Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ÚLCERA PÉPTICA
SECREÇÃO DE ÁCIDO - MECANISMOS DE CONTROLO
NEURONAL – N. VAGO
NEUROENDÓCRINO – ACETILCOLINA
ENDÓCRINO – GASTRINA
PARÁCRINO (CÉLS. ENTEROCROMAFINS) – HISTAMINA
The hydrogen ion concentration in parietal cell secretions is higher than in blood, and chloride is secreted against both a
concentration and electric gradient. Thus, the ability of the partietal cell to secrete acid is dependent on active transport.
The key player in acid secretion is a H+/K+ ATPase or "proton pump" located in the cannalicular membrane. This ATPase is
magnesium-dependent, and not inhibitable by ouabain.
1. Hydrogen ions are generated within the parietal cell from dissociation of water. The hydroxyl ions formed in this process
rapidly combine with carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate ion, a reaction cataylzed by carbonic anhydrase.
2. Bicarbonate is transported out of the basolateral membrane in exchange for chloride. The outflow of bicarbonate into
blood results in a slight elevation of blood pH known as the "alkaline tide". This process serves to maintain intracellular pH
in the parietal cell.
3. Chloride and potassium ions are transported into the lumen of the cannaliculus by conductance channels, and such is
necessary for secretion of acid.
4. Hydrogen ion is pumped out of the cell, into the lumen, in exchange for potassium through the action of the proton
pump; potassium is thus effectively recycled.
5. Accumulation of osmotically-active hydrogen ion in the cannaliculus generates an osmotic gradient across the membrane
that results in outward diffusion of water - the resulting gastric juice is 155 mM HCl and 15 mM KCl with a small amount of
NaCl.
A key substrate in the production of gastric acid is CO2, and diffusion of CO2 through the basal surface of the parietal cell
appears to be the rate limiting step in acid synthesis.
Parietal cells bear receptors for three stimulators of acid secretion, reflecting a triumverate of neural, paracrine and endocrine
control:
− Acetylcholine (muscarinic type receptor)
− Gastrin
− Histamine (H2 type receptor)
Histamine from enterochromaffin-like cells may well be the primary modulator, but the magnitude of the stimulus appears to
result from a complex additive or multiplicative interaction of signals of each type.
The low amounts of histamine released constantly from mast cells in the gastric mucosa only weakly stimulate acid
secretion, and similarly for low levels of gastrin or acetylcholine.
When low levels of each are present, acid secretion is strongly forced. Additionally, pharmacologic antagonists of each of
these molecules can block acid secretion
A variety of substances are capable of reducing gastric acid secretion when infused intravenously, including prostaglandin E2 and
several peptides hormones, including secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon and somatostatin. PGE2, secretin and
somatostatin may be physiologic regulators. Somatostatin inhibits secretion of gastrin and histamine, and appears to have a direct
inhibitory effect on the parietal cell.
ÚLCERA PÉPTICA = DESEQUILÍBRIO ENTRE FATORES PROTETORES/AGRESSORES
MUCO
HCO3- H. PYLORI
(sistema-tampão HCO3-/H2CO3 responsável pelo AINEs
controlo do pH do meio ácido do estômago) HCl
PROSTAGLANDINAS PEPSINA
FATORES DE CRESCIMENTO Tabaco, álcool, stress
IRRIGAÇÃO DA MUCOSA (fatores extrínsecos com efeito lesivo indireto)
(prevenção contra a isquémia)
(A) An imbalance between hostile and protective factors start the ulcerogenic process, and (B) although many contributors are known,
Helicobacter pylori infection (mainly duodenal ulcers) and use of non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (mainly gastric ulcers) seem to be
of importance in disturbing the protective mucosal layer and exposing the gastric epithelium to acid.
(C) Several additional factors (eg, smoking, alcohol, and several drugs) can augment the ulcerogenic process (D) that leads to erosion.
(E) Eventually, the serosal lining is breached (F) and, when perforated, the stomach content, including acidic fluid, will enter the abdominal
cavity, causing intense pain, local peritonitis that can become generalised and eventually lead to a systemic inflammatory response
syndrome, and sepsis with the risk of multi-organ failure and death.
E – lesão atinge submucosa (camada vascularizada); perfuração com consequente rutura dos vasos sanguíneos; hemorragia sob a
forma de melenas ou hematemeses
F – perfuração completa da parede gástrica; libertação do conteúdo gástrico na cavidade abdominal
ÚLCERA PÉPTICA – COMPLICAÇÕES
GRANDE CALIBRE
– HD extensa – distensão rápida da parede gástrica – reflexo vagal – HEMATEMESES
DUODENO (face posterior): artéria gastroduodenal (> calibre; ramo da artéria hepática)
↓
= ou < ACIDEZ
↓
+ COMUM DOR (+ HEMORRAGIA)
TIPO 3
ÚLCERA GÁSTRICA
PRÉ-PILÓRICA TIPO 4
> ACIDEZ ÚLCERA GÁSTRICA
↓ CURVATURA <
COMPLICAÇÃO: (PORÇÃO SUPERIOR)
PERFURAÇÃO = ACIDEZ
↓
CIRURGIA
ÚLCERAS GÁSTRICAS
- LESÃO DAS CÉLULAS PARIETAIS
HIPOCLORIDRIA
(< PRODUÇÃO DE ÁCIDO)
ACLORIDRIA
(S/ PRODUÇÃO DE ÁCIDO)
GASTRITE ATRÓFICA
Associada a H. PYLORI
ÚLCERA DUODENAL
ALÍVIO DA SINTOMATOLOGIA C/
INGESTÃO DE ALIMENTOS
Hipercloridia após refeição – Libertação de
HCO3- secretado pelo pâncreas no duodeno –
Efeito protetor do HCO3- na área ulcerada
ÚLCERA GÁSTRICA
AGRAVAMENTO DA SINTOMATOLOGIA C/
INGESTÃO DE ALIMENTOS
Hipercloridia após refeição - Efeito lesivo do
ácido gástrico na área ulcerada
HP
AINEs
ÁLCOOL
TABACO
SÍND. ZOLLINGER-ELLISON
OUTRAS
CAUSAS
SINTOMATOLOGIA - HEMATEMESES
1ª EPISÓDIO
ÚLCERA GÁSTRICA
- 4 CM
- CORPO GÁSTRICO (FACE POSTERIOR)
- AINEs –
HP –
S/ NEOPLASIA
S/ ANTECEDENTES
2º EPISÓDIO
- ANEMIA FERROPÉNICA
DIAGNÓSTICO – ÚLCERA IDIOPÁTICA ASSOCIADA A
PERFURAÇÃO DO PÂNCREAS
GASTRITE ≠ ÚLCERA