Statistical Analysis with Software Application - BBSTATSL

EDUCATION THE WORKS

Presentation

3
of
Data
Cris Angelo P. Salonga,LPT
CAPS
Professor
 At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Compare the forms (textual, tabular, and graphical) of data.

2. Identify the essential parts of a table and describe the different kinds of
graphs for data presentation.
Objectives

3. Draw the graph/table to present the data.

4. Analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table.
 Organization of Data
OUTLINES

Graphing Statistical Data

Whatever exists at all exists
in some amount…and
whatever exists in some
amount can be measured.
- Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)
Organization of Data
 Organization of Data
• Frequency Distribution is a grouping of the data into
categories showing the number of observations in each of
the non-overlapping classes.
• Raw Data is the data collected in original form.
• Range is the difference of the highest value and the
Terminologies

lowest value in a distribution.

• Frequency Distribution it is the organization of data in a
tabular form, using mutually exclusive classes showing
the number of observations in each.
 Organization of Data
• Class Limits it is the highest and lower values describing
a class.
• Class Boundaries it is the upper and lower values of a
class for group frequency distribution whose values has
additional decimal place more than the class limits and
Terminologies

end with the digit 5.

• Class Interval it is the distance between the class lower
boundary and the class upper boundary, and it is denoted
by the symbol .
• Frequency it is the number of values in a specific class of
a frequency distribution.
 Organization of Data
• Midpoint it is the point halfway between class limits of each class
and is representative of the data within that class.
• Cumulative Frequency it is used to determine the number of
observations that lie above (or below) a particular value in a data set.
• Percentage it is obtained by multiplying the relative frequency by
100%
Terminologies
Organization of Data

Kinds of Frequency
Distribution

Categorical Frequency Grouped Frequency

Distribution Distribution
 Organization of Data
• Categorical Frequency Distribution is used to organize nominal-level or
ordinal-level type of data.
Categorical Frequency Distribution

Class Frequency Percentage

Steps in creating CFD
1. Construct a table
2. Tally the raw data Total

3. Convert the tallied data into numerical frequencies.

4. Determine the percentage. The percentage using the formula:
 Organization of Data
Example:
Twenty applicants were given a performance evaluation appraisal.
The data set is

High High High Low Average

Average Low Average Average Average
Example 1

Low Average Average High High

Low Low Average High High
 Organization of Data
• Grouped Frequency Distribution is used when the range of the data set is
large.
Grouped Frequency Distribution

Class Relative
f LCB UCB CM <CF >CF
Interval Frequency

TOTAL
 Organization of Data
Steps in creating GFD
Step (0) | Arrange the data
Step (1) | Find the range (R) of the data:
Grouped Frequency Distribution

Step (2) | Decide the approximate number of classes:

Step(3) | Determine the approximate class interval size (C):
Step(4) | 1st Column of the FDT : Class Interval LL-UL
Step(5) | 2nd Column of the FDT: Tally the raw data
Step(6) | 3rd Column of the FDT: Class frequency (f)
Step(7) | 4th and 5th Column of the FDT: Determine the LCB and UCB
Step(8) | 6th Column of the FDT: Determine the classmark
Step(9) | 7th and 8th Column of the FDT: Cumulate the Frequency: <CF & >CF
Step(10) | 9th Column of the FDT: Relative Frequency Percentage
 Organization of Data
Example:
SJS Travel Agency, a nationwide local travel agency, offers special
rates on summer period. The owner wants additional information on the
ages of those people taking travel tours. A random sample of 50 customers
taking travel tours last summer revealed these ages.

18 29 42 57 61 67 37 49 47 53
Example 2

24 34 45 58 63 70 39 51 48 54
28 36 46 60 66 77 40 52 49 56
19 31 44 58 62 68 38 50 48 54
27 36 46 59 64 74 39 51 48 55
Graphing Statistical
Data
Graphing Statistical Data (Grouped Frequency Distribution)

Histogram

Frequency Polygon

Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)

Graphing Statistical Data

Histogram
It is a graph in which the
classes are marked on the
horizontal axis and the
frequencies on the vertical
axis. The height of the bars
represents the class
frequencies, and the bars are
drawn adjacent to each other.
Graphing Statistical Data

Frequency Polygon
It is a graph that displays
the data using points which are
connected by lines. The
frequencies are represented by
the heights of the points at the
midpoints of the classes. The
vertical axis represents the
frequency of the distribution
while the horizontal axis
represents the midpoints of the
frequency distribution.
Graphing Statistical Data

Cumulative
Frequency Polygon
(Ogive)
It is a graph that
displays the cumulative
frequencies for the classes in
a frequency distribution. The
vertical axis represents the
upper-class boundaries of
the frequency distribution.
Graphing Statistical Data (Categorical Frequency Distribution)

Pareto Chart

Bar Chart

Pie Chart
Graphing Statistical Data (Categorical Frequency Distribution)

Pareto Chart
• It is a graph used to represent a frequency distribution for a categorical data
(or nominal level) and frequencies are displayed by the heights of vertical
bars, which are arranged in order from highest to lowest.

