Name: _________________________________________ Strand and Section:

_________________________________
Teacher: _______________________________________ Period cover:
____________________________
Week # 8-9

LESSON 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

I. INTRODUCTION
Hello! We are now entering the statistics part of a research paper. We understand that not
everyone is comfortable in doing Math, so we tried to expound the lesson as easy as we can.
We are highly positive that you will be able to cope with the pace of the module while at home.
Aja!

II. LESSON OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
​a. formulate the findings using measures of central tendencies;
b. create a graph that will suffice the data gathered; and
c. present written research methodology.

III. PRE- ASSESSMENT

What comes in your mind when you hear the word Statistics? Write your thoughts below.

IV. LESSON CONTENT

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

​ his contains who and how many were the respondents, where the research was conducted,
T
what instrumentations and statistical tool/s were used, and lastly, how the researcher was able
to gather data.

• Research Method and Design – dictates what will was the design used. You need to state
whether it is quantitative, qualitative research or mixed.
• Research Locale – states where the research will be conducted. You need to be specific on
stating the place where you will gather data.
• Population and Sample of the Study - The research subject refers to individuals who are the
main focus of the study while research participants (qualitative) or respondents (quantitative)
are people who participate in the data gathering process. It is important to state the exact
number, complete description, and justification on choosing the subjects and respondents as the
source of information needed for the study. Explain how the number will be decided upon and
make a table showing the frequency and percentage of the respondents per level or category.
(use Slovin’s formula) Then, indicate what sampling technique you will use in this study.
• Research Instrument – Contains what tool was used in proceeding with the entire research. It
will also state what is the key concept how the tool was created from the beginning to the finish
product.
• Validation of the Research Instrument - The purpose of this is to ensure that the instrument
used is measuring what it is supposed to measure. Depending on the research instrument you
will create, you need to look for someone who will validate your research instrument.
• Data Gathering procedure – A detailed journal on how the researcher gathered the necessary
information from libraries visited up to the implementation of survey question. In a more specific
view, the data collection process includes the following:

• Statistical Treatment of Data – This contains all the formula utilized in the entire research
process. All formulas used must be presented together with the meaning of each value within
the formula. (Do not answer yet, just explain what statistical treatment is needed for your
research)

V. PRACTICE
Directions: Why is well-planned data gathering procedure important? Explain your answer in
3-5 sentences.
(5 points)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
VI. ENRICHMENT
Directions: Based on the proposed research topic, formulate a sample survey questionnaire
that will answer
the statement of the problem. (10 points)

VII. EVALUATION
Directions: Using the survey questionnaire you created, do a survey with fifteen (15)
respondents. (15 points)

References:
Chegg, S. (2020, August 03). Weighted Mean: Formula: How to Find Weighted Mean. Retrieved
August 21, 2020, from https://www.statisticshowto.com/weighted-mean/

Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Percentage Frequency Distribution. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-methods/n372.xml

Ganga, S. (2016). Chapter III - Research Methodology. Retrieved 2020, from

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36458/8/08_chapter%203.pdf
Person, P. (2016). Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically - [SH u2013 PR2 Practical
Research 2[Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data 1: Course Hero.
Retrieved August 21, 2020, from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/42665891/Understanding-Data-and-Ways-to-Systematically/

Name: _________________________________________ Strand and Section:

_________________________________
Teacher: _______________________________________ Period cover:
____________________________
Week # 10

LESSON 4: UNDERSTANDING WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT DATA

I. INTRODUCTION
Hello! We are now entering the statistics part of a research paper. We understand that not
everyone is comfortable in doing Math, so we tried to expound the lesson as easy as we can.
We are highly positive that you will be able to cope with the pace of the module while at home.
Aja!
II. LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
​a. formulate the findings using measures of central tendencies;
b. create a graph that will suffice the data gathered; and
c. present written research methodology.

III. PRE- ASSESSMENT

What comes in your mind when you hear the word Statistics? Write your thoughts below.

IV. LESSON CONTENT

BASIC STATISTICAL MEASURES

Analyzing Quantitative Data: Descriptive Statistics

​There are two ways to make sense of the data collected from the administration of the research
instruments. These are the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are
procedures that researchers used to describe data. These can also include ways on how to
visually present data using pie charts and bar graphs. Inferential Statistics are ways to infer or
make judgements about the participants through hypothesis testing and using test of
significance.

