CHAPTER III:

METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III:
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents/discusses the proposed

methodology: the research design, the
respondents, tools for data gathering, and the
statistical tools in the treatment of data.
RESEARCH
DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN

 A RESEARCH DESIGN is the study plan that

provides the overall framework of collecting data
 Once the problem has been concretely formulated, a
design is developed to provide a format for the
detailed steps in the study
RESEARCH DESIGN
Characteristics of Research Design:
1. Neutrality: The results projected in research design should be free from
bias and neutral. 
2. Reliability: If a research is conducted on a regular basis, the researcher
involved expects similar results to be calculated every time. 
3. Validity: There are multiple measuring tools available for research
design but valid measuring tools are those which help a researcher in
gauging results according to the objective of research and nothing else.
4. Generalization: The outcome of research design should be applicable
to a population and not just a restricted sample. 
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Research design can be broadly classified into:

QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Research design can be
broadly classified into:
1. Quantitative research design -
Quantitative research finds the
answer to an inquiry by
compiling numerical evidence. It
counts and classifies components
and creates statistical models to
explain what is observed.
 QUANTITATIVE

EXPERIMENTAL NON-EXPERIMENTAL

Pre-Experimental Descriptive

Correlational
True Experimental
Developmental
Quasi Experimental
Epidemiological
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Research design can be broadly
classified into:
2. Qualitative research design -
Qualitative research is
subjective in approach and
attempts to understand human
behavior and the rationales that
govern it. It generates mainly
verbal data that is analyzed and
interpreted.
 QUALITATIVE

Biography

Ethnography

Phenomenology

Grounded Theory

Case Study
EXAMPLE:
Research Design
This research is a quantitative study of the status of implementation
of the IMCI Strategy in the BSN Curriculum in selected Colleges of
Nursing in Bulacan. This type of research is the most effective
method of finding out how well a program, practice, procedure, or
policy has been working or implemented. The goal of an evaluative
research is to assess and evaluate the success of a program or strategy,
so that appropriate plan of actions may be recommended and
suggested to further improve the said program.
 RESEARCH
ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

 The research environment refers to the populace that

was researched. In a thesis, you should describe how
and where the research was conducted.
RESPONDENTS

 Population – refers to the largest body of the case or

individuals being researched that conform a specific set of
particulars or eligibility criteria.
 Sample – a part of the whole. In research, the sample must
represent the population from which it was selected.
 Sampling – the process of selecting a representative part of
the whole.
RESPONDENTS

Factors that determine sample size:

1. Accessibility of the sample participants – a sample is
taken when it is not feasible to study the whole
population
2. Cost – only a limited number may be studied if no funds
are available
3. Amount of time available – If the time is limited, only a
small sample size may be gathered
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

PROBABILITY NON-PROBABILITY
Convenience/Accidental
Descriptive
Simple Random
Snowball/Network
Stratified Random Judgmental/Purposive
Cross Cultural
Systematic Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Cluster
Quota
RESPONDENTS

Types of Sampling and Selection Techniques:

1. Probability Sampling - involves random selection,
allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about
the whole group.
2. Non-Probability Sampling - involves non-random
selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing
you to easily collect data.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Simple random sampling – the selection of the sample

is done by chance. Lottery draws or a table of random
numbers are the best examples of this method
2. Stratified random sampling – the population is
subdivided into areas, sections, then random samples are
taken from each. Example: Divide the students into grade
levels and get random samples from each level.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

3. Systematic sampling – This consists of taking every nth

person in a school, community, or telephone directory.
Example: The researchers may decide to study every fifth
family in a barangay.
4. Cluster sampling – A small sample is taken from various
sections of the population. Example: In studying the
attitudes of teachers in Bulacan toward their work, a small
sample from each school will be taken
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1. Convenience or Accidental sampling – data are

collected from anyone most convenient available such as
people on the street or in a class.
2. Snowball or Network sampling – this is a kind of
convenience sampling that involves subjects suggesting
or referring other subjects who meet the researcher’s
eligibility criteria.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

