Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION-VIII
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF LEYTE
TABANGO SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – STAND ALONE

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 7 IN

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Week 7

Name of Learner: ___________________________ Grade & Section: ______________Score: ___________

Student’s Contact Number:___________________

I. LEARNING COMPETENCY:
1 Plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if appropriate) Week 1-3 CS_RS12-IIa-
c-6
2 Presents written research methodology Week 1-3 CS_RS12-IIa-c-7
3 Collects data using appropriate instruments Week 4-7 CS_RS12-IId-g-1
4 Presents and interprets data in tabular or graphical forms Week 4-7 CS_RS12-IId-g-2
5 Uses statistical techniques to analyze data – study of differences and relationships limited for
bivariate analysis. Week 4-7 CS_RS12-IId-g-3

II. BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE LESSON

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

The formal statistical procedure for performing a hypothesis test is to state two hypotheses and to use
an appropriate statistical test to reject one of the hypotheses and therefore accept (or fail to reject) the
other.

The first hypothesis is usually referred to as the Null Hypothesis because it is the hypothesis of no
effect or no difference between the populations of interest. It is usually given the symbol H 0.

The second hypothesis is usually called the Alternative Hypothesis by statisticians, but since it is
often the hypothesis that the researcher would like to be true, it is sometimes referred to as the Study
Hypothesis or Research Hypothesis. Note, however, in equivalence trials a researcher would like a
new (but perhaps cheaper) treatment to be as effective as the current treatment, it is the null
hypothesis that the researcher would like to see supported by the data. The Alternative Hypothesis is
usually given the symbol H1 or HA. The Alternative Hypothesis states that there is an effect or that
there is a difference between the populations.

One-and two-tailed hypotheses

Also referred to as one- and two-sided hypotheses, these refer to the alternative hypothesis. The
alternative hypothesis, referred to above, is a non-directional alternative hypothesis; it states that there
is a difference, with no indication of the direction of change, eg higher or lower, more or less. This is
a non-directional (two-tailed) alternative hypothesis.

However, in some instances the researcher may be interested in a change in one direction only (eg
pulse is lower or pain relief is better). The alternative hypothesis in this case is known as a directional
(one-tailed) alternative hypothesis. In this case, the alternative hypothesis will take the form, for

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example:
H1: on average, there is a greater pain relief from taking drug A, than not.

Note: the null hypothesis is the same for both directional and non-directional cases.

The distinction between non-directional and directional hypotheses is important when interpreting the
results of significance tests. In Minitab, the appropriate alternative hypothesis can be set, but SPSS
printouts only show two-tailed probabilities. In the latter case, the p-value ('2-tail sig') should be
halved.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research methodology section of any academic research paper gives you the
opportunity to convince your readers that your research is useful and will contribute
to your field of study. An effective research methodology is grounded in your overall
approach – whether qualitative or quantitative – and adequately describes the
methods you used. Justify why you chose those methods over others, then explain
how those methods will provide answers to your research questions.
1. Restate your research problem. Begin your research methodology section by listing the
problems or questions you intend to study. Include your hypotheses, if applicable, or what
you are setting out to prove through your research.[2]

 In your restatement, include any underlying assumptions that you're making or conditions that
you're taking for granted. These assumptions will also inform the research methods you've
chosen.
 Generally, state the variables you'll test and the other conditions you're controlling or
assuming are equal.

2. Establish your overall methodological approach. Your overall approach will be either

qualitative or quantitative. Occasionally, you may also use a mix of both approaches. Briefly
explain why you chose your approach.[3]

 If you want to research and document measurable social trends, or evaluate the impact of a
particular policy on various variables, use a quantitative approach focused on data collection
and statistical analysis.
 If you want to evaluate people's views or understanding of a particular issue, choose a more
qualitative approach.
 You can also combine the two. For example, you might look primarily at a measurable social
trend, but also interview people and get their opinions on how that trend is affecting their
lives.

