Acids and bases_HL_002 [153

marks]

1a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
Weak acid: partially dissociated/ionized «in aqueous solution/water»
AND
Strong acid: «assumed to be almost» completely/100 % dissociated/ionized «in
aqueous solution/water» [✔]

Examiners report
As expected, many candidates were able to distinguish between strong and
weak acids; some candidates referred to “dissolve” rather than dissociate.

1b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
CO32- [✔]

Examiners report
More than half the candidates were able to deduce that carbonate was the
conjugate base but a significant proportion of those that did, wrote the
carbonate ion with an incorrect charge.
1c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
shifts to left/reactants AND to increase amount/number of moles/molecules of
gas/CO2 (g) [✔]

Note: Accept “shifts to left/reactants AND to increase pressure”.

Examiners report
Many students gave generic responses referring to a correct shift without
conveying the idea of compensation or restoration of pressure or moles of gas.
This generic reply reflects the difficulty in applying a theoretical concept to the
practical situation described in the question.

1d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
2
[H+]
«Ka =» 10–6.36/4.37 × 10–7 =
[CO2]
OR
2
[H+]
«Ka =» 10–6.36/4.37 × 10–7 = 0.200 [✔]

[H+] « √0.200 × 4.37 × 10−7 » = 2.95 × 10–4 «mol dm –3» [✔]

«pH =» 3.53 [✔]

Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.

Examiners report
Most candidates calculated the pH of the aqueous CO2. Some candidates
attempted to use the Henderson-Hasselback equation and others used the
quadratic expression to calculate [H+] (these two options were very common
in the Spanish scripts) getting incorrect solutions. These answers usually
ended in pH of approx. 1 which candidates should realize cannot be correct for
soda water.
1e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:
ionic [✔]
Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:
«polar» covalent [✔]

Examiners report
This was an easy question, especially the identification of the type of bond
between H and O, yet some candidates interpreted that the question referred
to intermolecular bonding.

1f. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«additional HCO3-» shifts position of equilibrium to left [✔]
pH increases [✔]

Note: Do not award M2 without any justification in terms of equilibrium shift in

M1.

Examiners report
A significant number of candidates omitted the “equilibrium” involved in the
dissolution of a weak base.

1g. [2 marks]

Markscheme
«molar mass of NaHCO3 =» 84.01 «g mol-1» [✔]
−2
3.0×10 g 1
«concentration = −1
× 0.100 dm 3
=» 3.6 × 10–3 «mol dm -3» [✔]
84.01 g mol

Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.

 Examiners report
This is another stoichiometry question that most candidates were able to solve
well, with occasional errors when calculating Mr of hydrogen carbonate.

1h. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«1.0 – 0.6 = ± » 0.4 «%» [✔]

Examiners report
Mixed responses, more attention should be given to this simple calculation
which is straightforward and should be easy as required for IA reports.

1i. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Equation (3):
OH- donates an electron pair AND acts as a Lewis base [✔]
Equation (4):
OH- accepts a proton/H+/hydrogen ion AND acts as a Brønsted–Lowry base
[✔]

Examiners report
This was a good way to test this topic because answers showed that, while
candidates usually knew the topic in theory, they could not apply this to
identify the Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry bases in the context of a reaction that
was given to them. In some cases, they failed to specify the base, OH - or also
lost marks referring just to electrons, an electron or H instead of hydrogen ions
or H+ for example.
1j. [2 marks]

Markscheme

S-shaped curve from ~7 to between 12 and 14 [✔]

equivalence point at 5 cm3 [✔]

Note: Accept starting point >6~7.

Examiners report
Most students that got 1mark for this titration curve was for the general
shape, because few realized they had the data to calculate the equivalence
point. There were also some difficulties in establishing the starting point even
if it was specified in the stem.

2a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Butanoic acid:
CH3CH2CH2COOH (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ CH3CH2CH2COO− (aq) + H3O + (aq) ✔

Ethylamine:
CH3CH2NH2 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ CH3CH2NH3+ (aq) + OH − (aq) ✔
 Examiners report
[N/A]

2b. [1 mark]

Markscheme

Diagram showing:
dotted line along O–C–O AND negative charge

Accept correct diagrams with pi clouds.

