Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation
(SMCE)
Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation
(SMCE)
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Pendahuluan (1)
 One of the most important applications of GIS is the
display and analysis of data to support the process of
Spatial MCDM (multi criteria decision-making).
 A decision can be defined as a choice between
alternatives, where the alternatives may be different
actions, locations, objects, and the like.
 For example, one might need to choose which is the
best location for a hazardous waste facility, or perhaps
identify which areas will be best suited for a new
development.
 decisions can be classified into two extensive
categories: policy decisions and resource allocation
decisions.
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Pendahuluan (3)
 To be rational, decisions will be necessarily based on one
or more criteria measurable attributes of the alternatives
being considered, that can be combined and evaluated in
the form of a decision rule.
 In some circumstances, allocation decisions can be
made on the basis of a single criterion. However, more
frequently, a variety of criteria is required. For example,
the choice between a set of waste disposal sites might
be based upon criteria such as proximity to access
roads, distance from residential and protected lands,
current land use, and so on.
ISI:
 Konsep tentang SMCE
 Pengukuran fuzzy standardisasinya
 Penentuan bobot untuk pengambilan
keputusan.
 Contoh penerapan SMCE
Pendahuluan (2)
 Resource allocation decisions, as the name suggests,
are concerned with control over the direct use of
resources to achieve a particular goal.
 Ultimately, policy decisions have a similar aim. However,
they do so by establishing legislative instruments that are
intended to influence the resource allocation decisions of
others.
 For example, a government body might reduce taxes on
land allocated to a particular crop as an incentive to its
introduction. This is clearly a policy decision; but it is the
farmer who makes the decision about whether to allocate
land to that crop or not.
Konsep tentang SMCE (1)
 Conventional multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)
techniques have largely been non-spatial.
 The most signicant difference between spatial multi-criteria
decision analysis and the conventional multi-criteria decision
analysis is the explicit presence of a spatial component.
 Spatial multi-criteria decision analysis therefore requires data
on the geographical locations of alternatives and/or
geographical data on criterion values.
 To obtain information for the decision making process the
data are processed using both MCDM and GIS techniques.
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Konsep tentang SMCE (2)
 Spatial multi-criteria decision analysis is a process
that combines and transforms geographical data
(the input) into a decision (the output).
 This process consists of procedures that involve the
utilization of geographical data, the decision maker's
preferences and the manipulation of the data and
preferences according to specied decision rules.
 In this process multidimensional geographical data and
information can be aggregated into one-dimensional
values for the alternatives.
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Konsep tentang SMCE (4)
 SMCE is an important way to produce policy relevant
information about spatial decision problems to decision
makers.
 The objective of the evaluation is to rank all
alternatives, the evaluation table of maps has to be
transformed into a single final ranking of alternatives.
 Actually, the function has to aggregate not only the
effects but also the spatial component. To deffine such a
function is rather complicated.
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Konsep tentang SMCE (6)
 To deffine such a function is rather complicated.
Therefore, the function is simplied by dividing it into two
operations:
(1) aggregation of the spatial component, and
(2) aggregation of the criteria.
 These two operations can be carried out in different
orders, which are visualized in Fig. 2 as Path 1 and Path
2.
 The distinguishing feature of these two paths is the order
in which aggregation takes place.
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Konsep tentang SMCE (3)
 The diference with conventional multi-criteria decision
analysis is the large number of factors necessary to
identify and consider, and, the extent of the
interrelationships among these factors. These factors
make spatial multi-criteria decision analysis much more
complex and dificult.
 GIS and MCDM are tools that can support the decision
makers in achieving greater efectiveness and eficiency in
the spatial decision-making process.
 The combination of multi-criteria evaluation methods
and spatial analysis is referred as spatial multiple
criteria evaluation.
Konsep tentang SMCE (5)
An SMCE problem can be visualized as an evaluation table of maps or as a map of
evaluation tables.
Konsep tentang SMCE (7)
 In the first path, the first step is aggregation across spatial
units (here spatial analysis is the principal tool); the
second step is aggregation across criteria, with multi-
criteria analysis playing the main role.