3. Define how you collected or generated data. This portion of your methodology section
tells your readers when and where you conducted your research, and what basic parameters
were put into place to ensure the relative objectivity of your results.[4]

 For example, if you conducted a survey, you would describe the questions included in the
survey, where and how the survey was conducted (such as in person, online, over the
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 phone), how many surveys were distributed, and how long your respondents had to complete
the survey.
 Include enough detail that your study can be replicated by others in your field, even if they
may not get the same results you did.

4. Provide background for uncommon methods. Particularly in the social sciences, you

may be using methods that aren't typically used, or that don't seem to fit with your research
problem. These methods may require additional explanation.[6]

 Qualitative research methods typically require more detailed explanation than quantitative
methods.
 Basic investigative procedures don't need to be explained in detail. Generally, you can assume
that your readers have a general understanding of common research methods that social
scientists use, such as surveys or focus groups.
5. Cite any sources that contributed to your choice of methodology. If you used anyone
else's work to help you craft or apply your methodology, discuss those works and how they
contributed to your own work, or how your work is building on theirs.[7]

 For example, suppose you conducted a survey and used a couple of other research papers to
help construct the questions on your survey. You would mention those as contributing
sources.

What is Data presentation and analysis?

Data presentation and analysis forms an integral part of all academic studies, commercial, industrial
and marketing activities as well as professional practices. Presentation of data requires skills and
understanding of data. It is necessary to make use of collected data which is considered to be raw
data. This raw data must be processed to be used or for any application. Data analysis helps in the
interpretation of data and help take a decision or answer the research question. This can be done by
using various Data processing tools and Softwares. Data analysis starts with the collection of data,
followed by Data processing. This processing of data can be done by various data processing
methods and sorting it. Processed data helps in obtaining information from it, as the raw data is non-
comprehensive in nature. Presenting the data includes the pictorial representation of the data by using
graphs, charts, maps and other methods. These methods help in adding the visual aspect to data which
makes it much more comfortable and easy to understand. Various methods of data presentation can be
used to present data and facts. Widely used format and data presentation techniques are mentioned
below:
1. As Text – Raw data with proper formatting, categorisation, indentation is most extensively
used and is a very effective way of presenting data. Text format is widely found in books,
reports, research papers and in this article itself.
2. In Tabular Form – Tabular form is generally used to differentiate, categorise, relate different
datasets. It can be a simple pros & cons table, or a data with corresponding value such as
annual GDP, a bank statement, monthly expenditure etc.
3. In Graphical Form – Data can further be presented in a simpler and even easier form by
means of using graphics. The input for such graphical data can be another type of data itself
or some raw data. For example, a bar graph & pie chart takes tabular data as input. The
tabular data in such case is processed data itself but provides limited use. Converting such
data or raw data into graphical form directly makes it quicker and easier to interpret.

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The Significance and Importance of Data Presentation

Data presentation and analysis plays an essential role in every field. An excellent presentation can be
a deal maker or deal breaker. Some people make an incredibly useful presentation with the same set
of facts and figures which are available with others. At times people work really hard but fail to
present it properly and have lost essential deals. The work which they did was unable to impress the
decision makers. So to get the job done, especially while dealing with clients or higher authorities,
Presentation Matters! No one is willing to spend hours in understanding what you have to show and
this is precisely why presentation matters! It is thus essential to have a clarity on what is data
presentation.
Data analysis helps people in understanding the results of surveys conducted, makes use of already
existing studies to obtain new results. Helps to validate the existing research or to add/expand the
current research. 

Data Presentation and Analysis or Data Analysis and Presentation?

