Gujarat Institute Of Nursing

Education & Research

Ahmadabad

 Sub : Nursing Education

 Topic: Computer assisted
instruction(CAI) &
Computer assisted learning (CAL)

 Submitted to,
Mrs. Hiral R. Shah
Lecturer Sen. Scale CL-1
GINERA
 Submitted by,
Gajjar shraddha k.
F.Y.M.Sc.Nursing
Roll No: 6
GINERA

 Submitted on: /06/2013

History of computer assisted instruction and computer assisted learning

It was started in the 1980s, mainly in the USA. Pioneers such as Suppes (Stanford
University), Kemeny and Kurtz were among the first to use a computer as part of the
learning process. Computer assisted learning, and computer assisted instruction, is not a
new phenomenon. In this a computer program or file developed specifically for educational
purposes. This technique used throughout the world in a variety of contexts, from Primary
school to University.

 Commonly used terms for computer’s use in education:

 CAI: computer assisted instruction

 CAL: computer assisted learning
 CAT: computer assisted training
 CBT: computer based training
 CMI: computer managed instruction
 CML: computer managed learning

 New Terminology

 WBT: Web Based Training

 WBL: Web Based Learning

 WBI: Web Based Instruction

Computer assisted instruction. (CAI)

 Introduction:
Today the computers are used in education, administration; research and Clinical setting.
Education is the most fascinating area of computer application. Computer assisted
instruction and computer aided evaluation is the most Important uses of computer in
education. Computer & computer mediated devices are more classroom applications. Of
late, computer video combination is being advocated as the most Versatile aid for
Individualized learning. In many advanced countries computer are being used widely for
classroom Instruction & a beginning have been made in our country too. For classroom
instruction, the computer can be used as a substitute as well as aid to the Teacher.
 In implementing the CAI, the principles of programmed learning are used with an
added advantage that the response of the student are instantly and permanently
recorded by the computer.
 For CAI the intended subject matter is Brocken into small segments and fed into the
memory of the computer.
  The students interact with computer for learning, testing immediate feedback and
reinforcement.
 CAI facilitates instant access to information with infinite patience, accuracy & it
provides opportunities for systematically organized maximum learning for all
learners. It provides complete individualized instruction.
 The instructional spectrum with CAI can range from simple to drill to problem
solving.
 The computer displays information which is followed by question, the student’s type
out the answers or responds by punching key to get the feedback from computer.
 It uses a combination of text, graphics, sounds and video in enhancing the learning
process. The computer has many purposes in the classroom, and it can be utilized to
help a student in all areas of curriculum.

 Definitions:

1. “Computer assisted instruction-when the computer is used as an aid to teaching

method of instruction is called computer assisted instruction.”
- K.P.Neeraja

2. “Computer assisted instruction (CAI): it refers to the on line direct interactive learning
experience through the computer.”

3. “ Instructional activities that uses a computer as the primary vehicle for teaching
content or process rather than one to one interaction with a student.
- Miller keane Dictionary & encyclopedia

4. “Computer based instruction (CBI) is defined as the use of the computer in the delivery
of instruction.”

5. “A self learning technique, usually offline / online, involving interaction of students

with programmed instructional materials.

6. “Computer assisted instruction is an interactive instructional technique where by a

computer is used to present the material and monitor the learning that takes place.”

Purposes:
 Instructional Purposes
 Curriculum development.
 Educational administration and management.
 Educational Planning.
 Educational Documentation.
 Educational Test construction.
 Scoring and processing of examination results.
 Educational research.

 CAI provides:
1. Text or multimedia content
2. Multiple choice questions
3. Problems
4. Immediate feedback
5. Notes on incorrect responses
6. summarizes students’ performance
7. Exercises for practice
8. Worksheet and tests.