Examiners report
[N/A]

2c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
–1 ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

2d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
1.00×10−14 mol2 dm −6
« » = 5.21 × 10–12 «mol dm –3» ✔
0.00192 mol dm −3
 Examiners report
[N/A]

2e. [3 marks]

Markscheme
«pKb = 3.35, Kb = 10–3.35 = 4.5 × 10–4»
«C2H5NH2 + H2O ⇌ C2H5NH3+ + OH–»

[OH−−][CH3CH2NH3 + ]
Kb =
[CH3CH2NH2]
OR
[OH−][CH3CH2NH3 + ]
«Kb =» 4.5 × 10–4 = 0.250
OR
2
x
«Kb =» 4.5 × 10–4 = 0.250 ✔

« x = [OH–] =» 0.011 «mol dm–3» ✔

1.00×10−14
«pH = –log 0.011
=» 12.04
OR
«pH = 14.00 – (–log 0.011)=» 12.04 ✔

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Examiners report
[N/A]
2f. [3 marks]

Markscheme

decreasing pH curve ✔
pH close to 7 (6–8) at volume of 25 cm3 butanoic acid ✔
weak acid/base shape with no flat «strong acid/base» parts on the curve ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
2g. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Any two of:
butanoic acid forms more/stronger hydrogen bonds ✔
butanoic acid forms stronger London/dispersion forces ✔
butanoic acid forms stronger dipole–dipole interaction/force ✔

Accept “butanoic acid forms dimers”

Accept “butanoic acid has larger Mr/hydrocarbon chain/number of
electrons” for M2.
Accept “butanoic acid has larger «permanent» dipole/more polar” for M3.

Examiners report
[N/A]

2h. [1 mark]

Markscheme
lithium aluminium hydride/LiAlH4 ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

2i. [1 mark]

Markscheme
butan-1-ol/1-butanol/CH3CH2CH2CH2OH ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
3a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
polarity/polar «molecule/bond»
OR
carbon–halogen bond is weaker than C–H bond ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]

3b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
primary AND Br/bromine is attached to a carbon bonded to two hydrogens
OR
primary AND Br/bromine is attached to a carbon bonded to one
C/R/alkyl «group» ✔

Accept “primary AND Br/bromine is attached to the first carbon in the chain”.

Examiners report
[N/A]
3c. [4 marks]

Markscheme

curly arrow going from lone pair/negative charge on O in HO– to C ✔

curly arrow showing Br leaving ✔
representation of transition state showing negative charge, square brackets
and partial bonds ✔
formation of organic product CH3CH2CH2OH AND Br – ✔

Do not allow curly arrow originating on H in HO–.

Accept curly arrow either going from bond between C and Br to Br in 1-
bromopropane or in the transition state.
Do not penalize if HO and Br are not at 180° to each other.
Do not award M3 if OH–C bond is represented.

Examiners report
[N/A]

3d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«Lewis» base AND donates a pair of electrons ✔

Examiners report
[N/A]
3e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Any two of:
choose «most» appropriate reaction «for preparing the target compound» ✔
design/discover new reactions/reagents ✔
apply this knowledge to other areas of chemistry/science ✔
«retro-»synthesis «more effective» ✔
control/predict «desired» products ✔
control rate of reaction «more effectively» ✔
satisfy intellectual curiosity ✔
predicting how changing reagents/conditions might affect reaction ✔
suggesting intermediates/transition states ✔

Accept other reasonable answers.

Examiners report
[N/A]

4a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
slower rate with ethanoic acid
OR
smaller temperature rise with ethanoic acid

[H+] lower
OR
ethanoic acid is weak
OR
ethanoic acid is partially dissociated

Accept experimental observations such as “slower bubbling” or “feels

less warm”.

[2 marks]
 Examiners report
[N/A]

4b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
Any one of:
corrosion of materials/metals/carbonate materials
destruction of plant/aquatic life
«indirect» effect on human health

Accept “lowering pH of oceans/lakes/waterways”.

