CURRICULUM CHANGES

1. INTRODUCTION
Curriculum is a runway for attaining goals of education. It is considered as a blueprint of an
educational program. The basis for any major curriculum change is significantly to improve
the existing curriculum. The Process of Curriculum change helps in the assessment of future
needs of the existing curriculum along with a determination of what needs to be changed and
the selection of possible solutions to problems and the means by which the necessary changes
can be achieved.

2. Definition

Curriculum is a systematic arrangement of the sum total of selected experiences planned by a

school for a defined group of students to attain the aims of a particular educational
programme

Florence Nightingale.

3. Type of curriculum change

 Empirical rational- stress is laid on the need for change and the competence to
implement .there change do not occur at school level as they are not capable of brining
such change.
 Normative re-educative strategies-it is based on the rationality and intelligence of
humans. This kind of change can occur by approaching human convincing them that
there is a need to change their values, attitudes, understandings and skills
 Power strategies-change should meet the expectations of the superiors who are in a
higher power such coerce strategies are use often in schools.

4. CONCEPTS OF CHANGE- change is a constant of nature. It always brings

improvement. It always occurs continuously. Technological advancement And explosion of
knowledge is the basic reason of varying style of change is an ongoing, almost unconscious
process that involves reworking familiar elements into the new relationship

USING CHANGE CONCEPT FOR IMPROVEMENT-

 While all change do not lead to improvement, all improvement requires change. The
ability to develop, test, and implement change is essential for any individual, group or
organization that wants to continuously improve.
 There are many kind of change that will lead to improvement, but these specific change
are developed form a limited number of change concepts.
FORCES DRIVING CHANGE
 Community
 Technology
 Political economy
 Credibility; people want more and more from public education
 Complexity competing demands of government and interest groups.

FEATURES OF CHANGE
 It’s a process not a event:
 It requires –
o Time
o Energy
o Resources
 It is achieved incrementally and entails development in feelings and skills in using new
programs
 It should lead to improvement

6. GENERAL FACTORS

 Population growth
 Population pattern
 Move towards urbanization
 Consumption of natural resources

7. NEED TO CHANGE THE CURRICULUM

 To restructure the curriculum according to the needs, interests or abilities of the

learner.
 To eliminate unnecessary units, teaching methods and contents.
 To introduce latest and update methods of teaching and content, new knowledge and
practices.
 To add or delete number of clinical hours of instruction.
 To correlate between the student’s theory courses and clinical learning practices.
 People improve with greatest enthusiasm when they detect the desire of the stimulator
of improvement to improve him.
 The direction of improvement should be determined co-operative. Peoples goal differ,
however, if they are to work together effectively they must determine co-operatively
the direction their efforts are to take.
 People improve through experiencing. The kind to teacher one is may be determined
largely by the kinds of experience he or she has had. School system should seek to
provide their teachers with the best of in service education
 Stimulators of improvement should divide their time between contacts with individual
and contact with groups. Research and practice show that both individual conferences
and group work are effective in helping teachers improve the quality of their work.

8. CURRENT ISSUES IN THE NURSING CURRICULUM -the issues in the

influencing curriculum development can be explicated. In attempting to describe a time so
proximate, faculty run the risk of either overlooking what will become an ending feature of
the time or underestimating the difficulty in knowing the significant issue from the irrelevant
one. However, faculty does not have the luxury of waiting until history tells the story of our
time. They must be student with the skills and competencies necessary to day’s global
society.

1) EXTERNAL ISSUES
2) ISSUES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION
3) ISSUES SPECIFIC TO THE NURSING PROFESSION

1. EXTERNAL ISSUES-increasingly health issues are related to socio political and

economic characteristics of the communities where people live, work and play. Curriculum
must acknowledge the board determinants of health to prepare practicing nurses to affectively
intervene in complex problem such as bioterrorism, homelessness, global and domestic
violence, teen pregnancy, and emerging infectious disease. The issues external to nursing
related to curriculum in several ways. First, they provide the setting for the world in which
nurse’s practice and learn. Collectively, they describe the current states of humanly and
health. Second, they comprise the risk factors for health and disease and contribute to the
complex web of causation. Nurse need to have a working knowledge of these issues they
comprise the risk factors for health and disease and contribute to the complex web of
causation.