 Types

1. Drill and Practice:

- Drill and practice (also known as “Drill and Kill”) is suited to the behaviourist model, with
repeated practice on lower-level cognitive skills.
- Drill and practice provide opportunities or students to repeatedly practice the skills that
have previously been presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery.
- Exercises designed to increase fluency in a new skill or body of knowledge or to refresh an
existing skill or body of knowledge.This approach assumes that the learners have previously
been introduced to the content. Traditionally associated with basic skills in topics such as:
– Mathematics
– Language arts
– Terminology
Good programs provide user control, give feedback and reinforcement, and help learners
master skills. Good for basic skills/knowledge where rapid student response is
desired.Usually best to use in a series of brief sessions. Mainly intended for use by
individuals should be geared to a level appropriate for the students.

2. Tutorial:
- The tutorial mode is probably one of the most common ones within CAI. In this mode, the
computer presents the information, guides the learner through the system, allows the
learner to practise and then assesses the learner.
- A form of CAI in which the computer assumes the role of a tutor -- introducing content,
providing practice, and assessing learning.Tutorials are used to introduce new content to
learners in much the same manner that a human teacher might. Because tutorials present
content to students, they can be used in any area of the curriculum for:
– Remediation when learners lack necessary background knowledge.
– Enrichment when learners wish to go beyond the basics.
– Introduction of content to all learners (freeing the instructor to do other
things).
Good for verbal and conceptual learning.
– May require significant investment of students’ time.
– Can be effectively used by individuals or groups of 2-3 students.
– Should be followed by opportunities for student application of knowledge.
Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information and extension into different
forms of work, including drill and practice, games and simulation.
 3.Instructional games :
- game software often creates a content to achieve the highest score and either beat others
or beat the computer. in games mode, there is generally a competitive element (e.g. time
constraints or a race). The idea is to reinforce knowledge that the learner is assumed to
have. While it is often more difficult to develop CAI programs in the simulation and games
modes, learners tend to find them entertaining and challenging. Instructional Game is
usually another type of CAI (e.g., drill and practice or simulation) modified to include gaming
elements.motivational elements (e.g., competition, cooperation, challenge, fantasy).
Examples of this type of CAI are found throughout education. Usually, they are aimed at
younger learners such as those in the elementary grades.

4.Simulation:
In simulation mode, the learner works with a simulation of the real world. Simulation is used
where it is not practical or feasible to provide the learning in “real-life” (for example, pilot
training).simulation software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require
the expense of real life or its risks. A form of CAI that provides a simplified representation of
a real situation, phenomenon, or process.Provides the opportunity for students to apply
knowledge in a realistic format but without the time, expense, or risk associated with the
real thing. One of the best ways to use CAI in the sciences and other subject areas;
simulation makes good use of what the computer does well. Simulations can mimic physical
objects or phenomena, processes, procedures, and situations. Best used for application of
knowledge, problem solving, and thinking skills. Time involvement may be brief or extended
depending on the simulation. Good for small groups of students, although can be used by
individuals. Often requires guidance and follow-up for effective use.

5. Discovery:
discovery approach provides a large database of information specific to a course or content
area and challenges the learner to analyze , compare, infer and evaluate based on their
explorations of the data.

6. Problem solving :
this approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills and strategies. CAI
program that is designed to foster thinking or problem solving skills, but does not fit into
one of the other categories.Usually focuses on a specific type of problem solving and
provides practice on a number or variety of problems. Problem solving applications
sometimes focus on specific topics areas (e.g., mathematics, science) and sometimes they
are designed to promote general problem-solving abilities (e.g., pattern recognition,
prediction).

7. Other:
Many applications, particularly those that have been developed in recent years, are not
easily classified into one of the preceding categories.

 Characteristics of CAI.
Any CAI should:
 Promoting interactive learning:
 presenting interactive learning material in text and/or multimedia format
 facilitating interactive learning activities by utilising videoconferencing
facilities
 facilitating interaction with peers and experts in virtual reality
 Promoting educational management:
 establishing electronic databases for diagnosing learning needs and problems
 providing for automated learning assessment and remedial activities
 Providing additional learning opportunities:
 providing supplementary electronic learning material in addition to the
traditional textbook
 facilitating information searches by using the Internet
 Introduce flexibility into the learning environment by allowing self placed program
through the maternal.
 Accommodate different learning strategies.
 Encourage open mindedness by allowing a variety of acceptable answers.
 Develop and reinforce critical thinking skills by requiring the learning to interrogate
the database to achieve solutions to the problems which were posed.
 Allow the learner to formulate and test her own hypothesis.
 Consideration of the teaching and learning philosophy expressed in the program.