Interpreting the data you have obtained from the administration of your instrument can be quite
difficult if we do not have the mathematical techniques that can help your readers better
understand your data. The use of descriptive statistics is helpful in the analysis and
interpretation of your data. Descriptive statistics help describe the raw data by using the
following methods:

● Frequency Counts and Percentage

● Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)
● Measure of Variability (Range, Standard Deviation)
● Weighted Mean
● Likert Scales
● Use of Tables, Pie Charts and Bar Graphs

Frequency Counts and Percentage

Frequency is the number, proportion, or percentage of items in a category in a set of data.
Percentage is the proportion or share in relation to a whole. The formula for frequency and
percentage is:

The formula of percentage is:

Where:
P = Percentage
f = the number of respondents falling under a particular category
n = the total number of population

This formula is commonly used to treat any profiling matters. This shows how a respondent use
a time or perform a corresponding activity. In addition, this formula is only applicable to
researches that follows the relational or either correlational study.

Measures of Central Tendency

A measure of central tendency describes how data sets are grouped together around a central
value. Measures of central tendency give a picture of what is typical in the sample or what are
the most apparent and representative characteristics of the sample. In descriptive statistics, the
most common measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode.

• Mean
The mean or average is the most common form of reporting central tendency. Obtaining an
average is simply taking the sum of all the answers divided by the total number of those who
answered. The mean is also useful for summarizing results from rating scales. In the
self-concept inventory. The formula for the mean:

• Median
The median is the midpoint of a distribution. This is useful if you are reporting scores on are
achievements test. It is important to remember that a median is most helpful if extreme scores
are prevalent in the data set since the mean is very sensitive to outliers on extreme values. The
mean is still the most preferred statistics to report data like achievements scores. Ideally, mean
should not be used when three are extreme scores.

Identifying the median of scores from an achievement test is useful if you need to divide the
sample intro upper and lower groups. Consider a set of scores on a 20-items math quiz:
5,6,9,10,12,13,14,15,18 and 15. To determine the median, arrange the scores from lowest to
highest. Thus, the arrange scores look like this.

5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18

Since the median is defined as the midpoint of a set of scores, the middle score or the median is
12. This implies that those who scored 12 and above belong to the upper group and those who
scored below 12 can be tagged as belonging to the lower group.

• Mode
The mode is simply reported case or incident. This is useful if you are doing a survey or asking
a question where the responses are limited to four or five. Consider a question like this:

What is your favorite movie genre?

● Romance
● Suspense
● Comedy
● Drama
● Science Fiction
● Action
● Horror

The most frequently reported answer tells you about preference of moviegoers. The information
might be useful to movie theater owners, film importers, and producers because this is the kind
of film moviegoers will likely watch. Thus, the mode is useful if you wish to report the most
frequently repeated answer.

Measures of Variability

Measures of variability deals with the spread of measurements. This is equivalent to asking how
far apart the scores or from each other measurements are or from the mean. Typical measures
of variability are range, standard deviation, and variance.

• Range

Range is simply the difference between the highest value and the lowest value in each set of
measurement. This simply tells you the maximum and minimum value for a set of measurement.
Consider the scores of 10 students in a 20-item test: 12, 13, 16, 18, 17, 19, 20, 3, 7, and 8. Note
that the lowest score is 3 and the highest is 20. The range is the difference between the highest
and the lowest score: thus,

Range=20-3=17.

This means that the class had different abilities since the distribution, or scores is far apart from
each other. The group has varying abilities as measured by the 20-item quiz.

• Standard deviation and variance

Standard deviation tells you how far the measurements are from the mean or how a given set of
scores deviates from the mean. The formula for standard deviations:

Where X is the individual scores, X is the mean, and n is the total number of data set.

Weighted Mean

Weighted Mean is an average computed by giving different weights to some of the individual
values. It iis commonly used to treat any agreement or frequency type of questions. This shows
how a respondent is weighing activities he/she is doing. In addition, this formula is only
applicable to researches that follows the relational or either correlational study. It contains data
of frequency and does not require a complex method of solving. The formula for weighted
mean:
These formulas, explained above, are the most common statistical methods used in survey-type
researches. Below is an example take from a research paper showing how it is used, with the
Likert Scale, the tool used in getting data from surveys.