[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

4c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Brønsted–Lowry base:
NH3 + H+ → NH4+
Lewis base:
NH3 + BF3 → H3NBF3

Accept “AlCl3 as an example of Lewis acid”.

Accept other valid equations such as Cu2+ + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4]2+.
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
4d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
[H+] «= √K a × [C5 H10 O2 ] = √9.333 × 10−6 × 0.010 » = 3.055 × 10–4
«mol dm –3»
«pH =» 3.51

Accept “pH = 3.52”.

Award [2] for correct final answer.
Accept other calculation methods.
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

4e. [2 marks]

Markscheme
(CH3)3CCOOH(aq) + OH–(aq) → (CH3)3CCOO –(aq) + H2O(l)
OR
(CH3)3CCOOH(aq) + OH–(aq) ⇌ (CH 3)3CCOO –(aq) + H2O(l) AND addition
of alkali causes equilibrium to move to right

(CH3)3CCOO –(aq) + H+(aq) → (CH3)3CCOOH(aq)

OR
(CH3)3CCOO –(aq) + H+(aq) ⇌ (CH3)3CCOOH(aq) AND addition of acid
causes equilibrium to move to right

Accept “HA” for the acid.

Award [1 max] for correct explanations of buffering with addition of acid
AND base without equilibrium equations.
[2 marks]
 Examiners report
[N/A]

5a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
A: CH3COOH/ethanoic/acetic acid AND CH3COO–/ethanoate/acetate ions
B: CH3COO–/ethanoate/acetate ions

Penalize “sodium ethanoate/acetate” instead of “ethanoate/acetate ions”

only once.
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

5b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
2
−5 [H+]
Ka = 1.74 × 10 = 0.10
OR
[H+] = 1.32 × 10–3 «mol dm –3»
«pH =» 2.88

Accept [2] for correct final answer.

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
5c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«forms weak acid and strong base, thus basic»
CH3COO–(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COOH(aq) + OH–(aq)

Accept → for ⇌.
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

5d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
less than 7
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

5e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
2NO2(g) + H 2O(l) → HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq)
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
5f. [1 mark]

Markscheme
2HNO2(aq) + CaCO3(s) → Ca(NO2)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H 2O(l)
OR
2HNO3(aq) + CaCO3(s) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + CO2(g) + H 2O(l)
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

6a. [1 mark]

Markscheme

21.4 °C
Accept values in the range of 21.2 to 21.6 °C.
Accept two different values for the two solutions from within range.
 Examiners report
[N/A]

6b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
HCl: 30.4 «°C»
Accept range 30.2 to 30.6 °C.

CH3COOH: 29.0 «°C»

Accept range 28.8 to 29.2 °C.

Examiners report
[N/A]

6c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
CH3COOH is weak acid/partially ionised
energy used to ionize weak acid «before reaction with NaOH can occur»

Examiners report
[N/A]
7a. [3 marks]

Markscheme
Any three of:
Group 1:
atomic/ionic radius increases
smaller charge density
OR
force of attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons decreases
Do not accept discussion of attraction between valence electrons and nucleus
for M2.
Accept “weaker metallic bonds” for M2.
Group 17:
number of electrons/surface area/molar mass increase
London/dispersion/van der Waals’/vdw forces increase
Accept “atomic mass” for “molar mass”.
[Max 3 Marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

7b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«distorted» octahedral
Accept “square bipyramid”.

Examiners report
[N/A]
7c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Charge on complex ion: 1+/+
Oxidation state of cobalt: +2

Examiners report
[N/A]

7d. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Lewis «acid-base reaction»
H2O: electron/e– pair donor
OR
Co2+: electron/e– pair acceptor

Examiners report
[N/A]

8a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
[HI]2
Kc =
[H2][I2]

Examiners report
[N/A]
8b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
45.6

Examiners report
[N/A]

8c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
ΔGθ = «– RT ln K = – (0.00831 kJ K−1 mol−1 x 761 K x ln 45.6) =» – 24.2 «kJ»

Examiners report
[N/A]

8d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
[H3O +] = 6.76 x 10–5 «mol dm –3»
2 2
(6.76×10−5) (6.76×10−5)
Ka = / 0.010
(0.010−6.76×10−5)

4.6 x 10–7
Accept 4.57 x 10 –7
Award [3] for correct final answer.