Example: Construct a Pareto Chart for the sales of the following favorite products

Products Sales Products Sales

Junk Foods 135 Candy 250
Candy 250 Arrange the data from Chocolate 210
Ice Cream 185 highest to lowest Ice Cream 185
Chocolate 210 Junk Foods 135
Others 90 Others 90
Graphing Statistical Data (Categorical Frequency Distribution)

Pareto Chart

Products Sales
Candy 250
Chocolate 210
Ice Cream 185
Junk Foods 135
Others 90
Graphing Statistical Data (Categorical Frequency Distribution)

Bar Charts
• It is like histogram. The bases of the rectangles are arbitrary intervals whose centers are
the codes. The height of each rectangle represents the frequency of that category. It is
also applicable for categorical data.

Example: Construct a Bar Chart for the sales of the following favorite products

Products Sales
Junk Foods 135
Candy 250
Ice Cream 185
Chocolate 210
Others 90
Graphing Statistical Data (Categorical Frequency Distribution)

Pie Charts
• It is a circle divided into portions that represent the relative frequencies
(percentages) of the data belonging to different categories.
Example: Construct a Pie Chart for the sales of the following products

Products Sales %
Junk Foods 135 16
Candy 250 29
Ice Cream 185 21
Chocolate 210 24
Others 90 10
870
 Textbooks
• Sirug, W.S. (2018). Mathematics in the modern world: a CHED general education curriculum compliant. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
• Nocon, R. C., & Nocon, E.G. (2018). Essential mathematics for the modern world. C&E Publishing, Inc.
Online
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• https://emptyeasel.com/2009/01/20/a-guide-to-the-golden-ratio-aka-golden-section-or-golden-mean-for-artists/
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ADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgjECc6CAgAELEDEIMBOgUIABCxAzoECAAQQ1DpnQVY36wFYKGyBWgAcAB4AIAByAGIAd0FkgEFMS4zLjGYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8A
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oICAAQCBAHEB46CAgAEAcQBRAeUOuEBFjUlgRg0Z0EaABwAHgAgAGGAogBxAmSAQU0LjUuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=GC4yX87BDu6Wr7wPjcKRsAs&bih=667&biw=1366#
imgrc=uFkisIo0O5UqSM

• https://www.google.com/search?q=fractals+on+lightning&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj7pbOgt5LrAhUJTZQKHT3qAhoQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=fractals+on+lightning&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECCMQJzoECAAQQzoCCAA6BQ
gAELEDOgcIABCxAxBDOgQIABAeOgQIABATOggIABAFEB4QEzoGCAAQHhATOggIABAIEB4QE1CyrQVY-_sFYNaDBmgBcAB4AIAB3wGIAfwTkgEGMTMuOC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclie
nt=img&ei=Xi4yX_v-K4ma0QS91IvQAQ&bih=667&biw=1366#imgrc=fMtDCLCWh7MJ5M

• https://www.google.com/search?q=tesselations+in+nature&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjL-obQt5LrAhWGuJQKHXcqA14Q2-cCegQIABAA&oq=tesselations+in+nature&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQEzoECCMQJzoHCCMQ6
gIQJzoFCAAQsQM6AggAOgQIABBDOgQIABAeOggIABAFEB4QE1CFtBdYrvMXYIj3F2gBcAB4BIABlQKIAdcgkgEHMTMuMjEuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEKwAEB&sclient=img&ei=wi4yX8uRKIbx0
gT31IzwBQ&bih=667&biw=1366#imgrc=h29D93_o0EBqMM

• https://www.google.com/search?q=stripes+in+nature&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjQx9CLuZLrAhUNzYsBHXMfCOAQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=stripes+in+nature&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQEzIICAAQCBAeEBM6BAgjECc
6BAgAEEM6BQgAELEDOgIIADoECAAQHjoICAAQBRAeEBNQ-KJtWLnTbWDh121oAnAAeACAAfMBiAGmD5IBBjEwLjguMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=TDAyX9DxAY2ar7wP876g
gA4&bih=667&biw=1366
References

• https://www.google.com/search?q=trees&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwidspCKwJLrAhXmzIsBHc3cDy8Q2-cCegQIABAA&oq=trees&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIC
CAAyAggAMgIIADIECAAQQzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoECCMQJzoFCAAQsQM6BwgAELEDEENQuokTWPmPE2C1lBNoAHAAe
ACAAW2IAdYDkgEDMy4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=nzcyX93mOOaZr7wPzbm_-AI&bih=667&biw=1366

• https://www.google.com/search?q=symmetry+in+nature&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjPiqzuw5LrAhWHA5QKHZVuDKIQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=symmetry+&g
s_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgBMgQIIxAnMgQIIxAnMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgQIABAeMgQIABAeMgQIABAeMgQIABAeMgQIABAeOgQIABBDOgUIABCxA
zoICAAQsQMQgwFQ0rMFWN3DBWD1zQVoAHAAeACAAc0BiAG2CJIBBTIuNi4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=lzsyX4
_jGIeH0ASV3bGQCg&bih=667&biw=1366

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkGeOWYOFoA
Thanks for Listening…
END OF PRESENTATION