These two go hand in hand, and it will be difficult to provide a complete differentiation between the
two. Adding visual aspect to data or sorting it using grouping and presenting it in the form of table is
a part of the presentation. Doing this further helps in analyzing data. During a study with an aim and
multiple objectives, data analysis will be required to complete the required objectives. Compiling or
presenting the analyzed data will help in overall analysis and concluding the study.  
You can have a variety of data which can be used in presentations. Some of these types include :

 Time Series Data

 Bar Charts
 Combo Charts
 Pie Charts
 Tables
 Geo Map
 Scorecard
 Scatter Charts
 Bullet Charts
 Area Chart
 Text & Images

Some of these have been described in brief with an example at the end of this article.

Steps for Presenting and Analyzing Data:

1. Frame the objectives of the study and make a list of data to be collected and its format.
2. Collect/obtain data from primary or secondary sources.
3. Change the format of data i.e., table, maps, graphs, etc. in the desired format.
4. Sort data through grouping, discarding the extra data and deciding the required form to make
data comprehensible.
5. Make charts and graphs to help to add visual part and analyze trends.

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 6. Analyse trends and relate the information to fulfill the objectives.

Presentation of Data:
1. A presentation should have a predefined sequence of arguments being made to support the
study. Start with stating the Aim of study and the objectives required to reach the aim. 
2. Break the objectives in multiple parts and make a list of data to be collected. Noting down the
sources of data, form in which data exist and needs to be obtained. Also conducting a primary
survey for information which does not exist.
3. Form and explain the methodology adapted to carry out a study.
4. Data collection through primary survey needs to have well thought of sampling methods. This
will help in reducing the efforts and increasing efficiency. Sample size should be given
importance and correct sampling technique should be applied. 
5. Present only the required information and skip the background research to make your point
more clear.
6. Do not forget to give credits and references in the end and where ever required.

The presentation can be done using software such as Microsoft Powerpoint, Prezi, Google Analytics
and other analytic software. It can also be done by making models, presenting on paper or sheets, on
maps or by use of boards. The methods selected depend on the requirement and the resources
available.

How to present the different type of data – which format to choose?

Since there are number of options available while presenting data, careful consideration should be
given to the method being used. A basic understanding of the desired result/ form is helpful to choose
the correct form of representation. One cannot expect to get liner data from a pie chart, thus basic
knowledge and application of different type of presentation methods saves time. Additionally, there
should be enough sample available so as to get some meaningful analysis and result. Some of the
popular ways of presenting the data includes Line graph, column chart, box pot, vertical bar, scatter
plot. These and other types are explain below with brief information about their application.

Secondary surveys form a significant part of data research and primary means of data
collection by conducting various studies and making use of existing data from multiple sources. The
data thus obtained from multiple sources like Census department, Economics and Statistics
Department, Election Commission, Water Board, Municipal Bodies, Economic surveys, Website
feedbacks, Scientific research, etc. is compiled and analyzed. Data is also required to forecast and
estimate the change in the requirement of various resources and thus provide them accordingly.
Phasing and prioritization form another important part for the effective implementation of the
proposals.
Such presentation of data and information can be either by means of manual hand drawings/ graphs &
tables, Whereas much effective and accurate way for such presentation is by means of specialised
computer softwares. Different types of charts which can be used for data presentation and analysis. 

Bar Charts/Bar Graphs: These are one of the most widely used charts for showing the grown of a
company over a period. There are multiple options available like stacked bar graphs and the option of
displaying a change in numerous entities. These look as shown in the image below:

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Line Chart: These are best for showing the change in population, i.e., for showing the trends. These
also work well for explaining the growth of multiple areas at the same time.

Pie Charts: These work best for representing the share of different components from a total 100%.
For, eg. contribution of different sectors to GDP, the population of different states in a country, etc.

Combo Chart: As the name suggests it is a combination of more than one chart type. The one shown
in the figure below is a combination of line and bar graph. These save space and are at times more
effective than using two different charts. There can even be 3 or more charts depending on the
requirement.

