12 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Physical Education
and Health 4
Quarter 4 – Module 4a(Weeks 1-2)
First Aid Common Emergencies and Safety
Practices in Outdoor Activities
Physical Education and Health 4 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 4a: First Aid Common Emergencies and Safety Practices in
Outdoor Activities
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jamaica R. Quisil
Editor: Jaymar R. Kinkito; Sheena Grace B. Alabata; Maria Teresa S. Bernal
Reviewer: Jaymar R. Kinkito
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Jenith C. Cabajon
Joelyza M. Arcilla, Ed.D. Rosela R. Abiera
Marcelo K. Palispis, Ed. D. Maricel S. Rasid
Nilita L. Ragay, Ed. D. Elmar L. Cabrera

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Office Address: Kagawasan Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
E-mail Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
 In previous modules, you were introduced to the different recreational
activities and the various benefits it can offer to your being as a whole.
Engaging to any kinds of recreational activities brings much profound
meaning to one’s life. However, you must also consider the potential risk and
hazards of the outdoor activities that may cause injuries and illnesses to you
and to your family.

In this module, you will be introduced to the safety practices and how to
apply first aid in land outdoor recreation. It is with hope that this module will
help you in your future adventure and equip you with first aid techniques and
skills which you need to be learned and practiced.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Observes personal safety protocol to avoid dehydration, overexertion, hypo- and

hyperthermia during MVPA participation.
PEH12FH-Ik-t-10

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

• Explain the meaning and importance of first aid;

• Identify the common illnesses or sickness experienced in outdoor
recreation and what first aid treatment should be administered;
• Analyze the given situations and answer the questions through the
knowledge and application of first aid; and
• Develop the sense of responsibility to help others especially in times of
emergency..

1
 What I Know

In the website https://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/safety/safety.shtml, “the

most effective way to prevent mishaps is to adequately prepare for the trip.
Knowledge of the area, weather, terrain, limitations of your body, plus a little
common sense can help you to ensure a safe and enjoyable trip”. However,
there are situations that can’t be avoided, that is why it is important to know
the basic first aid in order to minimize accidents.
First Aid is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who
suddenly gets ill or injured. It includes self-help and home care if medical
assistance not available or delayed (Parker, 2019). It can mean the difference
between life and death in extreme cases. However, we must know the limits
of the first aid we can give because improper first aid can actually do more
harm than good in some instances. Anyone who gives aid is a first aider.

TASK 1: “EMERGENCY! EMERGENCY! WHAT WILL I DO?”

Directions: To become a first aider, one must know how to respond to the different
risky situations. Now, test your skills in applying first aid by writing down your
immediate action to the following situation:

SITUATION IMMEDIATE ACTION TAKEN

1. While trekking, your friend slipped on a
sloppy terrain and twisted his/her ankle.
2. While camping, one of the campers was
attacked and bitten by a snake.
3. Your brother was setting up the tent when
cuts his finger with the pole.
4. Your mother accidentally touches a hot
pan.
5. Your friend experiences stroke.

Do you think you did the right action for each situation? Do not worry. As you
go on with this module, you will discover the proper ways of addressing those
situations.

2
 What’s In
OUTDOOR RECREATION SAFETY TIPS
As cited in www.fs.fed.us, the most effective way to prevent mishaps is to
adequately prepare for the trip. Knowledge of the area, weather, terrain, limitations of
your body, plus a little common
sense can help to ensure a safe
and enjoyable trip. There are
many ways to make sure your
experience is fun and safe. The
cite suggests the following safety
tips:
• Pack a first aid kit. Your
kit can prove invaluable if you or a https://sportsguidemag.com/outdoor-safety-tips-to-remember/
member of your group suffers a
cut, bee sting or allergic reaction. Pack antiseptics for cuts and scrapes, tweezers,
insect repellent, bug spray, a snake bite kit, pain relievers, and sunscreen.
• Bring emergency supplies. In addition to a first aid kit, this includes: a map,
compass, flashlight, knife, waterproof fire starter, personal shelter, whistle, warm
clothing, high energy food, water, and insect protection.
• Learn the ABC's of treating emergencies. Recognizing serious injuries will
enable you to attend to a victim until medical help arrives.
• Before you leave, find out the weather report. When you arrive at the site,
watch the skies for changes and carry a compact weather radio. In inclement
weather, find shelter until the worse passes. Stay dry - wet clothes contribute to heat
loss. Also, keep sleeping bags and important gear, dry at all times.
• Arrive early. Plan your trip so that you arrive at your actual campsite with
enough daylight to check over the entire site and to set-up camp.
• Check for potential hazards. Be sure to check the site thoroughly for glass,
sharp objects, branches, large ant beds, poison ivy, bees, and hazardous terrain.
• Avoid areas of
natural hazards. Check the
contour of the land and look
for potential trouble due to
rain. Areas that could flood or
become extremely muddy
can pose a problem.
• Inspect the site. Look
for a level site with enough
room to spread out all your

gear. Also, a site that has

https://www.tropicalbreezesafaris.com/adventure-travel-safety-tips/
trees or shrubs on the side of
prevailing winds will help block strong, unexpected gusts.

