.

- They provide guidance to participants at every stage and train theme to

perform the task effectively.

4. Role of participants and trainees:

The participants should be keen or interested in theme of the workshop.

- At the first stage, they have to acquire understanding of the theme and at the
second stage; they have to practice & perform the task with great interest
and seek proper guidance from the experts.
- The effectiveness of any workshop technique depends upon the involvement
of the participants in the task.

ADVANTAGES:

 It is used to realizing the higher cognitive & psycho-motor objectives.

 It is a technique which can be effectively used for developing understanding
& proficiency for approaches & practices in education.
 It is used for developing & improving professional efficiency. E.g. nursing,
medical, etc.
 The proficiencies can be developing by using the workshop technique for in
service teachers.
 It provides the opportunity and situation to develop the individual’s
capacities or a teacher.
 It develops the feeling co-operation group work.
 It provides the situation to study the vocational problems.
 The new practices and innovations are introduced to in-services teachers.

DISADVANTAGES OF WORKSHOP:

 The workshops in education are seminar –cum-workshop of any theme or

problems.
 The in-service teachers do not take interest to understand & use the new
practices in their classroom.
 The workshop cannot be organized for large group so that so large numbers
of persons are trained.
 The teachers do not take interest in practical work or to do something in
productive form.
 The effectiveness of workshop technique depend upon follow up
programmes, those are not organized.

CONCLUSION:

Workshop, project and method is very importance teaching method and it will
be helpful to all the students in practicing the methods of teaching & developing
skill in conducting this method.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 1. B.T.Basavanthappa. “Communication And Educational Technology For
Nurses”. 2nd edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) ltd; 2011.p. 492-578.

2. K.P.Neeraja. “Textbook of Nursing Education”. 1st edition. New Delhi:

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2007.p.251-319.

3. Neelam Kumari. “PV, A Textbook of Communication and Educational

Technology”. 1st edition. Jalandhar: S.Vikas & co.publication;2010.
p.243-279.

INTERNET:

1. www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/...z/santa's%20workshop.html

2. http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/ksd/is/tools_for_planning/instructional_strategies.htm

3. www.authorstream.com/Presentation/nayak981-1297116-project/

4. www.ehow.com › Education

PROJECT METHOD:
 Project method is a teaching method in which student learns to work as a
team to achieve common purpose which is project. Even individual project help the
student to gain information related to topic.

DEFINITION:

 According to Stevenson, “A project is a problematic act carried to completion

in its natural setting.”

 According to Dr. William H. Kilpatric “A project is a whole hearted purposeful

act completed in a natural setting.”

TYPES OF PROJECT:

Projects are classified as:

Individual project: project which is planned for each student.
Group project: project for the class as a unit.

Projects are classified according to the purpose and objectivity as follows:

Model: These are projects for production of some physical material.
Learning purpose project: Projects such as waking a fractured bed or CPR where
the main aim is acquisition of some ability.
Project showing solution of patient’s problem: These types of projects are for
intellectual development and emphasis is on student’s creative thinking.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT:

 It should be problematic in nature.

 The student should gain definite attainable goal.
 It should be purposeful, natural life like in its procedure to attain the goal.
 It should be directed and planned by the students.
 It should be practicable in nature.
 It should be evaluated objectively.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PROJECT:

Following is the criteria which should be kept in mind for selecting the
project:

 Topic should have some educational value.

 It should not take overtime.
 It should be challenging in nature.
 It should consider the cost and availability of materials.
 The whole course should not be planned using this method.
 The project should be selected according to student’s interest.

ORGANIZING A PROJECT:

1. The teacher must exercise guidance in selection of the project. He should see
that the projects are educative & according to the capacity & ability of the
pupils & usually arises in the classroom teaching or discussion.
2. Whole heartedness acceptance of the project, almost every pupil must be
secured if the teacher wants to ensure its success.
3. Good planning should be done by the pupils before hand, it may be in the form
of drawing or list of steps to be followed, materials to be used, a picture to be
prepared or other specific indications of what is to be done.
4. The project is an activity to fulfil certain purposes.
5. To avoid interruptions & delays later, sufficient preparation must be done
before executing the project.
6. During the execution of the project, the teacher should carefully supervise the
pupils in manipulative skills to prevent waste of materials & to guard against
accidents.
7. The relation between chalked-out plans & developing project should be
constantly checked up spot modification not advisable but, if there are any,
these should be noted & the reasons explained for future guidance.
8. The evaluations of the project should be done both by the pupils & the teacher.