 In the second path these steps are taken in reverse order.
In the first case, the effect of one alternative for one
criterion is a map. This case can be used when
evaluating the spatial evaluation problem using so called
Path 1. In the second case, every location has its own 0-
dimensional problem and can best be used when
evaluating the spatial problem using the so called Path 2
(Fig. 2).
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 Pengukuran fuzzy (1)
Fuzzy System (sistem kabur) didasari atas konsep himpunan kabur yang
memetakan domain input ke dalam domain keluaran.
Perbedaan mendasar himpunan tegas dengan himpunan kabur adalah
nilai keluarannya.
Himpunan tegas hanya memiliki dua nilai output yaitu nol atau satu,
sedangkan himpunan kabur memiliki banyak nilai keluaran yang dikenal
dengan derajat keanggotaannya.
A = {(x, (x)) | x∈ X, (x)∈[0,1]} A A μ μ (1)
Dimana:
(x) A μ adalah fungsi derajat keanggotaan x pada himpunan fuzzy A,
X adalah semesta pembicaraaan atau domain input.
Pada suatu domain input dapat dibuat beberapa fungsi derajat
keanggotaan yang merupakan predikat dari himpunan fuzzynya.
Proses pemetaan sebuah domain input ke dalam himpunan fuzzy nya
dikenal sebagai proses fuzzifikasi.
Gambar: Cara kerja fuzzy logic metode Tsukamoto
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Penentuan bobot: pengambilan keputusan (2)
Saaty’s pairwise com-
parison procedure for
the derivation of factor
weights.
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Pengukuran fuzzy (2)
Tahapan inferensi fuzzy: proses mengabungkan tahapan fuzzifikasi
dengan tahapan aturan untuk menghasilkan keluaran.
Tahapan inferensi dapat dilakukan dengan metode Tsukamoto (metode
lain, misalnya metode Mamdani dan metode Sugeno).
Inferensi metoda Tsukamoto (lih. Gambar berikut). Sistem terdiri dari
dua domain masukan A dan B serta satu domain keluaran C. Domain
masukan mempunyai dua buah fungsi keanggotaan A1, A2 dan B1, B2.
Selain itu sistem inferensinya memiliki dua aturan. Proses pertama
menentukan nilai α-predikat (fire-strength) dan nilai keluaran dari setiap
aturan yang ada.
α-predikat (fire-strength) dan nilai keluaran dilambangkan dengan αi dan
zi. Menentukan keluaran akhirnya dari setiap aturan:
 α-predikat dari suatu aturan adalah nilai derajat keanggotaan dari
premis aturannya;
 nilai keluaran, zi, dari suatu aturan adalah nilai inverse fungsi
keangotaan keluarannya dengan variabel tak bebasnya adalah αi .
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Penentuan bobot: pengambilan keputusan (1)
Given the consideration of factors as fuzzy sets and the nature of
the aggregation process, the criterion weights of weighted linear
combination clearly represent trade-off weights – that is,
expressions of the manner in which they will trade with other
factors when aggregated in multi-criteria evaluation.
Rao et al (1991) have suggested that a logical process for the
development of such weights is the procedure of pairwise
comparisons developed by Saaty (1977).
In this process each factor is rated for its importance relative to
every other factor using a 9-point reciprocal scale (i.e. If 7
represents substantially more important, 1/7 would indicate
substantially less important).
This leads to a n x n matrix of ratings (where n is the number of
factors being considered). Saaty (1977) has shown that the
principal eigenvector of this matrix represents a best fit set of
weights.
Contoh Penerapan SMCE
Baca makalah:
 Site selection for waste disposal through spatial
multiple criteria decision analysis oleh Sharifi, M.A.,
and Retsios, V., (2004), Journal of Telecommunication
and Information Technology.
 Will the application of spatial multi criteria evaluation
technique enhance the quality of decision-making to
resolve boundary conflicts in the Philippines, oleh
Kamruzzaman, Md. and Baker, D., (2013), Land Use
Policy 34 (2013) 11– 26.