Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation
of Data
Jaime R. Soriano.RN.RM.MSN.LPT
 Let’s review!
(Measure of Central
Tendency)
 MEAN = MEDIAN
AVERAG =
MEASURE E MIDDLE
OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY MODE =
RANGE =
MOST
OFTEN
 86 97 86
The are
Laurence’s Test
Scores. Find
the Mean,
Median, Mode,
73 63 88
and Range

97 100 95
 Let’s review!
(Standard Deviation)
Standard Deviation

SD shows the variation in data. If the data is close

together, the SD will be small. If the data is spread
out, the SD will be large.

SD is often denoted by the lowercase Greek letter

sigma, σ
Steps to Find SD:

1. Find the mean of the data.

2. Subtract the mean from each value.
3. Square each deviation of the mean.
4. Find the sum of the squares.
5. Divide the total by the number of items.
6. Take the square root.
 86 97 86
Find the SD.
73 63 88
97 100 95
Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation
of Data
Chapter IV
Jaime R. Soriano.RN.RM.MSN.LPT
Objectives
After studying this lesson you are expected to:
1. Be able to present the results of your collected
data.
2. Make good analysis of the tabulated or graphically
presented data,
3. Make effective interpretation of the
data/finding/results, and
4. Draw implications or inferences and generations
from the analysis and interpretation of findings.
This chapter presents the findings of
the study.
 Presentation should be clear and scholarly
done and may come in the form of tables,
figures or charts.
 This chapter presents the findings of
the study.
 Analysis refers to the skill of the researcher in
describing, delineating similarities and
differences, highlighting the significant findings
or data and ability to extract information or
messages out of the presented data.
 Interpretation is the explanation or suggestions
inferred from the data, their implications but not
conclusions.
Lesson 1: Presentation of Findings
Two forms of communicating your findings in research:

Verbal – describes and narrates to readers what the

researcher has done and the results that he or she has
obtained

Symbolic – uses graphic representation, tables or

statistical values.
Table 1. Respondents from Select Colleges of
Nursing in Bulacan
Respondents Population Sample Percentage
1. Baliuag University, Baliwag 243 122 50%
Bulacan

2. Centro Escolar University, Malolos 120 60 50%

City

3. Dr. Yanga’s College, Bocaue, 380 190 50%

Bulacan

4. Nazarenus College Foundation, 80 40 50%

Meycauayan, Bulacan

5. University of Regina Carmeli, 136 68 50%

Malolos City

TOTAL: 959 480 50%

Figure 1. Respondents from Select Colleges of
Nursing in Bulacan
 Table 1 presents the number of respondents from the different
Colleges of Nursing in Bulacan. From Baliuag University, 122
nursing students are subjected to the study. Sixty (60)
respondents from Centro Escolar University, 190 respondents
from Dr. Yanga Colleges, 40 students from Nazarenus College
Foundation, and 68 students from University of Regina Carmeli.
The total number of target respondents is 480 nursing
students from selected Colleges of Nursing in Bulacan
implementing national IMCI protocols. Fifty (50%) of the
population were the target as sample of this study.
The Format
The immediate
purpose of writing a
research report is to
tell other scientists
about your work,
about the new
knowledge you have
discovered.
The Format
The research report should be clear enough
that any scientist could replicate your study
without telephoning you to ask for details.

In addition, the research must be explained

clearly enough that a scientist could
evaluate its merits and flaws, solely based on
the written word.
The American Psychological
Association (APA) Format or Style
The APA Style is the format approved by the
Open University Academic Council to be
adopted at the PUP Open University,
however, in the Graduate School, each
discipline has a preferred format. The Public
Administration Programs use the APA
Format.
The American Psychological
Association (APA) Format or Style
The American Psychological Association (APA) has strict
guidelines for the editorial style and organizational
format of written research reports. There are accepted
conventions for the mechanics of writing the report.
For example:
 How will you write the title of your table?
 Should the table number be written in Arabic or Roman
numeral?
 Will the title be indented and in capital letters or in
small letters except the first letter of the key words?
Organization of Your Presentation
The organization of the presentation and interpretation of
findings vary according to the research method used. In
descriptive research, especially the survey type, the
presentation of results follow a pattern. The findings
presented will follow the sequence of the sub-problems
raised in Chapter 1.
It would be a good idea if reports assist in the analysis,
interpretation and clarification of the next materials.
Properly chosen, carefully drawn, and accurately
presented, they can make many of the statements
appearing in the body of the report more meaningful.
Organization of Your Presentation
Do not present your findings by recasting your
sub-problems in Chapter 1.

Remember that your whole Chapter 4 is the

exposition of the answers of findings to your
research questions specially stated in Chapter 1.
Your answers become the subheadings of your
Chapter 4.
Sub-problem No. 4: What are the teaching
methodologies and strategies used by the Colleges
of Nursing in Bulacan in the adaptation of the
IMCI tool in the BSN curriculum?