Likert Scale

The researcher used the Likert Scaling Technique to interpret the result of the survey which
answered by the respondents. This method assigns a value for each different response. To
know the response of the respondents, every category has an assigned numerical value like
strongly agree which is equal to 5 and strongly disagree which is equivalent to 1. The response
which is assigned to each scale will be determined by the weighted mean. The following are the
different Likert scale used:

4-Point Likert scale​​5-Point Likert Scale

1.00 - 1.24 -Never
1.25 - 2.49 -Occasionally
2.50 - 3.24 -Sometimes
3.25 - 4.00 -Always
4.50 - 5.00 -Strongly Agree
3.50 - 4.49 -Agree
2.50 - 3.49 -Undecided
1.50 - 2.49 -Disagree
1.00 - 1.49 –Strongly Disagree

​
​
​
Pie charts
A pie charts is a circular graph consisting of slices or wedges that represent a percentage of a
whole. Since the entire circle or pie is 360, then every 1% of data corresponds to a slice equal
to an angle of 3.6. suppose you surveyed your classmates on their favorite movie genre. It gives
the data in terms of frequency count, percentage, and number of degrees needed for a portion
of the pie. The in degrees is obtained by multiplying the percentage by 3.6 is the constructed pie
charts for this data.

V. PRACTICE
Directions: Explain how the following measures are computed or done. (5 points)

1. Frequency
2. Percentage
3. Mean
4. Median
5. Mode

VI. ENRICHMENT
Directions: From the survey that you have conducted, list down the statistical tools that are
applicable in
analyzing and interpreting the data you have gathered. (5 points)

VII. EVALUATION
Directions: From your chosen statistical tool, compute, analyze, and interpret the data you
have gathered
from the conducted survey. (20 points)

References:
Chegg, S. (2020, August 03). Weighted Mean: Formula: How to Find Weighted Mean. Retrieved
August 21, 2020, from https://www.statisticshowto.com/weighted-mean/

Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Percentage Frequency Distribution. Retrieved August 21, 2020, from
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-methods/n372.xml

Ganga, S. (2016). Chapter III - Research Methodology. Retrieved 2020, from

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36458/8/08_chapter%203.pdf

Person, P. (2016). Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically - [SH u2013 PR2 Practical
Research 2[Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data 1: Course Hero.
Retrieved August 21, 2020, from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/42665891/Understanding-Data-and-Ways-to-Systematically/
Name: _________________________________________ Strand and Section:
_________________________________
Teacher: _______________________________________ Period cover:
____________________________
Week # 11-12

LESSON 5: FINDING THE ANSWERS TO THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

I. INTRODUCTION
Hi! We are close on completing your semester, also with learning the basics of writing a
research paper. As we come close to the latter parts of it, you must understand that sensitivity,
with complex attention to detail, is needed to ensure success and transparency on results and
presentation of data. Difficult as it may seem, this chapter focuses on presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of data gathered in survey process. Focus on reading and how these data
were presented, and we are sure that you will get the gist the lesson.
II. LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
​a. reflect on best practices to ensure all data are presented and handled well during research;
b. determine the connection between presentation and analysis to interpretation of data
gathered;
c. realize the value of proper presentation and analysis of research data.

III. PRE- ASSESSMENT

We are close on completing a research paper! Can you tell me your thoughts on completing a
lengthy, and tedious work like this?

IV. LESSON CONTENT

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

The pieces of information being presented in this chapter aims to answer the subproblems
related previously stated. This explains the data results of the survey being conducted. This is
the part of the thesis where tabulations of data are being presented. It is also in this part
wherein the author expressed their analysis of the data showed. This part will also show the
analysis and interpretations of data gathered from the survey. The title of this thesis and its main
topic are further discussed in this chapter where the researcher also considers this as the heart
of the whole research study. It is where the researcher expresses their own thoughts about the
study through comparisons and contrasts.
The main difference between quantitative and qualitative research is the former presents the
table and each options analysis and verbal interpretation, while the latter has no table
presented, and the analysis of the research should present the interview flow and directly
interpret the said flow, there will be no analysis for this type of research since there were no
numbers to do so.
In this chapter, the data in every table would be presented, analyzed, and interpreted. Each sub
problem is ordered in a table. Each value given, weighted data, or final scores will then be
verbally interpreted each. This does not mean the number of questions only but, it also includes
each value from each choice in each question whether a multiple-choice type of test or a table
type format test be.

