CHAPTER 4

DATA
MANAGEME
NT
GE MATH – MATHEMATICS
IN THE MODERN WORLD
 1. USE VARIETY OF STATISTICAL TOOLS TO
LEARNIN PROCESS AND MANAGE NUMERICAL DATA;

G 2. USE THE METHODS OF LINEAR REGRESSION

AND CORRELATIONS TO PREDICT THE VALUE OF A
OUTCOM VARIABLE GIVEN CERTAIN CONDITIONS; AND

E 3. ADVOCATE THE USE OF STATISTICAL DATA IN

MAKING IMPORTANT DECISIONS.
E
very day mathematics is used in a wide range of applications.
These applications include data management, geometric
designs, apportionment and voting, mathematics of business
and finance, and mathematical systems.
 DATA MANAGEMENT
•ONE OF THE APPLICATIONS OF DATA
MANAGEMENT IS IN THE PROCESS OF DATA
COLLECTION, ORGANIZATION AND PRESENTATION.
DATA ARE PRESENTED IN TABLES AND GRAPHS
AND ARE DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF THE MEASURES
OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND VARIABILITY. DATA
AND INFORMATION CAN BE USED TO PERFORM
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TO PROVE OR DISPROVE
CLAIMS ON AN OBSERVE PHENOMENON.
 Data Management

In this section, the students should:

1. Understand and apply the different methods of data

collection;
2. Present data in the most appropriate form;
3. Identify measures of position;
4. Calculate probabilities;
5. Conduct and apply correlation analysis to determine
relationships between data;
6. Conduct and apply regression to predict and forecast
values.
 POPULATION VERSUS
SAMPLE
THE POPULATION IS THE TOTALLY OF ALL ITEMS OF
INTEREST. POPULATION DATA ARE GATHERED WHEN
ALL MEMBERS OF THE IDENTIFIED LOCALE ARE
INCLUDED IN THE STUDY.
A SAMPLE IS A REPRESENTATIVE PART OF THE
POPULATION. DATA GATHERED FROM A POPULATION
ARE CALLED PARAMETER WHILE DATA GATHERED
FROM A SAMPLE ARE CALLED STATISTIC.
EXERCISE 4.1

• For the following items, classify the numerical value

as parameter or statistic.
• ________________________ 1. The average grade in
math of all grade 6 pupils in an elementary school is
82.3%
• ________________________ 2. Of 1000 student in
grade 8, the motivation level of 390 students enrolled
in science is 4.2 in a 5-points Likert scale.
• ________________________ 3. The average tuition
fee in a private high school is P35,000.
• _______________________ 4. The attention span of
college students in a university is less than 30
minutes.
• _______________________ 5. In a college of 5,000
population, 12% exert less than 20% effort pass a
subject.
EXERCISE 4.1

• For the following items, classify the numerical

value as parameter or statistic.
• Parameter1. The average grade in math of all
grade 6 pupils in an elementary school is 82.3%
• Statistics2. Of 1000 student in grade 8, the
motivation level of 390 students enrolled in
science is 4.2 in a 5-points Likert scale.
• Parameter3. The average tuition fee in a private
high school is P35,000.
• Parameter 4. The attention span of college
students in a university is less than 30 minutes.
• Statistics5. In a college of 5,000 population,
12% exert less than 20% effort pass a subject.
al. For the studies described, identify the population, sample, population parameters, and sample
statistic.
1. In a survey of college students enrolled in a higher education institution, seven among ten students
pursued the strand in STEAM.

a. Population
b. Sample
c. Parameter
d. Statistic
2. Health workers determine the level of malnutrition among children ages two to 10 in all barangays.
Data on height and weight of a sample of 400 children show that 35% are malnourished.

a. Population
b. Sample
c. Parameter
d. Statistic
al. For the studies described, identify the population, sample, population parameters, and sample
statistic.
1. In a survey of college students enrolled in a higher education institution, seven among ten students
pursued the strand in STEAM.

All college students enrolled in the higher education institution a. Population

The ten students surveyed who pursued the strand in STEAM. b. Sample
The proportion of college students who pursue the strand in STEAM in the entire population.
c. Parameter
The proportion of the ten surveyed students who pursued the strand in STEAM (based on the sample).
d. Statistic
2. Health workers determine the level of malnutrition among children ages two to 10 in all barangays.
Data on height and weight of a sample of 400 children show that 35% are malnourished.

All children ages two to ten in all barangays. a. Population

The 400 children whose height and weight data were collected. b. Sample
The proportion of malnourished children among all children ages two to ten in all barangays. c. Parameter
The proportion of malnourished children among the 400 children in the sample (based on the data
collected). d. Statistic
QUIZ NO. 1
FINAL COVERAGE
Data Presentation
Data collected should be presented in an organized manner to make a meaningful interpretation. After
organizing the data, it must be presented by constructing statistical tables, charts or graphs. When data are
collected in original form, the data are called raw data.

Forms of Data Presentation

Textual form is where data are presented in paragraph form. It includes a description or interpretation
of the information.

Tabular form is where data is presented in tables ( rows and columns ). Tables should have table
number, title, and properly labelled headings. Table number and title should be placed on top of the data
being presented.

The frequency distribution table are the most common presentation of gathered data. It consists of
columns indicating the variables measured, the presentation can be summarized in classes and groups.
Example of categorical Example of ungrouped
frequency distribution frequency distribution

Table 1. Distribution according to Table 2. Distribution according to

Favorite Colors Number of Family Members
Color Frequency Number of Family Frequency
Members
Red 12
3 22
Green 8
4 24
Blue 8
5 15
Yellow 4
6 5
Total 32
Total 66
Table 3 shows an example of grouped distribution.

Example of Grouped Frequency Distribution

Table 3
Distribution according to Number of Fruit
Harvest
Number of Number of Classes
Observations
Fewer than 30 6
30 to fewer than 60 10
60 to fewer than 90 15
90 to fewer than 90 10
120 or more 4
Total 45
 In cases where range of the data set is very large, data are grouped into classes. The following
frequency distribution presents the number of days during a year that employees at a company were absent
work due to illness.

Table 4. Distribution of Employees by Number of Days Absent

Number of Days Number of Employees

Absent

0–4 5
5–9 12
10 – 14 23
15 – 19 8
20 – 24 2
 Graphical form is where data are presented in graphs or visual forms. Graphical
presentations can be in the form of a bar, line, pie graph, or picture graph ( pictogram ). Graphical
presentations should have figure number and title which are placed below the graph or chart. Bar
and line graphs should have properly labelled x and y axes. Pie charts should be labelled in the
apportioned parts or with the use of legend references. Pie charts are advised for use when there a
few number of divisions ( up to 5 divisions). The line graph is more appropriate for use when trends
or patterns are shown.

Yellow
13%

Red
37%
Blue
25%

Green
13%

Fig. 1 Favorite Color

 Number of Family members
30

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4

Fig. 2 Distribution according to Number of Family Members

Name: ____________________________________________ Score: ______________________________
Name of Professor: __________________________________ Date: ______________________________
Course/Year/Section: ____________________________________________________________________

EXERCISE 4.2