3. Judgmental or Purposive sampling – researcher selects

and studies a specific number of a special group that
represents the target population with regards to certain such
as age, sex, or economic status.
4. Cross-cultural sampling – the study is conducted in a
variety of cultural setting. Example: Getting samples from
Tagalogs, Ilocanos, Visayans, Pampangos, Bicolanos
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

5. Longitudinal sampling – a given group of subjects are

studied for extended period of time, which can be
restrospective or prospective.
6. Cross-sectional sampling – the subjects are observed at
only one point in time Example: Asking SHS students their
choices of course after graduation
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

6. Quota sampling – The researcher identifies the strata of

the population and determines the proportion of elements
needed in various segments of the population.
AT THE BACK OF
YOUR PAPER,
TRY THIS!
A STORE PRINTS A REQUEST ON EACH
RECEIPT ASKING CUSTOMERS TO FILL OUT A
SATISFACTION SURVEY ONLINE IF THEY ARE
WILLING.

A. Simple Random

1
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A STORE PRINTS A REQUEST ON EACH
RECEIPT ASKING CUSTOMERS TO FILL OUT A
SATISFACTION SURVEY ONLINE IF THEY ARE
WILLING.

A. Simple Random

1
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
EACH STUDENT AT A SCHOOL HAS A STUDENT
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. COUNSELORS HAVE A
COMPUTER GENERATE 50 RANDOM
IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS, AND THE STUDENTS
ASSOCIATED WITH THOSE NUMBERS ARE ASKED TO
TAKE A SURVEY.

A. Simple Random

2
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
EACH STUDENT AT A SCHOOL HAS A STUDENT
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. COUNSELORS HAVE A
COMPUTER GENERATE 50 RANDOM
IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS, AND THE STUDENTS
ASSOCIATED WITH THOSE NUMBERS ARE ASKED TO
TAKE A SURVEY..

A. Simple Random

2
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A LARGE COMPANY SURVEYS 100 EMPLOYEES
BY TAKING RANDOM SAMPLES OF 10
MANAGERS AND 90 NON-MANAGERIAL
EMPLOYEES.

A. Simple Random

3
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A LARGE COMPANY SURVEYS 100 EMPLOYEES
BY TAKING RANDOM SAMPLES OF 10
MANAGERS AND 90 NON-MANAGERIAL
EMPLOYEES.

A. Simple Random

3
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A LARGE BAKERY MASS PRODUCES CAKES ON AN
ASSEMBLY LINE. EACH SHIFT, A QUALITY CONTROL
EXPERT RANDOMLY SELECTS ONE OF THE FIRST TEN
FINISHED CAKES, AND EVERY TENTH CAKE
THEREAFTER. EMPLOYEES WEIGH THOSE CAKES
AND GIVE THE CAKES A DETAILED VISUAL CHECK.

A. Simple Random

4
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A LARGE BAKERY MASS PRODUCES CAKES ON AN
ASSEMBLY LINE. EACH SHIFT, A QUALITY CONTROL
EXPERT RANDOMLY SELECTS ONE OF THE FIRST TEN
FINISHED CAKES, AND EVERY TENTH CAKE
THEREAFTER. EMPLOYEES WEIGH THOSE CAKES
AND GIVE THE CAKES A DETAILED VISUAL CHECK.

A. Simple Random

4
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A POLITICIAN ASKS HIS NEIGHBORS THEIR
OPINIONS ABOUT A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE.

A. Simple Random

5
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A POLITICIAN ASKS HIS NEIGHBORS THEIR
OPINIONS ABOUT A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE.

A. Simple Random

5
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
AN AIRLINE COMPANY WANTS TO SURVEY ITS
CUSTOMERS ONE DAY, SO THEY RANDOMLY
SELECT 5 FLIGHTS THAT DAY AND SURVEY
EVERY PASSENGER ON THOSE FLIGHTS.