Consider the sample of the chapter below:

Table 1: Profile of the Selected Seniors of SBSN In Watching Basketball Games

QUESTION

CHOICES
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

1. What basketball games do you watch?

a) PBA
80
33.9

b) NBA
70
29.66

c) UAAP
55
23.31

d) NCAA
24
10.17

e) FIBA
7
2.97
TOTAL

236
100

2. How often do you watch basketball?

a) Everyday
20
16
b) Every other Day
22
17.6

c) Twice a week
16
12.8

d) Once a week
41
32.8

e) Thrice a week
1
0.8

f) Occasionally
25
20
TOTAL

125
100

3. How many hours do you watch basketball in a day?

a) 1-2 hours
95
76

b) 4-6 hours
30
24

c) 7-8 hours
0
0

d) 12 and above
0
0
TOTAL
125
100

4. Where do you watch

basketball games?

a) At Home
117
93.6

b) Live at Basketball Stadiums

4
3.2

c) Live Streams
4
3.2
TOTAL

125
100

5. Why are you watching

Basketball games?

a) for Fun
35
21.34

b) for Entertainment
67
40.85

c) to watch your favorite basketball players

28
17.07

d) for Passion
31
18.90

e) to watch my favorite team

1
0.61

f) to learn new moves and skills

1
0.61

g) No choice
1
0.61
TOTAL
164
100

Note:
Frequency is the number of respondents answered in each category, and Percentage is the
percentage of the people answered to the entire population sample.

Analysis:
Question number one tends to know what basketball games the selected seniors of SBSN
watching. Most selected seniors watch the PBA (Philippine Basketball Association). PBA is
being watched by 80 selected seniors and it got a percentage of 33.9 percent which is higher
than the other Basketball games. 70 of them watch NBA (National Basketball Association)
which got a percentage of 29.66 percent. UAAP (University Athletic Association of the
Philippines) is being watch by 55 selected seniors and it acquired a percentage of 23.31
percent. NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) got a percentage of 10.17 percent
which is equivalent to 24 selected seniors who watches it. The last one that is being watched
by only seven selected seniors is the FIBA (Federation of International Basketball Association)
which only got 2.97 percent.

The second question aims to know how often the selected seniors watch Basketball games. 41
of them or 32.8 percent of 125 selected seniors are watching basketball games once a week
which is not consistent but still watching it. 25 selected seniors or 20 percent of the
respondents said that they only watch Basketball occasionally which means that they are too
demanding, and they do not have much time to watch basketball. 22 of the selected seniors
watch Basketball games every other day that got a percentage of 17.6 percent which means
that they have enough time to watch Basketball. There are 20 selected seniors who watch
Basketball every day that have a percentage of 16 percent which is normal, and it means that
they have so much time to watch Basketball. 16 out of 125 selected seniors watch basketball
twice a week that got a percentage of 12.8 percent. And only 1 selected senior watch
basketball thrice a week which got a percentage of 0.8 percent.

In the third question, beyond half or 76 percent of the respondents’ population watch Basketball
for 1-2 hours which is typical for some viewers. 24 percent of the selected senior population or
30 of them are watching it for 4-6 hours which is very long for an average time of watching
Basketball, but it is possible. While none or 0 of the respondents watch basketball for 7-8 hours
or even for 12 hours and above. This is normal because it is very long.

In question number four, 117 selected seniors watch Basketball at home, and it has a
percentage of 93.6 percent which is the normal place where people watch it. Watching
Basketball at stadiums and watching through live streams both got 3.2 percent that is equivalent
to 4 respondents which is also normal and expected.