Examiners report
[N/A]
8e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
1.00×10−14
« =» 2.17 x 10–8
4.6×10−7
OR
1.00×10−14
« =» 2.19 x 10–8
4.57×10−7

Examiners report
[N/A]

9a. [2 marks]

Markscheme
electrostatic attraction
between «a lattice of» metal/positive ions/cations AND «a sea of»
delocalized electrons

Accept “mobile electrons”.

Do not accept “metal atoms/nuclei”.
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
9b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
(46×7.98) + (47×7.32) + (48×73.99) + (49×5.46) + (50×5.25)
100
= 47.93

Answer must have two decimal places with a value from 47.90 to 48.00.
Award [2] for correct final answer.
Award [0] for 47.87 (data booklet value).
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

9c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
Protons: 22 AND Neutrons: 26 AND Electrons: 22
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

9d. [1 mark]

Markscheme
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
9e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
vanadium has smaller ionic radius «leading to stronger metallic bonding»

Accept vanadium has «one» more valence electron«s» «leading to stronger

metallic bonding».
Accept “atomic” for “ionic”.
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
9f. [1 mark]

Markscheme

regular increase for first five AND sharp increase to the 6th

A log graph is acceptable.

Accept log plot on given axes (without amendment of y-axis).
Award mark if gradient of 5 to 6 is greater than “best fit line” of 1 to 5.
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
9g. [2 marks]

Markscheme
titanium atoms/ions distort the regular arrangement of atoms/ions
OR
titanium atoms/ions are a different size to aluminium «atoms/ions»
prevent layers sliding over each other

Accept diagram showing different sizes of atoms/ions.

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

9h. [1 mark]

Markscheme
pair of electrons provided by the ligand

Do not accept “dative” or “coordinate bonding” alone.

[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
9i. [4 marks]

Markscheme
partially filled d-orbitals
«ligands cause» d-orbitals «to» split
light is absorbed as electrons transit to a higher energy level «in d–d
transitions»
OR
light is absorbed as electrons are promoted
energy gap corresponds to light in the visible region of the spectrum
colour observed is the complementary colour
[4 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

9j. [1 mark]

Markscheme
ionic
OR
«electrostatic» attraction between oppositely charged ions
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
9k. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«simple» molecular structure
OR
weak«er» intermolecular bonds
OR
weak«er» bonds between molecules

Accept specific examples of weak bonds such as London/dispersion and van

der Waals.
Do not accept “covalent”.
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

9l. [2 marks]

Markscheme
TiCl4 (l) + 2H2 O(l) → TiO2 (s) + 4HCl(aq) correct products
correct balancing

Accept ionic equation.

Award M2 if products are HCl and a compound of Ti and O.
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
9m. [1 mark]

Markscheme
HCl causes breathing/respiratory problems
OR
HCl is an irritant
OR
HCl is toxic
OR
HCl has acidic vapour
OR
HCl is corrosive

Accept TiO2 causes breathing

problems/is an irritant.
Accept “harmful” for both HCl and TiO2.
Accept “smoke is asphyxiant”.
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

10a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
107°

Accept 100° to < 109.5°.

Literature value = 105.8°
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
10b. [2 marks]

Markscheme
tetrahedral
sp3

No ECF allowed.
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

10c. [2 marks]

Markscheme
removes/reacts with OH−
moves to the right/products «to replace OH− ions»

Accept ionic equation for M1.

