SHS

English for Academic and Professional Purposes – SHS

Module
First Edition 2020

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Published by Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Lorna Dig Dino

Development Team of the Module

Consultant and Editor:
Dr. Kyzil D. Lipar
Ms. Barbra N. Villareal

Author:
Joana R. Jallorina – Gumban

Layout Artist:
Joana R. Jallorina – Gumban
 11

EAPP Module

This worksheet was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by educators from public and private schools,
colleges, and universities. We encourage teachers and
other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
 Lesson

12
SUMMARIZING FINDINGS AND WRITING
RESEARCH REPORTS THROUGH
VISUAL AND GRAPHIC FORMS

Generally, our research has produced convincing evidence

through presenting a verbal explanation of how a system works.
However, this does not ensure that all of our readers will understand
the explanation. In our search for ways to help them understand
scientific explanations, we have come to rely increasingly on what
has been called multimedia learning, through presenting
explanations visually as well as verbally.
Communicating with both graphics and text is well suited to
the way our minds work. This points out that “our cognitive abilities
to comprehend, remember, reason, solve problems, and make
decisions depend on a rich combination of words and images”.
As such, as budding research writer, this lesson will assist you
on how you can select the appropriate visual, prepare and interpret
it to effectively support the findings obtained in the conduct of your
inquiry.

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

• identify different types of diagrams;
• use diagrams to show trends or relationships between
data;
• summarizes findings and executes the report through
narrative and visual/graphic forms.

TONE UP

Task 1. Interpretative Scribbling. Examine closely the chart

below. Then, answer the questions that follow.
What is the report all about?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Where does the information come from? Do you think the idea is
clearly expressed? How?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
What does the data mean? What does it speak about the situation
in the province? How can this data help the people in their decision
making?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

Task 2. Pie Delivery. Make a humorous pie chart meme. You

may choose any funny or light topic. Share your pie chart meme in
class.

Legend:

As shown in the following chart, visuals can be classified into

six groups: graphs, tables, diagrams, visual images and maps.
 Graphics/Visuals

Visual
Graphs Tables Diagrams Charts Maps
Images

General Steps in Interpreting Visuals

1. Read the title and the subtitle.
2. Read the captions, keys and labels.
3. Determine the purpose of the material.
4. Identify the organization of information.
5. Analyze the relationship of details such as changes and
trends.
6. Make a conclusion about the data, if necessary.

General Guidelines for Adding Visuals for your Text

The following are some of the basic rules in adding diagrams
to your text.
1. Determine the purpose of the visual.
2. Evaluate the accuracy and validity of the data.
3. Visuals should be accompanied by clear references within
your text (e.g., as shown in Figure 4, the…).
4. Visuals should be placed on the same page as the text
reference. Complex visuals should be placed on the page
opposite to the text reference.
5. Preferably, position the visual vertically.
6. Make your visual as simple and self-explanatory as possible
by adding data to the labels.
7. If the visuals are colored, go for the basic contrasting colors
which are easy on the eyes, as much as possible avoid adding
patterns and textures, as well as neon colors.
Charts
A chart is a graphical representation of data using symbols
that are usually boxes, lines and arrows. Its general purpose is
to show ranks, levels, procedures and classifications.
 Strategies in Reading a Chart
1. Study each step or grouping presented in the chart.
2. Pay attention to the arrows or lines that indicate the
flow, relationship, step and sequence.
3. To ensure you understood the chart, summarize
each step or component in your own words and make
your own chart in your mind.
4. Compare your mental chart to the description in the
text to check how accurate you are.
The two common charts are the organizational chart and the
flow chart.
An organizational chart presents rankings, classification and
level of ideas.

Company Organizational Chart

Strategies in Preparing an Organizational Chart

1. Use varied shapes carefully. Rectangles are usually
used for all positions.
 2. Connect the boxes with solid lines to show direct
reporting relationships and dotted lines to show
indirect or staff relationship.
3. You may design the chart creatively but avoid making
it too distracting or complicated.
A flow chart illustrates a process or direction of steps.

Strategies in Preparing a Flow Chart

1. Present only the capsule version of the whole
process.
2. Limit the number of shapes to avoid confusion. Note
that each shape has a corresponding meaning.
Some of the most basic shapes include:
• Rectangle which is used to refer to an event
which is part of the process; it is usually used
for steps and actions taken.
 • Diamond which is used to show a decision
point in the process; generally, the text inside
the diamond requires a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response.
From here, the flowchart will then branch to
different parts for ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response.
• Rounded box which is used to represent an
event which occurs automatically; it is usually
used to denote the start and the end of the
whole process.
3. Provide a legend when necessary.
4. Sequence the data from left to right or top to bottom.
5. You can be creative in designing the flowchart but do
not make it too complicated and distracting.
Tables
A table is useful in displaying numbers in columns. It
condenses and classifies information to make comparisons
between and among data and helps the readers grasp relationships
that might be invisible in prose.
It contains at least two columns with headings on the sides
and at the sides and at the top of the columns to indicate what the
table represents. The heading on the top is called a boxhead while
the heading on the far-left column is called a stub.