The fifth question tells that 67 selected seniors or 45.58 percent of the respondents’ population
are watching Basketball for entertainment which is normal for typical viewers that consider
Basketball as an amusement. 35 of the respondents or 23.81 percent of their population said
that they are watching Basketball for fun which means that they are fond of watching Basketball
games. 31 selected seniors or 18.90 percent of the respondents said that they watch basketball
for passion which means that they have a deep desire with the sport basketball. 28 of them or
19.05 percent said that they are watching basketball to see their favorite basketball players
which is also normal for the people who idolizes different basketball players. There is only 1
respondent or 0.68 percent of the selected senior’s population are watching basketball to watch
their favorite team which is normal because of what the researcher also observed. 1
respondent or 0.68 percent of the population watch basketball games to learn new moves and
skills which is for the viewers who know how to play Basketball and wants to absorb new moves
that can improve their style. While only 1 have responded that she just watches basketball
because she has no choice maybe because her family members are watching basketball, so
she just goes with the flow.

Interpretation:
Table 1 presents all the information and data gathered in the first part of the survey that is
needed to answer the sub problem number one which is to know the profile of the SBSN
selected seniors in watching basketball games.

The results have shown in the question number one that PBA was mostly watched by the
selected seniors of SBSN. 80 respondents have answered that they watch this kind of
basketball association. With this result, the researcher developed an impression that selected
seniors more prefer to watch basketball games that is originated in their own country. This
finding suggests that the selected seniors are really attached to basketball that is inside in our
state.
The love affair of Filipinos to basketball is seen with their love to the team of Barangay Ginebra
which is a team in the PBA (Philippine Basketball Association). It has a strong fan appeal
particularly to the basketball supporters in our society (Philippine Studies, 2010). Basketball
games are the part of the Filipino’s everyday lives because of its big influence on them.
Following of basketball here in the Philippines is deep.

How often do you watch and how many hours do you watch basketball is related to each other?
These things are very important while watching basketball games because both wants to know
how long or how short they watch basketball games in their everyday lives.
As we seen with the result of question number 2 and 3, many respondents said that they watch
basketball games once a week and one to two hours only. Watching of basketball for one to two
hours is just usual because one entire game of basketball only consumes one to two hours
normally. The researcher made an impression that the respondents do not have enough time to
watch basketball games, but they have time to play and involve themselves to play it.
​Arnold Auerbach (2005) said that basketball is a fun game to watch and such fun game to play.
People are not just watching basketball but also letting themselves to play and have fun of it. It
agrees with the statement of Vandello (2007) that they are not just cheering for a team but also
rooting themselves to play it.

Majority of the selected seniors are watching basketball games at their home as we seen to the
result of question number 4. Glendale said that basketball is a sport that is best watch in
television because you can clearly see the moves and actions of the players in the game. With
this result, the researcher developed an impression that selected seniors did not always watch
basketball games live but instead they only watch basketball and stay at home in which they
prefer. In viewing in this sense, it can be stated that selected seniors are in favor in watching at
home. This agrees to the statement of Glendale that basketball is a sport that is best watch in
television because you can see clearly the moves and actions of the players playing in the
game and how they score for their team.
Many of the respondents in question number 5 answered that they watch basketball games for
entertainment. People are amused whenever they are watching basketball games. Because
basketball is considered as one of the most popular team sports in the world, we can say that
the sport basketball has many followers. It is closest to the hearts of many. The result
establishes a fact that watching basketball games have a big effect to the lives of many people
and they are very attach to the sport basketball.

As we can see after analyzing and interpreting the result of table 1, the researcher could say
that there are a big number of respondents that have a good profile in terms of watching
basketball. Based on the interpretation of the researcher, the details and result of each question
which is responded by the selected seniors of SBSN are related to each other. Some of the
selected seniors should improve their profile in watching basketball games which could help
them to be more attached to this kind of sport and help them to involve themselves in playing
basketball.

V. PRACTICE
Directions: Differentiate analysis of data from interpretation of data. Answer it
comprehensively in 3-5
sentences. (5 points)

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________

VI. ENRICHMENT
Directions: From the survey you have conducted, present the data gathered in a graph or
tabular form.
(20 points)

VII. EVALUATION
Directions: Be ready to present your data gathered in the class. Please be guided with the
rubrics below.
(20 points)

​Preparedness​​-​5 points
​Content​​-​5 points
​Organization​​-​5 points
​Delivery​​-​5 points
​Total​-​20 points

Reference/s:
Ganga, S. (2020). Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis, and Presentation of Data. Retrieved
2020, from https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8507/11/11_chapter%204.pdf