What will be the subheading of this

sub-problem in Chapter 4?
Try these examples:
For Research Problem 1.
What is the profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, educational
attainment, civil status and position? Your subheading in Chapter 4
should be:
1. Profile of the Respondents In Terms of Age, Sex, Educational
Attainment, Civil Status and Position

For Research Problem No. 2

What is the leadership styles of the local government officials in
Manila as assessed by the officials themselves and their
subordinates, using the following five dimensions of McPhee
Andrewartha’s Rating scale: 2.1 Focus,2.2 Emphasis 2.3 Relationship,
2.4 Timing and 2.5 Thinking
 The use of tables and graph

Tables and graphs are both

ways to organize and arrange
data so that it is more easily
understood by the viewer.

The
External Tables and graphs are
related in the sense that the
information used in tables is

Format
frequently also used for the
basis of graphs.
 When designing table, keep the format clear and simple.
Line up decimal places, note units clearly, use a large
enough typeface and construct a clean orderly arrangement
of rows and columns.

 Bar graphs are an excellent way to show the results that are
one time, that are not continuous—especially samplings
such as surveys and inventories.

 Bar graphs are used to get an overall idea or trends in

responses which categories get, many versus few responses.
 Bars in a graph should be wider than the spaces
between them.
 All bars should be of equal width, and all spaces
including the space between the axis and the first
bar, should be equal of width.
 Bars should be neither very thin nor very wide.
 Use the same color for all the bars in a graph that
are in a single data set.
 Use different fill colors for positive and negative
values.
 Line graph is most useful in displaying data or
information that change continuously over time.
 Circle or pie graphs are particularly good illustrations
when considering how many parts of a whole are
inception.
 Each slice should be easily distinguished from the rest
and clearly labeled.
 Use 6 or fewer slices in a graph.
 Emphasize a slice in a pie graph by exploding it or by
choosing a color different from the rest of the slices.
 Number of segments or slices in a pie graph should be
limited to those that can be seen and labeled.
 Components that are too small to be shown
individually can be grouped into one segment
labeled other or miscellaneous.
 The largest segment conventionally begins at 1200
or at a quarter hour and runs clockwise. Remaining
segments continue clockwise.
 The most important slice is in the upper-right
quadrant.
Other Conventions Regarding
Graphics
1. Keep graphics simple. Design the graphic to help others
understand your point.
2. Simplify your data
3. Use consistent symbols
4. Avoid special effects if they do not enhance the point to
be made.
Tables
Tables are numbered consecutively in Arabic numeral.
Table number should be written at the top and the
caption should be placed at the bottom just right
above the table box.
In typing tables, never cut table in two pages. You
may decrease the size of the font of your table to fit
the size in a short coupon bond or you may use
landscape so that you will have one table in a page.
Avoid enlarging the font size of your table in order to
fit in such page.
Caption, Labels And Lines
Table caption should be the same as that which appears in
the list of tables. It is placed above the table unlike that
which is used in figures. The caption should tell in
precise terms what the table contains.
APA Format
Table 1. Frequency and percentage distribution of the
respondents according to age
Other Rules in Caption
1. No terminal punctuation.
2. Unusual abbreviation are not allowed in the table, if
necessary, put a legend at the bottom of the table.
3. Captions should be worded as concisely as clarity
permits.
4. When a table is placed broadside on a page the
caption should be on the binding side.
5. Be consistent in label size, font and style.
The Internal Format
A horizontal line should be placed one space below
the last line of the caption. Below the line are the
box headings-descriptive headings for each
column heading and headings are centered
between the vertical lines that enclosed them. One
space at least should be allowed on either side of
each heading.
Example
Table 2.
Title
BOXHEAD

Stub Head Column Column Head Column Head Column Head

Head
Sapanner

Stub Column Field or Body

 Factory
BLPO Personnel Owners/Managers TOTAL
Sex

1 % 1 % 1 %
Male 9 69.23 78 65 87 65.41
Female 4 30.77 42 35 46 34.59
Total 13 100 120 100 133 100
Age in years

19-28 0 0 14 11.67 14 10.53

29-39 9 69.23 36 30.00 45 33.83
40-49 3 23.08 61 50.83 64 48.12
50 and above 0 0 3 2.50 3 2.26

No. Response 1 7.69 6 5.00 7 5.26

Total 13 100 120 100 133 100
Columns that consist of words are placed on the left and
those that consist of numbers particularly those with
decimals should be aligned and at least one space should
be left on each side of the largest number in the column.
 Table 4. The Extent Of Behavioral Development
Of The Grade One Pupils During The School Year
According To Sex
Area Male Female Total
s