Source: https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/cls/Tab6_11.pdf
 Strategies in Reading a Table
1. Read the title of the table.
2. Check whether the information is updated or
obsolete.
3. Check the source of information.
4. Study the headings and their relationships.
5. Read the details with the headings in mind.
6. Compare and contrast the different columns.
Strategies in Preparing a Table
1. Informal and simple tables need not have table
numbers and titles since they function as an
extension of the text. They should not be included
also in the list of illustration. However, they require
column heading.
2. Formal tables, which contain complex data, should
contain titles, table numbers and detailed headings.
They are separated from the text and are included in
the list of illustrations.
3. Use plenty of white space within and around the text.
4. Use concise and clear headings for all the columns
and rows.
5. Assign a title and number to each formal table.
6. Use abbreviations and symbols when necessary.
However, special symbols and abbreviations must be
clarified in a legend or footnote.
7. Write the source of the table when necessary.
8. Use uppercase and lowercase instead of full caps.
Graphs
A graph is a graphical representation of data using bars for
bar graphs, lines for line graphs, circle for pie graphs and pictures
for pictographs. Each type of graph has a specific function and
purpose.
Bar Graph
A bar graph uses vertical and horizontal bars that
compare amounts and quantities.

Philippine Population, 2010 – 2020

Source: Tradingeconomics.com

Strategies in Reading a Bar Graph

1. Read the title, caption and source note.
2. Determine the purpose of the graph.
3. Look at the dates mentioned, if there are any.
4. Identify what is being compared. Is it an amount or
quantity?
5. If the data changes over time, determine the time
span and amount of change.
6. If products, services and other items are being
compared look carefully at their names.
Strategies in Preparing a Bar Graph
1. Limit the number of bars. Too many bars may create
confusion and complicate the data.
2. Show the comparisons clearly.
3. Keep the bar widths consistent.
 4. It is ideal to use spaces between bars. However, if
comparisons are too close or too many, spaces
between bars may be deleted.
5. Arrange the bars based on sequence (by year to
show trends) or by ascending/descending order (to
show direct comparison.
6. Use legends as much as possible.
Line Graph
A line graph shows trends and changes in data.
Usually, the bottom grid scale represents time.

Strategies in Reading a Line Graph

1. Read the title, caption and source note.
2. Determine the purpose of the graph
3. Read the horizontal axis.
4. Determine the kind of time intervals.
5. Read the vertical axis and identify what is being
measured.
6. Trace the jagged line that connects each point and
determine the changes over time.
 Strategies in Preparing a Line Graph
1. Plot the data very carefully.
2. Use different line colors for line graphs using multiple
lines.
3. Make the chart lines thicker than the axis lines.
4. Do not put the numbers on the line graph itself.
Circle Graph
A circle graph (or pie graph), which uses pie-shaped
sections, shows the relationship of the parts to the whole in
percentages and proportions.
DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE PHILIPPINES: 2003

Senior Citizens
18%

Adolescents
42%

Adults
40%
Source: National Statistics Office 2003 Family Income and Expenditure Survey

Strategies in Reading a Circle Graph

1. Read the title and the captions carefully.
2. Note the number and labels of pie sections of the
graph.
3. Check if there is any “legend” section and study it.
4. Identify the shares, quantity and percentage of each
section. Identify which sections have the smallest
and largest percentages.
Strategies in Preparing a Circle Graph
1. Use no more than seven divisions.
 2. Move clockwise from 12:00. Start with the largest
wedge going to the smallest. However, “others” or
miscellaneous items must be place last no matter
how large they cover.
3. Use circle graph for percentages and money
especially when the items they represent are divisible
by 100.
4. Make the circle graph as simple as possible.
5. Label each component.
6. If you want to show a subdivision of a particular
wedge in a circle graph, use a “pie within a pie”
technique.

Task 3. Diagramming Diagram. Determine the diagram

which would best present the data in each box. Then, draw the
diagram in the space provided to present the data. Make sure to add
a title and a legend in each diagram.