[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
10d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
Kb = 10–5.77 / 1.698 x 10–6
OR
−
[N2H+
5 ]×[OH ]
Kb = [N2H4]
[OH–]2 «= 1.698 × 10–6 × 0.0100» = 1.698 × 10–8
OR

[OH–] «= √1.698 × 10−8 » = 1.303 × 10–4 «mol dm –3»

1×10−14
pH «= −log10 » = 10.1
1.3×10−4

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Give appropriate credit for other methods containing errors that do not yield
correct final answer.
[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

10e. [1 mark]

Markscheme
methyl red
OR
bromocresol green
OR
bromophenol blue
OR
methyl orange
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
10f. [2 marks]

Markscheme
bubbles
OR
gas
OR
magnesium disappears
2NH+ 2+
4 (aq) + Mg(s) → Mg (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2 (g)

Do not accept “hydrogen” without reference to observed changes.

Accept "smell of ammonia".
Accept 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
Equation must be ionic.
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
10g. [3 marks]

Markscheme
bonds broken :
E(N–N) + 4E(N–H)
OR
158 ≪ kJ mol−1 ≫ +4 × 391 ≪ kJ mol−1 ≫ /1722 ≪ kJ ≫
bonds formed :
E(N≡ N) + 2E(H–H)
OR
945 ≪ kJ mol−1 ≫ +2 × 436 ≪ kJ mol−1 ≫ /1817 ≪ kJ ≫
≪ ΔH = bonds broken − bonds formed = 1722 − 1817 =≫ −95 ≪ kJ ≫

Award [3] for correct final answer.

Award [2 max] for +95 «kJ».
[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
10h. [2 marks]

Markscheme

OR
ΔHvap = −50.6 kJ mol−1 − ( − 95 kJ mol−1 )
≪ ΔHvap =≫ +44 ≪ kJ mol−1 ≫

Award [2] for correct final answer. Award [1 max] for –44 «kJ mol–1».
Award [2] for:
ΔHvap = –50.6 kJ mol–1 – (–85 J mol–1) = ＋34 «kJ mol–1».
Award [1 max] for –34 «kJ mol–1».
[2 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]

10i. [3 marks]

Markscheme
total mass of oxygen ≪=8.0 × 10−3 g dm−3 × 1000 dm3 ≫= 8.0 ≪ g ≫
8.0 g
n(O2 ) ≪= =≫ 0.25 ≪ mol ≫
32.00 g mol−1
OR
n(N2 H4 ) = n(O2 )
≪ mass of hydrazine = 0.25 mol × 32.06 g mol−1 =≫ 8.0 ≪ g ≫

Award [3] for correct final answer.

[3 marks]
 Examiners report
[N/A]

10j. [1 mark]

Markscheme
8.0 g
≪ n(N2 H4 ) = n(O2 ) = =≫ 0.25 ≪ mol ≫
32.00 g mol−1

≪ volume of nitrogen = 0.25 mol × 24.8 dm3 mol−1 ≫= 6.2 ≪ dm3 ≫

Award [1] for correct final answer.

[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

11a. [1 mark]

Markscheme
weak AND pH at equivalence greater than 7
OR
weak acid AND forms a buffer region
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
11b. [1 mark]

Markscheme
calorimetry
OR
measurement of heat/temperature
OR
conductivity measurement

Accept “indicator” but not “universal indicator”.

[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]

11c. [1 mark]

Markscheme
«pKa = pH at half-equivalence =» 5.0
[1 mark]

Examiners report
[N/A]
11d. [3 marks]

Markscheme
Ka = 10−4.35 /4.46683 × 10−5
[H3O +] =
√4.46683 × 10−5 × 1.60 × 10−3 / √7.1469 × 10−8 / 2.6734 × 10−4 «mol
dm–3»

pH = «− log √7.1469 × 10−8 =» 3.57

Award [3] for correct final answer to two decimal places.

If quadratic equation used, then: [H3O +] = 2.459 × 10–4 «mol dm –3» and pH =
3.61
[3 marks]

Examiners report
[N/A]
12a. [8 marks]

Markscheme
(i)