THE DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION

TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLOSION
GLOBALIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

THE DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION- issues surrounding geriatric health have

obvious curricular implication because educations have the responsible to prepare nurses to
promote health and prevent disease and disability in the large aging population. Not only will
nursing cares emphasis be shifting from acute to chronic illness, but it will increase on
complexity for the ongoing management of multiple disabilities and disease. Institute for
geriatric nursing are excellent example of bring best practices and resource to improve the
health care of older adult .

TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLOSION- transition from a resource based industrial

economy characterized by semiskilled factory workers and raw materials to a knowledge
based information age economy has been reshaping society for decades, and new
technological possibilities continue to revolutionize life information and digital technologies
have changed the pace and possibilities continue to revolution life. Information and digital
technologies have change the pace possibilities in communication data management and
information access, access to education and knowledge is access to wealth, which can widen
the gap between the rich and the poor .issues in biotechnology genetic engineering
information management ethics and robotics accompany the technological practice and
education.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY-

National boundaries are becoming less relevant in an era of instantaneous
telecommunications free trade, and multinational corporations. The globe operates as a single
worldwide production system and the important skills are investing strategic planning, and
securing a market presence. The consequences or globalization are staggering and depend, in
part on a countries state of development the health implications of globalization are both
negative and positive

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES – just as currency more readily crosses

borders, so can environmental and epidemiological hazards. Beside health issues across the
globe, there are concerns of sustainable development, energy availability, pollution free
water, and globe warming to name a few. Environmental health involves understanding and
intervening to improve the impact people have on the environment and the impact
environment haws on the health of the people. Increasing, people are becoming aware that the
threats to public health and life are the found.

2. ISSUES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION - institutions of higher education sit at

an interesting junction of at least two globe themes the technological explosion and the
globalization of the economy.

 AFFORDABILITY
 ACCESS
 ACCOUNTABILITY

AFFORDABILITY- affordability as a combination of the price of tuition, fees. And other

costs, as well as the student’s ability to pay for college.
The current setting and environment for curriculum
development, the following issues are discussed issues external to the nursing profession,
issues of higher education and issues specific to the nursing profession. Each section is by no
means an exhaustive discussion of the topic but an identification of major current and
Projected themes as given below.

ACCESS- another historic issue that persists today is access to higher education highlights
the importance of access by nothing that society transformation form an industrial economy
to an information base global economy makes education beyond high school a necessity for a
middle class lifestyle. if opportunity is broadly defined as the chance to participate fully in
society, higher education has become the only road to opportunity for most people.
Opportunity therefore requires public policies and political will that support access as well as
higher education institutions that make real the opportunities.

ACCOUNTABILITY- universally government and taxpaying publics are questioning

the allocation of scarce public resources the concept of high questioning the concept of high
quality, affordable public resource. Education is threatened by the competition for funding of
other public need, before world war second the public regarding higher education with trust
and respect granting substantial autonomy today taxpaying publics are demanding
accountability in the form of data outcomes several achieved and a variety of performance
goal.
3. ISSUES SPECIFIC TO THE NURSING PROFESSION – these issues began
by looking through the lens of broad socioeconomic and sociopolitical issues that shape our
world and influence contemporary life. With that context forces in higher education influence
the education of the present and future nursing workforce. This section focuses the lens more
specifically on the profession, highlighting issues of particular consideration with in the
profession.

 Context Of Nursing Care Delivery

 Internet Savvy Health Care Consumers
 Technology Continues To Revolutionize The Health Care Possibilities
 The Continued Surge Of Health Cost And The Need
 Envisions Managed Care Waning Market Power
 Health Policy
 Human Capital

CONTEXT OF NURSING CARE DELIVERY- the nursing profession

influences and is influenced by the health care delivery system which provides a
context for nursing service.
INTERNET SAVVY HEALTH CARE CONSUMERS- often approach providers with
extensive information requesting treatment or drug and expecting quality rating on providers
and institution report cards. The central idea behind the consumer driven quality revolution is
to repair the buy-sell dynamic of the market by collecting and disseminating to consumers
information about provider performance while rewarding providers who practice exemplary
health care. Nursing need to appreciate these empowered consumers create satisfying patient-
provider relationships.