A. Simple Random

6
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
AN AIRLINE COMPANY WANTS TO SURVEY ITS
CUSTOMERS ONE DAY, SO THEY RANDOMLY
SELECT 5 FLIGHTS THAT DAY AND SURVEY
EVERY PASSENGER ON THOSE FLIGHTS.

A. Simple Random

6
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A TV SHOW HOST ASKS HIS VIEWERS TO VISIT
HIS WEBSITE AND RESPOND TO AN ONLINE
POLL.

A. Simple Random

7
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
A TV SHOW HOST ASKS HIS VIEWERS TO VISIT
HIS WEBSITE AND RESPOND TO AN ONLINE
POLL.

A. Simple Random

7
B. Stratified Random
C. Cluster Random
D. Systematic Random
E. None of the Above
 LET US
COMPUTE FOR
APPROPRIATE
SAMPLE SIZE.
EXAMPLE

As for computing the respondents of this

study, the researchers decided to use the
Slovin’s formula to get the sample with
the margin of error of 10%.
EXAMPLE
COMPUTE!

If the total population is 1040, determine

the appropriate number sample using the
Slovin’s formula. Use 10% as the
margin of error.
EXAMPLE
GRADE LEVEL POPULATION SAMPLE

7 223 ?
8 193 ?
9 223 ?
10 193 ?
11 84 ?
12 114 ?
TOTAL 1040
ACTIVITY NO. 1
COMPUTE THE RESPONDENTS OF THIS STUDY, THE
RESEARCHERS DECIDED TO USE THE SLOVIN’S
FORMULA TO GET THE SAMPLE WITH THE MARGIN
OF ERROR OF 10%.

DISTRIBUTE THE SAMPLE PER GRADE LEVEL

GRADE LEVEL POPULATION SAMPLE
7 134 ?
8 98 ?
9 125 ?
10 162 ?
11 184 ?
12 185 ?
TOTAL
TOOLS FOR DATA
GATHERING
TOOLS FOR DATA GATHERING

The three basic methods are:

1. Observation
2. Questioning
3. Measurement
OBSERVATION

 The researcher watches while the data source

functions in the research situation
 Someone is watching and someone is being observed
QUESTIONING

 There is a verbal interaction between the researcher

and the data source
 The researcher is face-to-face with the respondents
and writes down their answers himself
 If he uses a questionnaire, the respondents are asked to
write their own answers and return the paper to the
researcher.
MEASURING

 There is a device of some type and the researcher

applies to the data source to obtain measurement
 Laboratory tests and the use of thermometers or
scales are common
TOOLS FOR DATA GATHERING

Characteristics of a good research instrument:

1. Reliability
2. Validity
3. Sensitivity
4. Meaningfully
5. Objectively
6. Ethically
RELIABILITY

 It refers to the accuracy or precision of the tool.

 If administered twice, the instrument should provide
identical data
VALIDITY

 It refers to the relevancy of the measurement to the

study being done
SENSITIVITY

 It means that the fine lines of difference among the

study subjects can be determined from the
measurements
MEANINGFULNESS

 It means that the measurement must have a practical

application
 An instrument is appropriate if it is applicable to the
subjects being tested
OBJECTIVELY

