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Ht ste Rae Lh Nala +3H() = QNUI) DH = 92. kT nyt Be tee al ey oo | saytom hatlwuasd rovelion mst be | whedleontwic «ger inch oni ‘ tae Maslin te fuletig Scanned with CamScannerThe oslouarel i . ‘bin, will “ie fond alge, 2 fon of one 4 tho Anneliiou belay > AG) + 38/3) =» Cla) + 0/9) Ip ualoy of Aol (hoe fa ox bul ob fr Oat posture 2 quelog ( oath 1 ve ig 9 tho lene Bs Bo yovdion of equulicig waul se A th 2 No NOul9) Can Ad Aoadion , Bio, Oe More Wp, densa Maloy Pan pad WAM. bs Mig Me, Pressure tueull esul-in She, gyi Of yibibnion “Hitfing 5 Me Aah. 2604(9) = 2S0, (9) +0,(9) He wo. ofpaduel olay ote pealiy hou they Aenetiul Q ran Bye fad acl é aaa hy it» He pion 9 ili ScannedwithCamScannera ee QR + bb cC ra) , C= ft (c] fo al Aaptosenly Me Lourautalion af C (Al* fay? 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"oc Monelien yrnecealy famntly Me right ox will, Jub ext, Of Alyy dew thoy Uompatodd fg fe, thor sate tuwol Gresion Ke walues $b iy important Le tate that ss Scanned with CamScannerAoaetiwly Ounol pracholj Sd a Causalaie of 16 te Ho toueulbaliony 0.0350 0.300 0.0500 0.100 Scanned with CamScannerOo : 2 bu Vonphinen pishind A = (uct . _ 6.) = 400 Jim fz) [o.os]efo-o5) Nan ain ful al 3 ; i [is (2]—ouasfoas] Ve ke fpr lis snclion ot 23° ky kes The sain aiid as + ( (04 4 ly Hom bo Ke dale | lil won Mal @, Lay yma, 64 ha Aoneion Aanbhag ‘aya j Ms fut. fl uy Uuby a On Honwte iy bay dacavng Hie, Coe wiles US dhe the $ eet ot Sina 2 Tonle Ui ae feat pes Or Ke, punsliniseta iin, — PtlHh vl wot slit ssi fe Aone [ Hie) ‘Scanned with CamScarMate on ke he | Ear the Avaalion ahi exeted) He, crpileriuy aust or fice ke o uk iy Aonslinn Caulel hae. alt bean | pa? xB) tuvilin Like bis > oC 10d sah +bo uh fy lhin Agnelion Ke [Ata We con feo Hat ‘ely hilt ke We Lon yee Bhat te, vale 0} He, exilim Conf tie Coleulle, opel ts to, Wty tue tari fla, Actin, “When reaction in Aguebtes| —> Kee +, oie cueind, Mon Ke qu muntel» ak rhb = tor [h Ay fol? k, a (cf of (seat WO (Te gb “When fhe Hwhiondie, cuit ave uli Ay -L6}/ ke it Mparoo Wr * Habsing Jhe eoe}fitinla > fou roth ke = Tec { onke We brow dak Ala eyalibsca eouial io ony doped i tafuanecal ey fhe, eowenttalivacsh; Aoupeutite of lich a yf, Aout cory We home bec comply of paneling in eulih pven Aleengh ihe gm newelily 2 ptaduety che He, joa, (shou the, Liapernbire 11 Scanned with CamScanneriat we abn ecilut she of al Sed wa ald why COG) +24) = CHy0K (9) pue-4OkT wort Wo Avail reselion is on aastowie s000ion jo He beelanatl pow & an eulathonwie Feaalion . bey fla, Patel,» tne, Wusul aus ok 2 HE ane mn He poviin rae ih 1 wae th Ie sgl Mil) + Or) == QMO) Ane -34 k JulYson of ra . 4 “Vo capililrnian cout quay v4 irwlion about She ytlionah Onn , wil in He 1 ema setae at Wow quieldy flo Arenelion wea Kaun dl, ot 2b Bs ole cowtgul ‘a Aihoruuaion ion Ohout ba ie ein u tury obtamen, ue, Ws pont. il a oh wal ban Be adi prec porilion of Optimization of ehewieer! reactions EFS LEE : mE z r é . i = z £ > [ =F \Pais Fritz Haber was born in what is now Poland but moved to Germany early in his career. Together with Carl Bosch, also of Germany, he developed the process for the industrial synthesis of ammonia from its elements, and the first factory for ammonia production opened in Germany in 1913, ust before World War |. This development had enormous significance for the country at war: it enabled the continued production of explosives despite the fact that imports of nitrate from Chile, used for producing nitric acid and explosives such as TNT, were barred through the blockaded ports. This effectively enabled Germany to continue its war efforts for another 4 years, Haber was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918, in many ways history has recorded this as a controversial choice ~ not only had Haber's work helped to prolong the war, he had also been responsible for the development and use of chlorine as the first poison gas. Ironically, despite his evident patriotism towards Germany, he was expelled from the country in 1933 when the rising tide of anti-Semitism conflicted with his Jewish ancestry. The book “The alchemy of air: a Jewish genius, a doomed tycoon, and the scientific discovery that fed the world but fueled the rise of Hitler” is written by Thomas Hager. Itis a fascinating account of the historic discovery of the process to synthesize ammonia, and its continuing mixed consequences ~ these include the revolution in global food production, the death of millions through wars, and growing concerns of nitrate pollution and obesity. Itis estimated that as much as 130 million tons of ammonia, NH3, are produced worldwide every year. China is responsible for nearly one-third of this, and India, Russia, and the USA also produce significant amounts. Approximately 80% of the ammonia is used to make fertilizers, notably ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3. Other uses include synthesis of textiles such as nylon and powerful explosives. In April 2013, a major explosion occurred in a fertilizer factory in Texas, USA, killing and injuring hundreds of people, It was caused by a fire in a stock of 250 000 kilograms of ammonium nitrate. Accidents such as this in industrial plants raise many questions regarding health and safety, storage, and handling of chemicals and the balance of responsibility between companies, governments, and individuals. Scanned with CamScannerfae he Mahon poze ‘Mis proess i named, oH Fail, Habog, & Crono Chomit tales dlireauwtad, flo proesa o ine: QuMButa NH 5, “Yay iy flee Roveliion tulieh haber ditcouored, > No (9) + 3H,(9) = 2H, (3) ue ean see Hat: DHe-84D ~ he praduel moly oe yy tow the reactiut ales ee eae s ccathorwig 46 tke barkuard reaclion J * ACL Arneltuti ouol praddueli ae gasses (Ue een te aut Kiguuldie about tte Le-Chatelisnt priniple Me otoruite the oplim eendlly, for [hij Acnelion. timum conditions ae “We ouaut be Masia te Tidal of fits prasued, eile tie Aal dens ie Se ee pincer oll yp ee ° ‘he cal, te fe meta dy me Mes ful Bese ti bwin tee ania Pawn Wo B No Bat tas lau of 0 fiupralito euld thine He Ane of formal povelion & be ifaw Hew 4 We Lawprinile, ovel keop fhe Louperatit ASO" C whieh & i wa wl jaa J totate steessar® > Bey iuereanig the grerrare we Quill ju Praslueliey, si, hk pad hin ta oletnge ia flo suuubes, of qa 5 inercaying he, proyese wuld Javan fli. “he wnat pup in Ae Maber prac is 20 Mpa. -Coucsuhialion —> Juercaring tle, conerebaton U2 Hy cuautel 2 rin Gy Nils. Dees te Loveautiation Pi elivoud showy Fat abn padieed Ma Scanned with CamScanner‘ly tuswlol a ih tl od ent ae Sele ‘Ye patrarsltta nya fe Me pradueion 04 H,50,. Vis pracy ) Combustion of raljut Ae Lor 50, YG) 40508) ¥ S0n0 2) Cwidation Of 301 My que $05. 260,00) + 04/4) => 2505(9) ay-196 a $0, with Yr0 beget YaS0,, $0s(9) + Hof —>Hes0.) han bean feu Hale Y ofig fe finan ue ie “aby ep 2 uhigh in ona ‘uot pottud yh haa be ull be ay bay de oe ysigle Is seo, . a = 250; (9) AH=-196 kJ mol “ragenalie —> Sai ean valerie Aw Ktuperalurg insane fe yeah uk es Lup. “Phetaute —> Caguuasyl | Hohe ob aphie (Hom > te ee eo head ad oot Mase Perit u wal nab eet, Mii a 2 sooth Scanned with CamScannerlal -» Wy talb fe wdelvoete Se 04 paselin . Vans i) More sulfuric acid by mass is produced worldwide than any other chemical. It has been found that the Production of sulfuric acid closely mirrors historical events such as major wars that affect a country's economy. For this reason some economists use sulfuric acid production as a measure of a country’s industrial strength. Sulfuric acid is used directly or indirectly in nearly all industrial processes, including the production of fertilizers, detergents, and paints and in ore processing, steel production, and water treatment. Approximately 250 million tons are produced annually across all continents. ‘The process gets its name the Contact process from the fact that molecules of the gases 02 and SO2 react in contact with the surface of the solid catalyst V20S. F Scientific research is largely influenced by the social context, which helps to determine funding and set priorities. A good example is Haber’s work on ammonia synthesis, which became pressing in Germany in the early years of the 20th century. Scientific discoveries often have significant economic, ethical, and political implications. Some of these may be unintended consequences of the discovery, such as the ‘environmental degradation caused by the excess use of nitrate fertilizers as an outcome of the Haber process. This raises the question of who must take moral responsibility for the applications of scientific discoveries. The process of science includes risk benefit analyses, risk assessment, and ethical considerations, but sometimes the full consequences cannot be predicted and do not become known until much later. Scanned with CamScannerPyurd Yadutlion of motaugl i Col) +2Hrl3 == CH,OHl) De ~ AKT Hel! ““engeneite— Carus, retin i ecablunm, p50 Lower Lang. Quant tueroaye the yal, but —leueer fhe aul » 250°C, Vorte> Cypuond ponplion Aapull in Lod Wd. Of Gaypeney wnloduly Be bey neruahing dee Proane He senelion owtull druy fe Aounoh Li ore ied io SMa AB (OHPa. “Ualliyt > Wal intone, Ble Ato} rueian, he catlt esol ag Coltwlalions tying Ke (Ht \) While Mo balouend chewisal eqlulion toy flo Aanlion “He selalion Oh ob. nC 0 tora forelion BArbB=S co will be ued, opal me Leases! th olla Jn ih Ni Ci Nege Ce " Scannedwith CamScanner" Aawoly fic Wola 6} Comics uel gt be im 8 pu Would lw te Ome te Volume fi be a Warinbl ‘let he Yabuve Of fhe, vouliior be 'V' ' Sowalinny You wnwll wot be ginae Be Contsalialion of one of fhe eorwponsull lis fle Reaction jk yu (nul lowe JE cvheme Mat lompousulj Covenudiaion ts be o, Unit 'y Scanned with CamScanner