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ABSTRACT: The enantioselective total syntheses of (+)-peniciketals A and B, two members of a family of architecturally complex
spiroketals, have been achieved. Key synthetic transformations comprise Type I Anion Relay Chemistry (ARC) to construct the
benzannulated [6,6]-spiroketal skeleton, a Negishi cross-coupling/olefin cross-metathesis reaction sequence to generate the trans-
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enone structure, and a late-stage large fragment union exploiting our recently developed photoisomerization/cyclization tactic.
negative charge via silyl group migration from the dithiane Scheme 6. Total Synthesis of (+)-Peniciketal A
carbon in 19 to oxygen in 20. Carbanion 20 was then captured
with benzyl bromide 10 to deliver the desired three-
component adduct 21, which was subjected to dithiane
removal with simultaneous hydrolysis of the TMS ether to
provide linear precursor (+)-9 in a total yield of 64% for the 2
steps on a 2 g scale. At this stage, a variety of conditions was
explored for global removal of TBS groups, including TBAF,
TBAF/HOAc buffer, HF/pyridine, PTSA/MeOH, and other
acidic conditions, but only poor results were obtained.
Pleasingly, however, the gold-catalyzed deprotection protocol
of Zhang et al.16 enabled the selective deprotection of two
aliphatic TBS ethers with simultaneous cyclization to deliver
spiroketal (−)-22 as a single diastereomer! We envision the
high diastereoselectivity to be due to the anomeric effect17 and
presumably a chelation effect of the gold catalyst. Final
removal of remaining phenolic TBS group with TBAF
completed the synthesis of the southern hemisphere (−)-5.
Turning to construct the northern hemisphere, we began
with the naturally abundant/commercially available atraric acid
23, which was first protected with two TBS groups to deliver 6
in 90% yield. Deprotonation of 6 with freshly prepared LiTMP
formed the ortho-ester benzylic anion 24. Pleasingly, anion 24,
with the OTBS group adjacent to the ester that does not
undergo self-condensation,18 was sufficiently stable for further
transmetalation with ZnCl2 and in turn undergoes the desired
Negishi coupling19 with acryloyl chloride 7 to furnish enone 25
in 80% yield. Olefin cross-metathesis between 25 and
homoallylic alcohol (+)-8 in the presence of Hoveyda−Grubbs
II catalyst then produced the northern hemisphere (+)-4 in
84% yield with the enone in the E configuration. It is
particularly noteworthy that the highly functionalized northern
hemisphere (+)-4, bearing an enone, an ester, and a free
hydroxy group, could be constructed in only three steps on
gram scale (Scheme 5).
oxonium diene intermediate 26 in situ. The hindrance of the +23.7 (c 0.53, acetone). See Supporting Information for
methyl group in 26 then led to a stereoselective [3 + 3]- details.
cyclization with the bulky nucleophile (−)-5 to furnish the With the success of (+)-peniciketal A, we were encouraged
desired [3.3.1] nonane adduct (−)-27 in 72% isolated yield to continue our synthetic drive to access (+)-peniciketal B (2),
(88% based on recovered 5) with a 13:1 dr. The endgame to which structurally only differs at the C(3)−OH site of
complete the total synthesis of peniciketal A then only required (+)-peniciketal A. The synthesis began with a Barton−
reduction of the ester to aldehyde. Unfortunately, various McCombie deoxygenation20 of (−)-22 (Scheme 7), which
attempts to reduce (−)-27 to the corresponding aldehyde in a furnished the deoxygenated benzannulated [6,6]-spiroketal
1742 https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c11424
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 1740−1744
Journal of the American Chemical Society pubs.acs.org/JACS Communication
■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
Amos B. Smith III − Department of Chemistry, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United
States; orcid.org/0000-0002-1712-8567;
Email: smithab@sas.upenn.edu
Authors
Yifan Deng − Department of Chemistry, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United
States
(−)-30 in 80% yield. Treatment of (−)-30 with TBAF Chia-Ping H. Yang − Department of Molecular Pharmacology,
generated the southern hemisphere (−)-31, required for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461,
(+)-peniciketal B (2). Toward the latter end, the photo- United States
isomerization/cyclization tactic again pleasingly achieved the Complete contact information is available at:
large fragment union of (+)-4 and (−)-31 to furnish the https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/jacs.0c11424
desired adduct (−)-32 in 73% yield with dr = 12:1. Further
elaboration of (−)-32 with the same reduction/oxidation Notes
sequence as that for (+)-peniciketal A (1) then completed the The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■
total synthesis of (+)-peniciketal B (2), the spectral properties
of which proved to be identical in all respects to those reported ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
for the natural product. The overall yield for the 8-step
sequence from (−)-22 was 24%. Financial support was provided by the NIH through Grant
We further evaluated the cytotoxicity of synthetic (+)-pen- CA-19033 and the Bader fellowship. We thank Dr. C. Ross, III
iciketals A and B against human lung cancer cell lines. for HRMS analysis. We thank Dr. Patrick J. Carroll and
(+)-Peniciketal A (1) showed cytotoxicity against A549 cells Michael Gau for X-ray crystallographic. We thank Dr. David C.
with IC50 values of 16.4 μM, close to the literature report.2 It Schultz at the University of Pennsylvania High-Throughput
also displayed activity against H1975 (IC50 = 14.3 μM). Screening Core for supporting the in vitro cell viability studies
Pleasingly, we found (+)-peniciketal B (2) is more potent on IMR90 cells.
against both A549 and H1975 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.8
and 7.3 μM, respectively. Synthetic peniciketals A (1) and B
(2) showed less toxicity to human normal lung fibroblast
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