STEPS IN DEVELOPING A PROJECT:

1. Purposing: The project should be based on the purpose of learning. The

students should be able to acquire knowledge as well as skill from preparation
of project. So the purpose of preparing the project should be clear.
2. Planning: Once the purpose of the project is clear, start planning the project in
terms of money, material, manpower and time. Plan about the material required,
from where to get material, cost of project and about the time in which it can be
completed by the utilization of how much manpower.

3. Execution: The project planned, should be started to prepare so that students

can learn and acquire knowledge.

4. Judging: It is the best way to know about the project, whether it has met the
criteria for which purpose it was prepared or not. By this, further improvements,
if required can be made in the project.
ADVANTAGES OF PROJECT METHOD:

1. It arouses & maintains interest of the students.

2. It keeps the students on freedom of thoughts, & action while doing the work.
3. It provides the interest & ability of the students.
4. It provides more creative constructive thinking of the students.
5. It helps to know the individual differences.
6. It helps the students to think logically & scientifically before starting the
project.
7. It facilities for the development of doing ability, & related learning are
coordinated by putting them into practice.
8. It provides the growth of individual through activities.
9. It teachers the students to evaluate & judge his finished work by comparing.
10.It provides for the student to compete with his own previous performance.
11.It provides whole hearted purposeful activity of the students.
12.Group project develops team spirit & co-operation.
13.It helps the students to feel patient is an individual in providing care.

DISADVANTAGES OF PROJECT METHOD:

1. Misconception of the term project.

2. Wrong selection of topic.
3. Overconsumption of time.
4. Costly & non availability of suitable things.
5. Chances for subject matter overlapping.
6. It may not be completed in time.
7. If too much emphasis is placed on individuals & under-development of co-
operation & group responsibility.

CONCLUSION:

project methods is very importance teaching method and it will be helpful to

all the students in practicing the methods of teaching & developing skill in
conducting this method.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. B.T.Basavanthappa. “Communication And Educational Technology For

Nurses”. 2nd edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) ltd; 2011.p. 492-578.

2. K.P.Neeraja. “Textbook of Nursing Education”. 1st edition. New Delhi:

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2007.p.251-319.

3. Neelam Kumari. “PV, A Textbook of Communication and Educational

Technology”. 1st edition. Jalandhar: S.Vikas & co.publication;2010.
p.243-279.

INTERNET:

5. www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/...z/santa's%20workshop.html

6. http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/ksd/is/tools_for_planning/instructional_strategies.htm

7. www.authorstream.com/Presentation/nayak981-1297116-project/

8. www.ehow.com › Education
ROLE PLAY:
 Role playing is a discussion technique that makes it possible to get maximum
participation of a group through acting out an example of some problem or idea
under discussion.
 Role playing is the spontaneous acting out of roles in the context of human
relations, situations. It is a part of two broad methods.
1. Socio drama
2. Psycho drama
 Socio drama: It deals with the interactions of people with other individuals or
groups. E.g. mothers, nurses, leaders, etc. It always involves situations of more
than one person & deals with problems that a majority of the group faces in
executing their roles.
 Psycho drama: Practiced in a group setting mainly concerned with the unique
needs & problems of a particular individual. It should not be attempted except
under the guidance of a trained therapist.

DEFINITION:

 “Role playing is relatively new educational techniques in which people

spontaneously act out problems of human relations and analyze the enactment
with the help of other role players & observers.”

PURPOSES OF ROLE-PLAY IN NURSING:

 To convey information.
 To develop specific skills.
 To develop a situation for analysis.
 To prevent alternative courses of action.
 To prepare for meeting future situations. To develop understanding of points of
view of others.
 Increasing their insight into typical ways of dealing with them.

PRINCIPLES OF ROLE-PLAY:

 Role playing is flexible.

 The role play should be a stimulant to think & not an escape from the discipline
of learning.
 There is no single best method of selecting the characters the group may do the
assigning.
 Role play should never be rehearsed.
 Analysis and evaluation is essential to attain the maximum learning benefits.
 Role play should be brief.