TECHNOLOGY CONTINUES TO REVOLUTIONIZE THE HEALTH CARE

POSSIBILITIES- for example the human genome project presents a multitude of
individualized genetic therapies, as wall as ethical quandaries. Electronic health records and
telehealth technologies require nurses to acquire significant technological proficiencies and
schools are challenged to use sophisticated simulations for skill acquisition critical thinking
development. Informatics education within schools of nursing assist student to understand
data cosmology.

THE CONTINUED SURGE OF HEALTH COST AND THE NEED - hospitals and
providers to manage care more efficiently within finite budgets. Hospital budgets will be
challenged by labor shortages and increased pharmaceutical and supple costs. Research that
document nursing contribution to efficient quality care is needed to advocate in budgets
negotiation and hospital change.

ENVISIONS MANAGED CARE WANING MARKET POWER- declining enrollment in

health maintenance organization membership. And the switch by employers from offering
defined health benefits to offering defined contribution one consequence could be that
employees forego health benefits or choose the lowest cost plan. There changing market
forces may not result in a healthier population with access to health care, a goal that the
nursing profession monitors and cares about.
HEALTH POLICY- an increasingly significant strategy to shape finance and regulate the
health care system with costs of health care approaching 15% of the total gross national
product state and federal policies seek to regulate costs when possible.

HUMAN CAPITAL- a significant trend with nursing and physician shortages and the
potential unionization of health care providers. Retention of satisfied employees will be the
goal of viable organizations which is related to the creation and maintenance of health and
safe work environment. In part respecting human capital means attention to work relationship
and sanctions against verbal abuse by physician patient and nurse colleagues. sexual
harassment and workplace violence or hostile behaviors with in a group of nurse colleagues.

9. STRATEGIES TO IDENTIFY FORCES AND ISSUES – To develop a

curriculum that is relevant and current faculty must continually monitor the environment
internal and external to the institution and the profession. This section present four strategies
that faculty can use separately of in combinations to identify influential forces and issues
environmental scanning forecasting epidemiology and survey research and consensus
building.

 Environmental scanning
 Forecasting
 Epidemiology
 Survey research and consensus building
ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING - environment scanning involves various activities that
monitor and evaluate information from the external environment. The goal is to become
aware of general treads and events affecting health care and higher education generally and
nursing specifically information can be acquired in various ways including careful review of
scientific and professional journals as well as lay literature and newspapers and attendance
and networking at professional meetings environment scanning has been successfully used by
colleges and university to determine the context of the force that have an impact on
curriculum development.

FORECASTING-forecasting is a process of producing likely futures on the basis of factual

information about the present. Dunn(1981) described three form of forecasting projection,
predication and conjecture. The form can be differentiated by the basis of their forecast.
Projection is based on current and previous trends take into the future. Using projection and
inductive reasoning nursing faculty can extrapolate from present data.

EPIDEMIOLOGY- epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of

states of health and illness in human populations epidemiology provide nursing faculty with
systematic ways to understand patterns of disease charecstrics of the population.

Valanis (1999) described the activities of health

care, including the activities of health planning and health policy development. Using
epidemiology dada with group or population nurse understand and document the need for
programs and policies to reduce risk and promote health. Epidemiology ca, therefore, be seen
as method for planning change.
 SURVEY RESEARCH AND CONSENSUS BUILDING – another tool at the disposal of
faculty is survey research. Surveys involve systematically collecting information from
individuals and deriving statistical statements such as some measure of central tendency, or
consensus. If design is iterative and involves a series of surveys, feedback, and more surveys
it is considered a form of Delphi technique. Surveys and consensus building processes
providing an opportunity to sample the perspective of various stakeholders and
knowledgeable persons for example, employers or consumers.

10. SHIFTING THE EDUCATIONAL FOCUS- the major programme change expected in
a nursing school curriculum when the focus shifts form a pattern to community oriented heath
care presented in

CURRICULUM TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY-

CHARACTERISTICS NURSING ORIENTED NURSING

Primary focus sick individual Community health (patterned

on socioeconomic health
model for seif-reliance in
health)

Target population Sick and disabled seeking Total population, especially,

health care the underserved and high risk
group

Primary setting for learning Hospitals other institution Communities home school
homes industries, hospital and other
institution

Nursing role Specialized and Generalized and

interdependent with the interdependent with the
health sector health sector and health
related sector