Traditional Teaching and CAI

 The traditional teaching environment is a classroom: a single teacher giving lectures

to a group of students who are expected to use their notes and textbook to prepare
for periodic examinations and demonstrate their mastery of the subject.
 The use of computers in education shifts the focus away from the teacher to the
students themselves who learn through experimentation on the computer with the
teacher acting only as a guide.

 Advantages

 Self pacing- allows students to proceed at their own pace means Instruction at its
own pace. Student can access the computer at any place.
 One to one interaction
 Great motivator
 Freedom to experiment with different option
 Instantaneous response/ immediate feedback to the answers elicited.
 Helps teacher can devote more time to individual students. & Individual attention
 Privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learn.
 Individual attention
 Learn more And more rapidly
 Interactive.
 Provides consistency in presentation.
 Can adjust difficulty to level of learner.
 Able to branch to provide appropriate content presentation to the learner.
 Can maintain records of student performance.
 Frees the instructor to do other things.
 Multimedia helps to understand to difficult concepts through multi sensory
approach.
 Self directed learning- student can decide when, where and what to learn.
 Receivers Responded continuously as instruction receives.
 All units of learning are broken down into subunits.
 Reinforcement of learning can be achieved.
 Can be learned in own style and ways.
 The program can be repeated as often as required.
 Learning can be tested at any time of progress.
 It can also be accessed by disabled students who cannot attend class.
 The CAI can be used for handling a body of student using computer terminals and as
many as 4,000 students can be instructed simultaneously with the instructional
procedure and by the time sharing technique.
 The CAI provides a highly flexible branching in instruction for looking after the pace
entry cognition & level of knowledge suitable for a particular student.
 In CAI, the simultaneously testing of each individual can be done by the computer
thus relieving the teacher from the dull chores of correction & record keeping.
 Also a student cannot cheat during testing by a computer.
 CAI provides the multi-dimensional learning through word, graphics & problem
solving student.
 A computer can also work as an aid in the independent study schemes based upon
reference work
 The information about the location of study material relevants to a specific topic can
be stored up the computer memory & retrieved by the student for ready reference.
 The high storage capacity of computer allows many programmers or many complete
courses at a time for students.

 Disadvantages
 Mechanical and deprive human touch. CAI lacks the human & emotional factor which
is available in the normal classroom lessons in which teacher are present to interact
with his students for their no-scholastic needs. By this way Learning becomes too
mechanical.
  Fatigue. Some studied have proved that CAI produces more mental & physical fatigue
as compared to other method.
 May feel overwhelmed by the information and researches available.
 Over use of multimedia may divert the attention from the content.
 Non availability of good CAI packages.
 Lack of infrastructure.
 Extremely expensive. Equipment and software can be costly. Computer are very
costly pieces, soft equipment and beyond the reach of most schools in our country
where even blackboards are not available in many school.
 Development takes time and money.
 Not all learning outcomes are well addressed.
 Unsophisticated applications may not make good use of the computer.
 CAI does not help in developing the language proficiency which depend more on
direct experience with the reality.
 As the student cannot interact with a computer is the human language, the mechanism
responses by punching key can become dull & frustrating.
 At its simplest, the testing by computer is done by multiple-choice questions, the
problems concerning value judgments cannot be tested by the computer.

 Experts needed in computer aided instruction : - Computer engineer.

- Lesion writer.
- System operator.

Computer assisted learning. (CAL)

 Introduction:

The term computer assisted learning (CAL) covers a range of computer based packages,
which aim to provide interactive instruction usually in a specific subject area, and many
predate the internet. This can range from sophisticated and expensive commercial packages
to application developed by projects in other educational institutional or national initiative
to simple solutions developed by individuals with no funding or support to tackle very local
problem.In general, the use of computer in education through CAL has been sporadic a
great deal of effort was expended with little general impact. Many of those academic that
took part in that earlier crusade are now cynical about the effectiveness of computer in
teaching. There are still good reasons to use CAL rather than internet based
technologies.CAL is run either straight from a CD or floppy disk drive or over a local network
so the constrain of the internet- slow download times for multimedia. Materials may not
apply. This, coupled with the fact that CAL technology has been around a bit longer, means
that CAL packages have the potential to offer more advanced, interactive, multimedia
learning experience than it is currently reasonable to expect from the web.