Accept structures using dots and/or crosses to indicate bonds and/or lone pair.
(ii)
sp3
Do not allow ECF from a (i).
(iii)
Lewis base AND has a lone pair of electrons «to donate»
(iv)
non-polar AND P and H have the same electronegativity
Accept “similar electronegativities”.
Accept “polar” if there is a reference to a small difference in electronegativity
and apply ECF in 1 a (v).
(v)
PH3 has London «dispersion» forces
NH3 forms H-bonds
H-bonds are stronger
OR
London forces are weaker
Accept van der Waals’ forces, dispersion forces and instantaneous dipole –
induced dipole forces.
Accept “dipole-dipole forces” as molecule is polar.
H-bonds in NH 3 (only) must be mentioned to score [2].
Do not award M2 or M3 if:
• implies covalent bond is the H-bond
• implies covalent bonds break.
Accept “dipole-dipole forces are weaker”.
(vi)
Weak: only partially dissociated/ionized «in dilute aqueous solution»
Brønsted–Lowry base: an acceptor of protons/H+/hydrogen ions
Accept reaction with water is reversible/an equilibrium.
Accept “water is partially dissociated «by the weak base»”.

Examiners report
[N/A]
12b. [8 marks]

Markscheme
(i)
P4 is a molecule «comprising 4P atoms» AND 4P is four/separate «P» atoms
OR
P4 represents «4P» atoms bonded together AND 4P represents «4»
separate/non-bonded «P» atoms
(ii)
can act as both a «Brønsted–Lowry» acid and a «Brønsted–Lowry» base
OR
can accept and/or donate a hydrogen ion/proton/H+
HPO22– AND H3PO2
(iii)
P4: 0
H2PO2–: +1
Do not accept 1 or 1+ for H2PO2−.
(iv)
oxygen gained, so could be oxidation
hydrogen gained, so could be reduction
OR
negative charge «on product/H2PO2 »/gain of electrons, so could be reduction
oxidation number increases so must be oxidation
Award [1 max] for M1 and M2 if candidate displays knowledge of at least two
of these definitions but does not apply them to the reaction.
Do not award M3 for “oxidation number changes”.

Examiners report
[N/A]
12c. [4 marks]

Markscheme
(i)
2.478
«⟨ 4×30.97 ⟩»= 0.02000 «mol»
(ii)
n(NaOH) = «0.1000 × 5.00 =» 0.500 «mol» AND P4/phosphorus is limiting
reagent
Accept n(H2O) = 100
18
= 5.50 AND P4 is limiting reagent.
(iii)
amount in excess «= 0.500 - (3 × 0.02000)» = 0.440 «mol»
(iv)
«22.7 × 1000 × 0.02000» = 454 «cm3»
Accept methods employing pV = nRT, with p as either 100 (454 cm3) or 101.3
kPa (448 cm3). Do not accept answers in dm3.

Examiners report
[N/A]
12d. [9 marks]

Markscheme
(i)
750×1.00
temperature rise «= 0.2000×1.00 »=3750«°C/K»

Do not accept −3750.

(ii)
43.6
n(P)«= 30.97 »=1.41 «mol»
100−43.6
n(O) «= 16.00
»=3.53 «mol»
n(O) 3.53
« = = 2.50 so empirical formula is» P2O 5
n(P) 1.41
Accept other methods where the working is shown.
(iii)
285
« 141.9 =2.00, so molecular formula = 2×P2O 5=»P4O 10

(iv)
P4O 10(s) + 6H2O (l) → 4H3PO4 (aq)
Accept P 4O 10(s) + 2H2O (l) → 4HPO3 (aq) (initial reaction)
Accept P 2O 5(s) + 3H2O(l) → 2H3PO4(aq)
Accept equations for P 4O 6/P2O 3 if given in d (iii).
Accept any ionized form of the acids as the products.
(v)
phosphorus not commonly found in fuels
OR
no common pathways for phosphorus oxides to enter the air
OR
amount of phosphorus-containing organic matter undergoing anaerobic
decomposition is small
Accept “phosphorus oxides are solids so are not easily distributed in the
atmosphere”.
Accept “low levels of phosphorus oxide in the air”.
Do not accept “H3PO4 is a weak acid”.
(vi)
Pre-combustion:
remove sulfur/S/sulfur containing compounds
Post-combustion:
remove it/SO2 by neutralization/reaction with alkali/base
Accept “lime injection fluidised bed combustion” for either, but not both.

Examiners report
[N/A]
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