1. Oz has a complex form of government. It is governed overall by a King

and Queen. Directly reporting to these monarchs is the Chief Minister,
who supervises the lay of the land and the Crown Prince and Princess,
who are training in politics and economics. The Chief Minister primarily
convenes the different ministers of various agencies: the Minister of
Agriculture, Minister of Housing, Minister of Rights, Minister of Laws,
Minister of Health, Minister of Education and Minister of Budget.
 2. Psychologists in Oz conducted an experiment which aimed to measure
and compare the learning rate of children when taught using different
teaching styles. They had three groups of students who were taught the
same subject of creative writing, but with different teaching styles and
their grades were measured from week 1 to week 4. The first group, which
was taught using an activity style, had the following average scores: 78,
84, 86, 92, from the first week to the fourth, respectively. The second
group, which was taught via lecture style, averaged 79, 80, 84, 86 from
the first to the last week, respectively. The last group was taught using a
group style and got the following weekly scores: 80, 85, 89, 93.

WRAP IT UP

There are various visuals such as graphs, tables,

diagrams, charts, visual images and maps that can be used to
show trends or relationships between data and present
summary findings and executes the report through narrative
and visual/graphic forms.
One should know how to select the appropriate visual,
prepare and interpret it to effectively support the findings
obtained in the conduct of your inquiry.
 LOG IN

Hone your skills in preparing and interpreting visuals by

checking the websites below:
Basic Flowchart Symbols
http://www.rff.com/flowchart_shapes.htm
Reading Charts and Graphs
http://www.tv411.org/reading/understanding-what-you-
read/reading-charts-and-graphs
How to Design Graphs and Charts
http://www.slideshare.net/Visage/data-visualization-
101-how-to-design-chartsandgraphs

THINK OUT

With the previous output on research instruments,

1. Determine the type of diagram that will best present your
data.
2. Then, prepare the diagram and the legend. Make sure
to give your diagram a title.
3. Share your research instrument and the diagram of your
results to your classmates through a PowerPoint
presentation. Take note of the necessary content:
• Research Instrument
• Flow of Instrument Implementation
• Number of Respondents
• Result (diagram)
• Brief analysis of the results
REFERENCES GALLERY

Aklan Provincial Emergency Unit

Barrot, J. & Sipacio, P.J. (2016). English for academic and

professional purposes for senior high school. C & E
Publishing: Quezon City.

National Statistics Office 2003 Family Income and Expenditure

Survey

Tradingeconomics.com

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=flow+chart&authuser=0&bih
=608&biw=1349&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=Bm
f3CXCJbZjtfM%253A%252Cc_cfkgrv_MKbSM%252C_&vet=
1&usg=AI4_-kQsmvQ4oA75dZ5gn7g-hB-
ohCGb3w&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiaifPr6LLpAhVqyYsBHWcc
D-MQ_h0wAnoECAMQCA#imgrc=Bmf3CXCJbZjtfM:

https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/cls/Tab6_11.pdf

https://www.google.com/search?q=line+graph+example+on+voting
+preferences+for+vice+president+of+the+philippines&tbm=is
ch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=euCRU7IM4D-
4gM%253A%252CWnBOyP2Rx78vlM%252C_&vet=1&usg=
AI4_-kRjVHA3qtpoJokKdGLVB5ld-jW-
bQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMvYHvn7PpAhWMHqYKHcjJDXc
Q9QEwAnoECAoQCQ&cshid=1589455771674521#imgrc=e
uCRU7IM4D-4gM&imgdii=AuQPkH077iKfbM
https://www.google.com/search?q=example+of+pie+graph+psa+p
hilippines&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiS6snQp7PpAhXvzIsBHVNO
CjoQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=example+of+pie+graph+psa+philippines&gs_lc
p=CgNpbWcQAzoCCAA6BAgAEB46BAgAEBhQ02lYu5gBYJCZA
WgAcAB4AIABjQSIAa8ukgELMC4yLjcuNC4zLjKYAQCgAQGqAQ
tnd3Mtd2l6LWltZw&sclient=img&ei=bzO9XtL2B--
Zr7wP05yp0AM&bih=657&biw=1366&hl=en#imgrc=fbs1NOtjX-
H9DM
ANSWER KEY

Work it Out

1.

King and Queen

Crown Prince and

Chief Minister Princess
(Lay of the Land)
(Politics and Economics

Minister of Agriculture Minister of Housing

Minister of Rights Minister of Laws

Minister of Health Minister of Education

Minister of Budget

2.

Average Grades in Creative Writing of Children Taught in

Different Teaching Styles

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

Group 1 78 84 86 92
Activity Style
Group 2 79 80 84 86
Lecture Style
Group 3 80 85 89 93
Group Style
METADATA

Title English for Academic and Professional

Purposes

Language English

Keywords Visuals, Charts, Tables, Graphs

CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIe-j-11

Description The module will help learners to summarize

findings and execute the report through
narrative and visual/graphic forms.

Primary Media Print Material

Primary Storage Flash drive, CD

Resource Location Department of Education

Region VI – Western Visayas
Division of Aklan

Developer Joana J. Gumban