Concept & techniques

 Tell me and I forget.

 Show me and I might remember.
 But involves me and I will understand.
CAL is to convey a vast amount of information in a very short period of time. It is powerful
method of reinforcing concepts and topics.

 Definitions

1. “Computer assisted learning is a systematic control of instruction by computer is

characterized by testing, diagnostic learning, presentation and through record keeping.”

2. “It is defined as one kind of learning environment in which though the use of computer
technology, a learner receives, reacts to, and interacts with instructional material prepared
by an instruction specialist.

3. “A teaching process that uses a computer in the presentation of instructional

materials, often in a way that requires the students to interact with it called computer
assisted learning.
- Mosby’s medical dictionary
4. “Reduce the detrimental effects of having too much content to cover in too little time
and yet provide unique educational gains through computer.”
- Petty
5. “Interactive technique in which a computer is used to present instructional material,
monitor learning, and select additional instructional material in accordance with individual
learner needs.”

6. “Computer-assisted learning (CAL) is an approach to teaching and learning in which

computer technology is used as an aid to the presentation, reinforcement and assessment
of material to be learned, usually including a substantial interactive element.”
7. “Computer Aided Learning (CAL) or Computer Assisted learning can be defined as
learning or teaching subjects like mathematics, Science, Geography, and etc., through
computers with subject wise learning packages/materials.

8. “Computer assisted learning can be defined as “learning through the new Information
and Communication Technologies, as computer networks and multimedia”.

Types
1. Interactive video: a computer presents instruction that integrates video, often from
video, disk. To use this software one needs a Computer and special software to facilitate the
link. Today videodisks are being replaced by CD-ROM.
2. Multimedia: the only difference between TV and multimedia is name. This allows text
graphic, animation and sound to be fully integrated by the Computer into one Educational
package.
3. Visual reality: it is defined as always that human can visualize, manipulate and interact
with complex objects.
4. Internet based : learners of all ages are using it as a library and organization are
placing continuing education and even full courses on internet.

Ways to Apply CAL

  Distance Learning / Education
Web-based education (internet & WWW)
Computer & video technologies
 Computer-mediated courseware (interactive CD-ROM)
 On-line Classes
 Telemedicine

Settings to Use CAL

 Home - educational CD’s, distant education, WWW educational sites
 Schools / Universities – videos, educational CD’s, distant education, simulation
activities
 Computer labs – web, interactive software CD’s
 Organizations / Corporations – web, teleconferencing, annual mandatory's, HR /
training modules
 Hospitals- patient simulation models, skill CD’s, telehealth
 Testing Centers – computer testing modules (CRNP exam!!!!)
 Senior Centers – health CD’s, videos, WWW educational sites
 Libraries – reading activity CD’s, videos, interactive educational program

Advantages
 Some so called hard subjects, like English, Mathematics and Science will be joyful
through computer.
 Computer aided learning packages will serve as a better teaching learning materials.
 It helps to reduce drop out, repetition rate. & Enhance in the achievement levels
etc,.
 These visual, animated learning materials not only help to memorize the tough
topics at ease but also it will act as a virtual laboratory experiments.
 CAL has been claimed to improve knowledge retention and achievement scores
 Enhance clinical judgment skills
 Reduce required instruction time.
 Performing as well, compared to other more traditional education techniques.
 The advantages of the utilization of CAL in nursing education can be made clear by
consideration of adult education theory and curriculum design, as well as the
particular learning needs of nurses themselves.
 Research and development into a theoretical framework for CAL design and
implementation has allowed the identification of beneficial aspects of CAL recourses.
 Provides freedom for repetition.
 Offers safe practice environment.
 Provides private learning environment.
 It involves any student actively in the learning process.
 It allows the learner to proceed at his own pace.
 Reinforcement of learning in such situations is immediate and systematized.
 The use of computers in this manner frees faculty members or training coordinators
to devote more time to the personal, human considerations of their students.
 CAL is very useful in remedial education.
 Allows learning to suit students pace
 Interactive
  Access is easy and flexible
 Supplement traditional classroom or lecture materials
 Gives prompt feedback
 More accurate monitoring of learner progress

Disadvantages

 The cost of hardware, CAL course materials (courseware).