 Is the one that is free from bias

ETHICALLY

 Do not violate the human rights of the client

EXAMPLE:
The tool for data gathering to be used in this study is the
questionnaires formulated for each respondent.
The questionnaire consists of four parts. Each part will aim to
provide answers to the identified sub- problems. The first part of the
questionnaire provides answers _________. The second part
identifies the __________. The third part contains__________ to
determine the _________. The respondents were asked to evaluate
their level of competency as to the score of 4 – Very Competent, 3-
Competent, 2- Less Competent and 1- Not Competent. The fourth
part contains questions _________.
DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURES
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
The researchers first asked for the approval of a research adviser on
the research topic then make out the survey questionnaires that would
be used for gathering the needed data. The researchers also seek for
the approval of the Principal for conducting the survey among the
selected Senior High School students of Cambaog National High
School. ________ respondents were statistically selected from Grade
11 and Grade 12. The data gathered from the survey will help for the
accomplishment of this research study.
LET’S REVIEW
CHAPTER 2
ASSESSMENT NO. 6
TRUE OR FALSE: Draw 😊 if the statement is TRUE and ☹ if the
statement is false.
______ 1. The running head should not exceed one line.
______ 2. The essay must be double-spaced and must have 1.5”
margins.
______ 3. The page header should include the “Running head:” on any
page after the title page.
______ 4. Every page of the essay should include a page header in the
upper right-hand corner and the page number in the upper left.
______ 5. Personal communication when used as source of information
should not be included in the reference list.
ASSESSMENT NO. 6
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Create the appropriate in-text citations required in each of
the work presented below.

WORK 1: Author: Flaudette Datuin

Date of Publication: June 12, 2016
Source of information: Page 11
Cite the reference of the information taken from the above-
mentioned source utilizing a signal phrase method: 6.
__________________________ and without a signal phrase
method: 7. __________________________
ASSESSMENT NO. 6
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Create the appropriate in-text citations required in
each of the work presented below.

WORK 2: Authors: Flaudette Datuin and Roberto Paulino

Date of Publication: June 12, 2016
Source of information: Page 11
Cite the above-mentioned work with 2 authors utilizing a signal
phrase method: 7. __________________________ and without
a signal phrase method 8. __________________________
ASSESSMENT NO. 6
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Create the appropriate in-text citations required in each of
the work presented below.

WORK 3: Authors: Flaudette Datuin, Roberto Paulino, Eileen

Ramirez, and Louise Marcelino
Date of Publication: June 12, 2016
Source of information: Page 11
Cite all the authors and the year of publication of the above-
mentioned work in parenthesis: 9.
_____________________________________________
ASSESSMENT NO. 6
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Create the appropriate in-text citations required in each of
the work presented below.

WORK 4: Authors: Flaudette Datuin, Roberto Paulino, Eileen

Ramirez, Louise Marcelino, Josefina Cruz, and Corazon Fernandez
Date of Publication: June 12, 2016
Source of information: Page 11
Utilizing the above mentioned information, indicate the proper way
of citing a work with six and or more authors in the space provided:
10. __________________________________________________
ASSESSMENT NO. 6
FILL IN THE BLANKS: Supplement each blank with appropriate
abbreviation or punctuation marks.

Although income-based rankings are important,

these __are not the only measure of
development__ (Calhoun __ Keller__ 1997, __.
400)
LET’S REVIEW
CHAPTER 3
ASSESSMENT NO. 7
You want to study and understand the rice
consumption pattern across Bustos. While it
might not be possible to cover every
household, you could draw meaningful

1
insights by building your sample from
different districts or villages (depending on
the scope). What sampling technique will
you use?
ASSESSMENT NO. 7
Suppose a supermarket in Bustos wants to
study the buying habits of their customers.
The student-researchers will choose every
10th or 15th customer entering the

2
supermarket and conduct the study. What
sampling technique will they use?
ASSESSMENT NO. 7
If 38% of the population is college-educated
and 62% of the population has not been to
college, then 38% of the sample is randomly
selected from the college-educated subset of

3
the population and 62% of the sample is
randomly selected from the non-college-
going population. What kind of sampling
method do they use?
ASSESSMENT NO. 7
This method is often used during
preliminary research efforts to get a gross
estimate of the results, without incurring the
cost or time required to select a random

4
sample.
ASSESSMENT NO. 7
You need the sample to reflect certain
features that are difficult to find. You want to
conduct a survey of people who go jogging
in a certain park every morning. What

5
sampling method is appropriate for this
study?
END
EXAMPLE
GRADE LEVEL POPULATION SAMPLE

7 223 19.72
8 193 17.02
9 223 19.72
10 193 17.02
11 84 7.43
12 114 10.08
TOTAL 1040 91.23