Nursing concerns Conditions requiring Prevailing health problem and

hospitalization need of the community

Nursing practice Primary care(nursing care Primary health care approach

individuals) patient/ family community/family/patient
participation in care some participation in care and
follow-up patient through follow-up of vulnerable
hospital outpatient group. Health team approach
department to care

Problem solving process Individual and family needs Community/ group.

and resources Individual need and resources
 Assessment

Intervention through- Individual and family Community /group/

family/individual

OBJECTIVE OF
PRACTICE

Prevention Focus on secondary/tertiary Focus on primary prevention

prevention

Therapeutic Patient well enough to be Improved patient, family and

discharged community health , self care-
reliance

Health delivery system Institutional and Primary healthcare for all

individualized care of involvement of other sectors
patient influencing health,
healthteam approach

Evaluation of nursing Number of patient discharge Percentage health cover of

practices form care by diagnostic population service utilization
category rates by high risk groups rates
of change in health status of
high risk group/ community

Evaluation of nursing Frequency and intensity of Rate of response in “treated”

practice patient content group ,i.e. immunization,
therapy complete, average
length of hospitalization ,
self-care ability and change in
health behavior

11. DEMENSIONS OF CURRICULAR CHANGE-curriculum innovation

may be classified on a number of dimensions of change (hoyle 1972)
DIMENSION RATE OF CHANGE

Rate rapid or slow

Scale large or small

Degree fundamental or superficial

Continuity revolutionary or evolutionary

Direction linear or cyclical

12. FACTORS INFLUENCING CHANGE AND INNOVATION- there are

many constraints on innovation in school/college of nursing the most obvious being that of
resource limitations. innovation requires times finance and energy if it is to be done well and
nurse teacher may already be over stretched with existing commitments a like their full 37
and a half weeks on site and get only the normal vacation allowance of the five week per
year. This leaves little time for creative curriculum planning unless it is done outside of work
and even this happen problem since people need to get away from work related matter refresh
them self for the next day.

ROLE OR PRINCIPLES- the style of decision making of the director of nursing education
or principle is also important in four style of decision can be identified-

 TELL DECISION- the head makes the decision her self either because it is so important
and so trivial.
 SELL DECISION- the head knows that there is only one courses of action so she tries to
pursuit other so that it will have a chance of success.
 CONSULT DECISION- the head get opinions from all staff concern, but takes the fine
responsibility for making the decision herself.
 SHARE DECISION- the head allows other staff to share the decision making process
and the accept the joint decision.

THE CLIMATE OF THE SCHOOL/COLLAGE

Miles (1975) states of concept that the terms organization health and this is related to the
climates of the institutions he list a number of dimensions with regard to organizational
health.
1. Goal focus – goals are clear to members relatively well accepted by them.
2. Communication – information is well distributed.
3. Optimal power utilization- influence is fairly equally distribute so that the influence of
subordinates can be felt at high levels.
4. Resources of utilization- there are use effectively, particularly personal recourses.
5. Cohesiveness- there is a sense of identity between members.
6. Morale- there is a feeling of wellbeing amongst member rather than dissatisfaction.
7. Innovativeness- we are made toward new goal and are invited.
8. Autonomy- the organization is relative autonomous and independent of outside
influences.
9. Adaptation- adaptation is constantly adapting to meet new demands.
10. Problem solving adequacy- the effective system copes well with all problems.
13. GUIDELINE FOR CHANGE AND INNOVATION-
HOYLE (1976) for example, has identified three types of innovation strategy.

1. Strategy A- the innovation is made by power full bodies such as the UCKK or ENB and
the innovation is aimed mainly at the structure of education. Communication is one way
from authority to professional practitioner.
2. Strategy B-the target here is the attitudes values and opinions of a group of teachers. The
communication is two-way, between the expect and the practitioners and it is
nondirective. This might be such thing as the DNA attempting to alter the teacher
attitudes to individualizes learning
3. Strategy C-this aims to change the curriculum rather than the individual and is backed by
expertise

Conclusion
Reconceptualizing curriculum. Many curriculum reforms are based on how the curriculum
has traditionally been organized. As a consequence many curricula have become overloaded
confusing and inappropriate for teachers and student. Therefore, curriculum orientation
should shift from a curriculum as process model .this would also transform the role of the
curriculum from a purely technical document into a more comprehensive idea that also serves
as guideline for school improvement
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