 Lack of computers or resources
 Must be internally or self motivated
 Hardware or software problems / internet connectivity
 Must be familiar computer hardware and software
 Time commitment required to prepare for and complete simulations
 Resistance of learners and teachers to utilize CAL resources
 Individual differences in learning styles

Scientific use of computers in education

 Four focal areas of computer management supports to teachers.

1. Constricting, scoring and analyzing test.
2. Keeping records of student’s performance and progress.
3. Providing guidance to students and advising for next.
4. Reporting on the performance and progress of students, tutors and
Educational administration.
 Computer’s educational aims:
1. Motivates students to achieve aims.
2. Provide meaningful experiences to students.
3. Assist goal attainment by providing appropriate material.
4. Assist in formatting realistic goals.
 Use of computer in drill and practice.
 Use of CAI in new learning.
 Computer learning based on individual needs.

USES OF COMPUTER IN NURSING :

 To maintain the nursing records of the patient.

 To record admission of the patient.
 To record discharge of the patient.
 To maintain intake and output chart of the patient.
 To keeping inventory records.
 Storage of patient information for a long period of time.
 To evaluate the patient problem.
 To record all data for future references.
 To maintain dietary plans of the patients.
 To facilitate the continuity scare of the patient.

The current situation in Nursing Education

  Limited computer literacy:
 Inadequate levels of computer literacy
 many respondents were unable to effectively utilise the learning
opportunities associated with CAI
 Limited access:
 to media centre in the college
 to information communication technologies at home
 to information communication technologies at or at the clinical institutions
where students worked

Recommendations: Increasing the effectiveness of CAI & CAL

 Students’ exposure to CAI & CAL needs to be improved.
 Reliable support structures (technical support and learning facilitation) should be
established and maintained.
 Students’ exposure to educational computer packages needs to be improved and its
effective utilization ensured.
 Increased access to various educational computer packages which support mastering
of subject content and the development of higher cognitive skills should be ensured.
The following packages would be appropriate:
 Text-based course content computer packages.
 Multimedia course content computer packages.
 Text-based computer packages, which provide problem-solving scenarios.
 Multimedia computer packages, which provide problem-solving scenarios.
 Computer packages simulating clinical situations, which develop the
students’ decision-making skills.
 Computer packages which enable the students to achieve their learning
objectives though game-playing.
 The educators should ensure that the utilization of the above packages should occur
within the context of a broad educational strategy. This implies the application of the
principles of constructivism and problem-based learning. The educators should
ensure that a balance is struck between self-directed learning and collaborative
learning.
 In-service education programmes need to be developed to improve nurse educators’
computer literacy and facilitation skills, which support effective CAI.
 Bibliography:

 BOOKS:

1. Bastable Susan B.,“Nurse as educator- principles of teaching and

learning for nurses practice”; 3rd edition, Jones and Bartlett
Publication, Boston. Pp:358.
2. Basvanthappa B.T; “Nursing Education”;2nd edition; Jaypee Brothers
Publication; New Delhi; Pp: 234-238.
 3. Neeraja K.P., “Textbook of Nursing Education”; 1st edition, reprint-
2009;Jaypee brother’s publication, New Delhi. Pp: 313-316.

4. R.Sudha, “Nursing Education- principles and concepts.”1st edition,

2013; Jaypee Brothers publication; New Delhi. Pp: 104-105.

 Website:

1. http://www.jodocareers.com/ESI/ESI.php

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_in_India

3. http://www.mayo.edu/mshs/rn-career.html

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_nurse

5. www.scribd.com/doc/.../Role-and-Scope-of-Nursing-Education

6. www.answers.com/topic/nurse

7. nursingplanet.com/nr/blog6.php/2009/11/23/development-of-
nursing-education-in-india-post...