SETTING UP OF ROLE-PLAYING:

 Define the problem to be considered and the nursing situation a meaningful

manner to all students in the situation & ask for volunteers to play these roles.
 Each class member selects one role & identifies herself with it, listens & tries to
anticipate what the persons in the situation might say or do.
 Ask the participants to try to place themselves in the position of the characters.
 Caution the participants against the desire to express their own ideas &
opinions.
 Never rehearse for role playing.
 At any point during a dream utilization participants may hold a short conference
to clarify the problem under study.
 The length of the role play will depend upon how long it takes to make the
nursing situation clear and the students become aware of feelings & thoughts of
these in the actual situation.
 At the end of the activity time should be given for a discussion.
ROLE OF A TEACHER IN ROLE-PLAYING:

1. This provides the teacher with the opportunity to note individual student needs
by observing & analyzing her needs in a real life situation.
2. Assist the student in meeting her own needs by either giving her or encouraging
group members to give her on the spot suggestions.
3. Encourage independent thinking & action by stepping aside on giving indirect
guidance to emphasize them to themselves.
4. The teacher can correct the errors and use the role –play for specific teaching on
the subject.

VALUES OF ROLE-PLAYING:

 Develop skill in leadership, interviewing & social interaction.

 Develop sensitivity to others feelings.
 Develop skills in group problem solving.
 Develop ability to observe & analyze situation.
 Practice selected behaviours in real-like situation without the stress of making a
mistake.

POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE DOING ROLE-PLAYING:

 There should never be one answer to a situation presented.

 The time of the play should be brief.
 Enough time should be allowed for discussion and analysis of the situation.
 Evaluation concerns the teacher and the participants through discussion or
follow-up as to specific individual behaviour or sequential of group-actions.

STEPS IN ROLE-PLAYING:

1. Select a problem for role-playing.

2. Set-up the role playing scene.
3. Getting under way in role-playing.
4. The part the group plays.
5. Cutting the role-playing.
6. After the role-playing is cut.
7. The audience observers.
8. The role playing scene might be played.
9. Cautions in the use of role playing.
10.Summarize.

ADVANTAGES OF ROLE-PLAYING:

 It provides opportunities to the students to learn about a subject from the inside.
 It gives them to feel the intensity of the situation by enacting it through role-
playing.
 It increases student’s interest, motivations & effects for learning about a subject
or phenomenon.
 Students derive useful real life like experience through playing specific roles of
the players or observers & in turn prepare them for their future life activities.
 It provides training in verbal & motor communication of the behavioural acts
by expressing as spontaneously and freely as possible.
 The students get opportunity to imbibe useful qualities for social participation
& cooperation by giving due regard to others feelings & points of view.
 It can provide due insight into real life problems & develop problem-solving
abilities of the students.
 It can be used for illustrating & explaining the various phenomena & incidents
related to classroom teaching of various subjects.

DISADVANTAGES OF ROLE-PLAYING:

 The students may not understand the problems or the situation for playing the
roles with needed effectiveness.
 The Role playing becomes effective only when the player & observers truly
believe in the story or the situation to be enacted.
 Usually the students do not believe in what they are doing with their roles as
players or observers.
 In such situation, role-playing loses its impact & significance.
 Students, who may enact the assigned roles effectively, are not easily available
for making the role play success.
 The Role-playing expects too much from the teacher as he in one who have to
create a life like problematic situation or story plot, prepare and draft the role
player’s watch & direct the role-playing activities for some useful educative
gains.
 There is quite death of such capable & trained teachers and in such a situation
we cannot expect desired results with the use of role-playing.

SUMMARY:

After the end of class student gain knowledge about workshop method its
objectives, principles, steps advantages, disadvantages and project method its
types, characteristics, criteria, advantages, disadvantages and also the role play
method in its purposes,principles,values, steps, advantages and disadvantages.
And keep point in mind while organising in school and college.

CONCLUSION:

Workshop, project and role play methods are very importance teaching
method and it will be helpful to all the students in practicing the methods of
teaching & developing skill in conducting this method.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

4. B.T.Basavanthappa. “Communication And Educational Technology For

Nurses”. 2nd edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) ltd; 2011.p. 492-578.

5. K.P.Neeraja. “Textbook of Nursing Education”. 1st edition. New Delhi:

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2007.p.251-319.

6. Neelam Kumari. “PV, A Textbook of Communication and Educational

Technology”. 1st edition. Jalandhar: S.Vikas & co.publication;2010.
p.243-279.

INTERNET:

9. www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/...z/santa's%20workshop.html

10. http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/ksd/is/tools_for_planning/instructional_strategies.htm

11. www.authorstream.com/Presentation/nayak981-1297116-project/

12. www.ehow.com › Education.