Most Popular and Commonly used Charts in everyday life:

1. Area Chart – It is one of the most popular charts which is used to show continuity across a
data set or variable. It is very similar to the line chart and is often used for plotting time
series. The area chart is also useful for plotting continuous variables.
2. Correlogram – It is mostly used for testing the level of correlation between the given
variable of a particular data set. The matrix cells can be colored or shaded for showing the
correlation value. The cells which are darker as compared to others have a high correlation
value. For example, let’s examine the correlation between weight, cost, sales outlet,
established year and others.
3. Scatter Plot – Scatter Plot is most commonly used for establishing the relationship between
two or more than two variables. In the above dataset, we can create visualizations of items as
per their given cost by using a scatter plot with the help of two variables MRP and visibility.
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 4. Stacked Bar Chart – Stacked Bar chart is also a type of bar chart which is used by
combining several categorical variables. From our given database, if we want to get the
number of outlets on the basis of different variables such as outlet location type, the stacked
bar chart will visualize the data in the most appropriate format.
5. Bar Chart – This type of charts is used you want to use a categorical and continuous variable
together. In our given dataset, if we want to know how many stores were developed in a
particular year, then a bar chart is the most preferred option.
6. Heat Map– Heatmap is used to find the relationship between two or more variables by using
different shades of color. In a heatmap, the first two dimensions are represented as axis and
the other dimension by different shades of color. If you want to find the cost of each item on
every store, you can plot a heat map using three variable such as the type of item, price of
item and outlet identifier.

5 Most Important Methods For Statistical Data Analysis

By John Dillard

In the Information Age, data is no

longer scarce – it’s overpowering. The key is to sift through the overwhelming volume of data
available to organizations and businesses and correctly interpret its implications. But to sort through
all this information, you need the right statistical data analysis tools.

With the current obsession over “big data,” analysts have produced a lot of fancy tools and techniques
available to large organizations. However, there are a handful of basic data analysis tools that most
organizations aren’t using…to their detriment.

We suggest starting your data analysis efforts with the following five fundamentals – and learn to
avoid their pitfalls – before advancing to more sophisticated techniques.

1. Mean

The arithmetic mean, more commonly known as “the average,” is the sum of a list of numbers divided
by the number of items on the list. The mean is useful in determining the overall trend of a data set or
providing a rapid snapshot of your data. Another advantage of the mean is that it’s very easy and
quick to calculate.

Pitfall:

Taken alone, the mean is a dangerous tool. In some data sets, the mean is also closely related to the
mode and the median (two other measurements near the average). However, in a data set with a high

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number of outliers or a skewed distribution, the mean simply doesn’t provide the accuracy you need
for a nuanced decision.

2. Standard Deviation

The standard deviation, often represented with the Greek letter sigma, is the measure of a spread of
data around the mean. A high standard deviation signifies that data is spread more widely from the
mean, where a low standard deviation signals that more data align with the mean. In a portfolio of
data analysis methods, the standard deviation is useful for quickly determining dispersion of data
points.

Pitfall:

Just like the mean, the standard deviation is deceptive if taken alone. For example, if the data have a
very strange pattern such as a non-normal curve or a large amount of outliers, then the standard
deviation won’t give you all the information you need.

3. Regression

Regression models the relationships between dependent and explanatory variables, which are usually
charted on a scatterplot. The regression line also designates whether those relationships are strong or
weak. Regression is commonly taught in high school or college statistics courses with applications for
science or business in determining trends over time.

Pitfall:

Regression is not very nuanced. Sometimes, the outliers on a scatterplot (and the reasons for them)
matter significantly. For example, an outlying data point may represent the input from your most
critical supplier or your highest selling product. The nature of a regression line, however, tempts you
to ignore these outliers. As an illustration, examine a picture of ANSCOMBE’S QUARTET, in which
the data sets have the exact same regression line but include widely different data points.

