1.8.

3 Data Defi nition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML)

SQL (structured query language) DDL (data definition language)

DDL

A language used to create, modify structure of a database, table and

fields.
1. Create a database
CREATE DATABASE testDB;

2. Drop or delete a database

DROP DATABASE testDB;

3. Create a table and define its fields, data type and size
CREATE TABLE Persons (PersonID int, LastName varchar(25),FirstName
varchar(25), Address varchar(50), City varchar(20));

4. Drop or delete a table

DROP TABLE Shippers;

5. Create a table with primary key

CREATE TABLE Persons (ID int NOT NULL, LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255), Age int, PRIMARY KEY (ID));

6. Alter existing table and add primary key

ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);

7. Alter existing table and drop primary key

ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP PRIMARY KEY;

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8. Create table and add a Foreign key

CREATE TABLE Orders (OrderID int NOT NULL, OrderNumber int NOT NULL, PersonID
int, PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID
));

9. Alter a table and add a foreign key

ALTER TABLE Orders

ADD FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(PersonID);

10. To drop a FOREIGN KEY

ALTER TABLE Orders

DROP FOREIGN KEY FK_PersonOrder;

11. To add a new field in an existing table.

ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD DateOfBirth date;

SQL DML (Data manipulation language)

DML

A language used to query and maintain data in a table.

1.
INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, PostalCode, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Stavanger', '4006', 'Norway');
or

INSERT INTO Customers ('Cardinal', 'Stavanger', '4006', 'Norway')

2.
DELETE FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';

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3.
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName = 'Alfred Schmidt', City= 'Frankfurt'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;

4.

UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Juan'
WHERE Country='Mexico';

5.

UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Juan';

6.

DELETE FROM Customers

WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';

7.

DELETE * FROM table_name;

8.

SELECT CustomerName, City FROM Customers;

9.

SELECT Country FROM Customers;

10. ‘*’ means all the fields in a table (wildcard)

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Mexico';

11.

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE CustomerID=1;

12.

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Germany' AND City='Berlin';

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13.

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE NOT Country='Germany';

14.

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Germany' AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');

15.

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE NOT Country='Germany' AND NOT Country='USA';

16.

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country;

17.

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country DESC;

18.

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;

19.

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;

20.

SELECT CustomerId, CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City, PostalCode,

Country FROM Customers GROUP BY Country;

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21. SQL INNER JOIN Keyword

The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as there is a match
between the columns in both tables.

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SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID

FROM Customers INNER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID;

Output

22.
SELECT Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderID
FROM Customers INNER JOIN Orders
ON Customers.CustomerID = Orders.CustomerID
ORDER BY Customers.CustomerName;

Practice questions
1

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DML

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Answer

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10

Question

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