Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2089
SHORT PAPER
Second-hand smoke exposure generated by new electro-
nic devices (IQOS® and e-cigs) and traditional cigaret-
tes: submicron particle behaviour in human respiratory
system
C. Protano*, M. Manigrasso**, P. Avino**, S. Sernia*,***, M. Vitali*
Key words: Smoking electronic device, IQOS®, passive smoking, submicron particles.
Parole chiave: Sigarette elettroniche, IQOS®, fumo passivo, particelle submicroniche.
Abstract
Passive exposure profiles to submicronic particles (SMPs, 5.6-560 nm) of traditional cigarettes and new
electronic commercial devices (e-cig and IQOS®, a new heat-not-burn smoking device) were compared.
During smoking, SMPs released by traditional cigarettes resulted four-times higher than those released by
electronic and heat-not-burn devices and remained high for at least one hour, while SMPs values returned
immediately similar to background for electronic and heat-not-burn devices. In all experiments, approxi-
mately half of SMPs resulted so small to reach the alveolar region.
* Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
** Department of Technological Innovations, INAIL, Rome, Italy
*** Center of Occupational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
110 C. Protano et al.
products. This problem can be overcome by Path Particle Dosimetry model (MPPD v2.1,
the measurement of submicronic particles ARA 2009) (9). Each experiment was run
(SMPs), which are always released during use in triplicate; arithmetic mean values were
of all these different products. The aim of the calculated for each 1-s time measurement and
present research was to compare the profiles used for data comparison.
of exposure to passive smoking determined The study was non-sponsored and was
by the indoor use of combustible cigarettes, approved by the local Ethical Committee
heat-not-burn devices and e-cigs. Thus, we (Policlinico Umberto I/Sapienza University
measured submicronic particles generated by of Rome; protocol code 3520).
volunteers who smoked each of the following
products indoors: one traditional cigarette
(Pall Mall® San Francisco), one hand-rolled Results
cigarette (Golden Virginia® tobacco hand-
rolled with a Rizla® Blue Regular Rolling The key results emerged from the
Paper), 12 e-cig puffs (Smooke® E-SMART experiments (Figure 1) are:
(L) e-cig filled with Smooke® Light e-liquid 1. during smoking, SMPs released
containing nicotine at 9 mg/mL), and one by traditional and hand-rolled cigarettes
IQOS® stick. Smoker volunteers were two and deposited in the respiratory tract of a
researchers of Sapienza University of Rome passively exposed subject are four-times
(one 53 years old male and one 37 years old higher than those released by electronic and
female, already current smokers). heat-not-burn devices;
2. after smoking, SMPs generated by
traditional and hand-rolled cigarettes remain
Methods high until the end of the experiment (about
six-times higher than background) while, for
SMPs were measured in 2015 using a electronic and heat-not-burn devices, SMPs
Fast Mobility Particle Sizer spectrometer values return immediately very similar to
(FMPS 3091, TSI Inc.) in a room of 52.7 background; it is presumable that SMPs
m3 with a door and a window (room air generated by heat-not-burn smoke coalesce
changes: 0.67 air changes/h). The FMPS with each other rapidly and in large numbers,
3091 measures particle size distribution in increasing their average diameter and settling
the range 5.6-560 nm using the electrical immediately. On the contrary, SMPs generated
mobility technique, with a 1-s time resolution. by burn maintain their dimension and, thus,
To simulate passive exposure of the subjects, they persist in air for a much longer time;
we placed the air sampler 2 meters away 3. in all experiments, approximately half
from the smoker and at 1.5 meters above the of the deposited SMPs resulted so small as
floor. The door and the window were opened to be able to reach the alveolar region of
before each experiment to reach a steady passively exposed subjects;
SMPs concentration; then, the door and the 4. one hour spent indoor in which a single
window were kept closed until the end of each traditional cigarette, hand-rolled cigarette,
experiment. For each experiment, lasting one e-cig, or IQOS® is smoked determines an
hour from the cigarette or device ignition, we exposure to SMPs equivalent to that which
also modelled the SMPs deposition dose in would occur spending respectively 49, 39, 12,
the human respiratory tree with the Multiple- and 10 minutes in a heavy traffic area (10).
Second-hand smoke exposure, IQOS®, e-cigs and traditional cigarettes 111
Fig. 1 - Calculated submicronic particles with a nominal diameter in the range 5.6-560 nm (mean values of three
replicates): instant doses (graph) and size-distribution (%) in different respiratory regions (box) for a normal nose
breathing-adult male in rest condition
Electronic cigarette: a threat or an opportunity cigarette fluids. Tob Control 2015. http://dx.doi.
for public health? State of the art and future org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052175.
perspectives. Clin Ter 2015; 166: 32-7. acco.
5. Brown CJ, Cheng JM. Electronic cigarettes: 8. Sugerman DT. e-Cigarette. JAMA 2014; 311:
product characterization and design consider- 212.
ations. Tob Control 2014; 23: ii4-10. 9. Anjilvel S, Asgharian B. A multiple-path model
6. Orr MS. Electronic cigarettes in the USA: a of particle deposition in the rat lung. Fund Appl
summary of available toxicology data and sug- Toxicol 1995; 28: 41-50.
gestions for the future. Tob Control 2014; 23: 10. Manigrasso M, Avino P. Fast evolution of urban
ii18-22. ultrafine particles: Implications for deposition
7. Tierney PA, Karpinski CD, Brown JE, Luo W, doses in the human respiratory system. Atm
Pankow JF. Flavour chemicals in electronic Environ 2012; 51: 116-23.
Corresponding Author: Matteo Vitali, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of
Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
e-mail: matteo.vitali@uniroma1.it