4. Sample Size Determination

When measuring a large data set or population, like a workforce, you don’t always need to collect
information from every member of that population – a sample does the job just as well. The trick is to
determine the right size for a sample to be accurate. Using proportion and standard deviation methods,
you are able to accurately determine the right sample size you need to make your data collection
statistically significant.

Pitfall:

When studying a new, untested variable in a population, your proportion equations might need to rely
on certain assumptions. However, these assumptions might be completely inaccurate. This error is
then passed along to your sample size determination and then onto the rest of your statistical data
analysis

5. Hypothesis Testing

Also commonly called t testing, hypothesis testing assesses if a certain premise is actually true for
your data set or population. In data analysis and statistics, you consider the result of a hypothesis
test statistically significant if the results couldn’t have happened by random chance. Hypothesis tests
are used in everything from science and research to business and economic

Pitfall:

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To be rigorous, hypothesis tests need to watch out for common errors. For example, the placebo effect
occurs when participants falsely expect a certain result and then perceive (or actually attain) that
result. Another common error is the Hawthorne effect (or observer effect), which happens when
participants skew results because they know they are being studied.

Overall, these methods of DATA ANALYSIS add a lot of insight to your DECISION-MAKING

PORTFOLIO, particularly if you’ve never analyzed a process or data set with statistics before.
However, avoiding the common pitfalls associated with each method is just as important. Once you
master these fundamental techniques for statistical data analysis, then you’re ready to advance to more
powerful data analysis tools.

III. ACTIVITIES

Hypothesis testing for proportions An inference method commonly used in statistics. The goal of a
hypothesis test is to get a handle on a parameter (population statistic) from a sample statistic.
(Really that’s the goal of all inference procedures.) It is used when a claim is made about how
something should be and then a sample is drawn to test that claim Procedure for conducting a 1-
proportion z test 1) check the assumptions and conditions for applying the central limit theorem for
1. a sampling distribution of proportions (same as a confidence interval)
2) clearly state the null hypothesis in words and numbers (the null hypothesis refers to the fact that
the parameter of interest remains unchanged…It is what the claim is)
3) clearly state the alternative to the null hypothesis (what we are trying to prove may be
happening) the alternative is either larger than the null, smaller than the null or just not equal to the
null
4) perform the test to get a P-value (definition of P-value= the probability the sample is where it is or
more extreme given the null hypothesis is true) use normalcdf(leftz,rightz)

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5) Develop a conclusion in context, you either reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
OR you fail to reject the null hypothesis. This is all based on the P-value and maybe a confidence
interval…when you fail to reject the null hypothesis, you can claim that it may be the truth.
A small Pvalue is evidence towards rejecting the null and claiming the alternative as the
truth. Example: As a class we claim to have a “shot-make” percent of _____percent. Thinking this
claim might not be the truth we test the claim by shooting _______shots and making ______of
them. Does this provide evidence for or against our claim? Discuss conditions and assumptions:
State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis Do the calculations to determine the P-
VALUE (after a few of these we will let the calculator do this part).

IV. ASSESSMENT (Answer in a short bond paper. Your answer will be evaluated using the Rubrics
below.)
Direction: Answer the given tasks at the back of this page.

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4

Answer the given Answer the given Answer the given Answer the given
questions in a separate question in a separate question in a separate questions in a separate
sheet of paper. sheet of paper. sheet of paper. sheet of paper.

What is statistics? What is
hypothesis testing?
Students present their written
research methodology.
What instruments are
appropriate in collecting data?
Present and interpret data in
tabular or graphical forms.
Use statistical techniques in
analyzing data. Give their
differences and relationships
for a bivariate analysis.
Students shall use statistical
techniques to analyze data –
study of differences and
relationships limited for
bivariate analysis.

Source: Reazon Systems, Inc. (2020)

Prepared by:

MARIA CHRISTINA B. SEREÑO, Ed. D.

Master Teacher II
09223479881/09668332371

Noted by:
ANTONIO B. DACATIMBANG, JR.
School Principal

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