PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

A Qualitative Research
DESCRIBING SAMPLING
PROCEDURE
AND SAMPLE
THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT
TERMINOLOGIES FOR YOU TO TAKE NOTE:

- refers to a portion or part of the

population that is representative of the population.
- are individuals or groups of people
who actively serve as sources of information during
data collection.
THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT
TERMINOLOGIES FOR YOU TO TAKE NOTE:

- refers to your method or process of

selecting respondents or people to answer questions
meant to yield data for a research study
- the bigger group from where you
choose the sample that possess some common
characteristics
THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT
TERMINOLOGIES FOR YOU TO TAKE NOTE:

- is the term used to mean

the list of the members of such population from
where you will get the sample
- In probability
sampling, every member of the population has a
known chance of participating in the study.
 HISTORY OF SAMPLING

The beginning of sampling could be traced back to the early

political activities of the Americans, in 1920 when Literary
Digest did a pioneering survey about the American citizens’
favorite among the 1920 presidential candidates. This was the
very first survey that served as the impetus for the discovery
by academic researchers of other sampling strategies that
they categorized into two classes: probability sampling and
non-probability sampling. (Babbie 2013)
Brown (2006) summarizes the advantages of sampling in
the following points
a. Makes the research of any type and size manageable;
b. Significantly saves the cost of the research;
c. Results in more accurate research findings;
d. Provides an opportunity to process the information in a
more efficient way;
e. Accelerates the speed of primary data collection
(Dudovskiy, 2016)
 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING PROCEDURE

There are numerous ways of getting a sample, but here are the
most commonly used sampling methods.

1. Simple Random Sampling

2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
1. Convenience Sampling
2. Purposive Sampling
3. Quota Sampling
4. Volunteer Sampling
5. Snowball Sampling
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

is a type of sampling
in which all the members of an entire population
have a chance of being selected. This is also
called as scientific sampling, and is commonly
used in quantitative research.
a. Simple Random Sampling is a method of choosing
samples in which all the members of the population are
given an equal chance of being selected. It is an unbiased
way of selection, as samples are drawn by chance. There
are various ways of obtaining samples through simple
random sampling (Treece & Treece, 1986). These include
the roulette wheel, fishbowl method, and the use of table
of random numbers.
 : Observe the following steps using the fishbowl method:
i. The sampling frame, or a list of all the subjects or elements of the
population in question, should be prepared.
ii. All the names of the subjects or elements should be written
down on strips of paper (one name per strip of paper).
iii. The strips of paper with the listed names are then placed in a
bowl or container.
iv. Samples can be drawn as desired.
b. Systematic Random Sampling is a method of
selecting every nth element of a population,
e.g., every fifth, eighth, ninth, or eleventh
element until the desired sample size is
reached.
 : If you want to have a sample of 150, you
may select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a
list of 1,500 students, take every 15th name on the list
until you complete the total number of respondents to
constitute your sample.
c. Stratified Random Sampling is a method
where the population is divided into different
strata (groups), and then the sampling follows.
Age, gender, and educational qualifications are
some possible criteria used to divide a
population into strata.
 : A researcher will study the common
effects of smoking on high school students. The
researcher decides to select equal numbers of
students from the freshman, sophomore, junior,
and senior levels.
d. Cluster Sampling is used in large-scale studies.
Clusters are representative samples of the population
as a whole. After the clusters are established, a simple
random sample of the clusters is drawn and the
members of the chosen clusters are sampled.
Sampling procedures are difficult and time-
consuming.
 : A researcher wants to interview 100
teachers across the country. It will be difficult and
expensive on their part to have respondents in 100
different cities or provinces. Cluster sampling is
helpful for the researcher who randomly selects the
regions (first cluster), then selects the schools (second
cluster), and then the number of teachers.
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

disregards random
selection of subjects. The subjects are chosen based
on their availability or the purpose of the study, and in
some cases, on the sole discretion of the researcher.
This is not a scientific way of selecting respondents,
and is commonly used in qualitative research.
a. Convenience Sampling involves choosing
respondents at the convenience of the
researcher. It is also called accidental or
incidental sampling.
 : A researcher intends to study the
elementary students of a particular school and has
determined the desired sample size. Due to the study’s
constraints, the elementary pupils who are present at
the time of the researcher’s visit to the school will be
chosen as respondents.
b. Purposive Sampling involves
handpicking subjects, usually to suit very
specific intentions. This is also called
judgmental sampling.
 : In a study about honor students,
the researcher uses a list of honor students
and chooses the necessary number of
respondents, to the exclusion of all other
students.
c. Quota Sampling is somewhat similar to stratified sampling,
in that the population is divided into strata, and the researcher
deliberately sets specific proportions in the sample, whether
or not the resulting proportion is reflective of the total
population. This is commonly done to the ensure the inclusion
of a particular segment of the population.
 : A researcher wants to survey the employees of a
company regarding their thoughts on the company’s new
policies. The researcher intends to have representatives from
all departments in his sample, but one department is so small
that doing random sampling might result in that department
not being represented. The researcher then sets a quota of
respondents from that department to ensure their inclusion in
the sample.
d. Volunteer Sampling involves people who self-
select into the survey. Often, these folks have a
strong interest in the main topic of the survey.
 : A noontime show like ‘It’s Showtime
asks viewers to participate in an online poll, or
to vote for the winner in “Tawag ng Tanghalan.”
This would be a volunteer sample since the
sample is chosen by the viewers, not by the
survey administrator.
e. Snowball Sampling does not give a specific set of samples,
similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly. This is
true for a study involving unspecified group of people.
Dealing with varied groups of people such as street children,
drug dependents, gang members, informal settlers, street
vendors, and the like is possible in this kind of non-probability
sampling.
A snowball sample is achieved by asking a
participant to suggest someone else who might
be willing or appropriate from the study.
 STRATEGIES TO OBTAIN A QUALITY
SAMPLE
1. Focus on the study
2. Find a representative sample
3. Determine a recruitment strategy
4. Consult with the community to identify and recruit potential
participants
5. Avoid selection bias
6. Do not give up after the first attempt to recruit a potential participant
7. Allow flexibility in the process
 STRATEGIES TO OBTAIN A QUALITY
SAMPLE

1. - Make certain that the research

question is feasible and the study answers a question
with clear variables.
2. - Determine the necessary
addition and omission criteria for the study population
such that findings cane exactly generalize or identify
results to the target group.
 STRATEGIES TO OBTAIN A QUALITY
SAMPLE

3. - Spell out a plan to

identify and enroll study participants. This may entail
screening or establishing criteria fro number, location,
and sampling method.
 STRATEGIES TO OBTAIN A QUALITY
SAMPLE

4.
– Study existing infrastructure to discover venues of
contacting suitable samples. Researchers must also be
considerate and receptive to the recommendation of local
experts and leaders.
5. - It is also essential to recruit a fitting
comparison group.
 STRATEGIES TO OBTAIN A QUALITY
SAMPLE

6.
- Follow-up using various communication strategies, including
personal, written, or electronic messaging. The importance of
personal contact should not be undervalued.
7. - If existing recruitment
strategies are resulting to inadequate enrollment of
participants or modifications are made in criteria of
participants, the solution may be to change the sampling plan.