Mean Mean Mean Rate of

Increase

1st Last Increase % 1st Last Increase % 1st Last Increase %

recordin recordin recordin recordin recordin recordin
g g g g g g

Physical 2.74 3.69 .95 19 2.72 3.84 3.84 1.12 22.4 2.73 3.73 3.78

Emotion-
al
2.58 3.67 1.09 21.8 2.54 3.78 1.24 24.8 2.56 3.72 1.16 23.2
Lines
The line at the bottom of the table is omitted
on all the pages except the last when a table
is continued in a series of pages.
Vertical lines are used for grouping, separating
closely spaced columns. When two equal
parts of the table are placed side by side,
double vertical lines should be placed
between them. Horizontal lines are not
usually placed between lines of items in
typed tables.
Figure (Chart, Graph And
Illustration)
These should be done judiciously. The research reporter
must ask himself the following questions: is the
illustration necessary? Does it simply repeat what the
text said?
Illustrative materials shall be called figures. The figure
number and caption should be centered below the
illustration. An Arabic numeral is written after the
word “Figure” followed by a period.
The caption should be brief and explanatory.
Size and Proportion of Figure
Figures should not be larger than 8 ½ x 11 inches or
smaller than 2x2 inches. Figures of equal importance
in the report should be approximately equal size.
Smaller size photographs may be mounted two or more
to a page or regular typing paper. If photographs are
8 ½ x 11 inches in size, they need not to be mounted.
If the detail is not shown in an illustration, it is
recommended that the original drawing be made
much larger than the page’s size and then reduce page
size by photography.
Placement and Paging
As with tables, illustrations or figures should follow as
closely as possible the first references to them in the text.
On the four sides of a page carrying illustrative materials,
a margin of least one inch should be allowed. The figure
caption, descriptive matter and legends should fall within
the margin.
In case of illustration or figures occupying half or less than
half a page, textual material may be typed on the same
page. In no case should less than five lines of typewritten
text be put in the same page as an illustration.
Lesson 2: Analysis of Data or
Findings
In analyzing data, stress only those important
result that gives information that could
answer the problem you raised or posed in
your study which you stated in Chapter 1. you
highlight only those important and unique
findings. You have to be consistent and
coherent in your approach as well as logical,
based on certain academic conventions.
Lesson 3: Interpretation
of
Findings/Results, Implications and
Inferences
Sufficient data should be used to justify your inferences or
generalizations. The implications suggested by the data
should be explained and discussed thoroughly in this
portion of your thesis or dissertation.
The data analysis involves comparing values on the
dependent measures in statistical cases. In the non
statistical approach, these comparisons usually involve
visual inspection of data. Evaluation depends on
projecting from baseline data what findings would be like
in the future if some variables were not experimented.
Sample Data Analysis
Techniques
Frequency and
Percentage
A. Civil Status Frequency Percentage
Single 5 25
Married 15 75
Total 20 100
B. Educational Frequency Percentage
Attainment
Bachelor’s 9 45
Degree
With MA Units 10 50
MA Graduate 1 5
Total 20 100
C. Length of Frequency Percentage
Service
0 – 5 years 10 ?
6 – 10 years 4 ?
11 – 20 years 3 ?
21 – 35 years 3 ?
Total 20 ?
D. Monthly Frequency Percentage
Income
Php 20,000 – 6 ?
30,000
Php 30,001 – 14 ?
40,000
Total 20 ?
Weighted Mean
1. Teaching gives me a great deal of job satisfaction
W(w) F(X) Xw Weighted Mean
5 (SA) 2 10
4 (A) 1 4
3 (U) 10 30 2.43
2 (D) 12 24
1 (SD) 5 5
Total 30 73
Next Step: Compute for the
Interval to Interpret the WM
For 5-point Likert Scale:
Assign Adjectival Rating for Each Mean Rating
1 to 1.80 – Very Negative
1.81 to 2.60 – Negative
2.61 to 3.40 – Neutral
3.41 to 4.20 – Positive
4.21 to 5.00 – Very Positive
Next Step: Compute for the
Interval to Interpret the WM
For 5-point Likert Scale:
Assign Adjectival Rating for Each Mean Rating
1 to 1.80 – Very Uninfluential
1.81 to 2.60 – Uninfluential
2.61 to 3.40 – Neutral
3.41 to 4.20 – Influential
4.21 to 5.00 – Very Influential
2. I enjoy teaching a s profession
W(w) F(X) Xw Weighted Mean
5 (SA) 0 0
4 (A) 3 12
3 (U) 20 60 2.48
2 (D) 5 10
1 (SD) 2 2
Total 30 84
3. The challenging nature of teaching has kept me in the
profession
W(w) F(X) Xw Weighted Mean
5 (SA) 3 ?
4 (A) 2 ?
3 (U) 23 ? ?
2 (D) 1 ?
1 (SD) 1 ?
Total 30 ?
4. Teaching is competitive profession in the school.
W(w) F(X) Xw Weighted Mean
5 (SA) 7 ?
4 (A) 8 ?
3 (U) 10 ? ?
2 (D) 3 ?
1 (SD) 2 ?
Total 30 ?
5. Teaching gives me recognition and respect form the
community.
W(w) F(X) Xw Weighted Mean
5 (SA) 11 ?
4 (A) 7 ?
3 (U) 12 ? ?
2 (D) 0 ?
1 (SD) 0 ?
Total 30 ?
Thank you!