3
• Build fires in a safe area. Your open fires and fuel-burning appliances must
be far enough away from the tent to prevent ignition from sparks, flames, and heat.
Never use a flame or any other
heating device inside a tent.
Use a flashlight or battery-
powered light instead.
• Make sure your fires
are always attended. Be sure
you have an area for a fire that
cannot spread laterally or
vertically - a grill or stone
surface is ideal. When putting

the fire out, drown it with https://www.fox16.com/dl365/holidays/camping-safety-tips/

water, making sure all embers,
coals and sticks are wet. Embers buried deep within the pile have a tendency to
reignite later.
• Pitch your tent in a safe spot. Make sure your tent is made of a flame-
retardant fabric and set up far enough away from the campfire. Keep insects out of
your tent by closing the entrance quickly when entering or leaving.
• Dispose of trash properly. Remember to recycle - use the proper recycling
bins if available.
• Be cautious when using a propane stove. Read the instructions that come
with the stove and propane cylinder. Use the stove as a cooking appliance only -
never leave it unattended while it's burning.
• Watch out for bugs. Hornets, bees, wasps, and yellow jackets are a problem
at many campsites. Avoid attracting stinging insects by wearing light-colored clothing
and avoiding perfumes or colognes. Should such an insect approach, do not wave
wildly and swat blindly - instead use a gentle pushing or brushing motion to deter
them.
• Beware when encountering wildlife. To ward off bears, keep your campsite
clean, and do not leave food, garbage, coolers, cooking equipment or utensils out in
the open. Remember that bears are
potentially dangerous and
unpredictable - never feed or
approach a bear. Use a flashlight at
night - many animals feed at night
and the use of a flashlight may warn
them away.
• Beware of poisonous plants.
Familiarize yourself
https://gigacamping.com/top-10-important-camping-health-safety- with any
tips/
dangerous plants that are common
to the area. If you come into contact
with a poisonous plant, immediately rinse the affected area with water and apply a
soothing lotion such as calamine to the affected area.

4
• Practice good hygiene. Make sure you wash your hands, particularly after
using the toilet and before handling food, to prevent everyone in your group
becoming ill.

www.fs.fed.us provides information on “Pack the Essentials" and be prepared

for minor injuries, sudden weather changes or delays. The following are items you
should include in your pack:

• Candle
• Clothing (always bring something warm, extra socks, and rain gear)
• Compass
• First aid kit
• Food (bring extra)
• Flashlight
• Foil (to use as a cup or
signaling device)
• Hat
• Insect repellent
• Map
• Nylon filament
• Pocket knife
• Pocket mirror (to use as a
signaling device)
• Prescription glasses (an
extra pair)
https://www.bikeradar.com/features/mini-first-aid-kits-for-cycling/ • Prescription medications for
ongoing medical conditions
• Radio with batteries
• Space blanket or a piece of plastic (to use for warmth or shelter)
• Sunglasses
• Sunscreen
• Trash bag (makes an
adequate poncho)
• Water
• Waterproof matches
or matches in a
waterproof tin
• Water purification
tablets
• Whistle (to scare off
animals or to use as
a signaling device)
http://paulkirtley.co.uk/2011/personal-wilderness-first-aid-kit/

5
 https://www.keralapool.com/photos/first-aid-in-english-pdf.html

Roles of First Aid

According to John Furst (2013), “an emergency first aider has various roles and
responsibilities. It is important that first aiders take these roles and responsibilities
seriously as first aid is potentially lifesaving in an emergency situation”. The role of a
first aider is to provide immediate, lifesaving, medical care before the arrival of
further medical help. This could include performing procedures such as:

• Placing an unconscious casualty into the recovery position

• Performing Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• Using an automated external defibrillator (AED)
• Stopping bleeding using pressure
and elevation
• Keeping a fractured limb still
Objectives of First Aid
1. To save lives
2. To prolong life
3. To alleviate suffering
4. To prevent further injury
Characteristics of a Good First Aider

There are several personal qualities

which you should look for when
looking for a first aider. http://www.tutorcare.co.uk/traininghub/first-aid-for-sport-coaches-
trainers
1. Gentle-does not cause pain
and panic.
2. Observant-notices all signs.
3. Resourceful-makes the best use of things at hand.
4. Tactful- does not frighten the victim.
5. Sympathetic- comforts and reassures the victim.

6
 Principles of First Aid

Daniel Clark (2019) explains that, “the do’s and don’ts of first aid depend on the
injury”, but general tips are:
Do’s in giving First Aid Don’ts in giving First Aid
• Do assure the victim that you are • Don’t move the victim unless it is
a qualified first aider, and that they absolutely necessary.
are in safe hands.
• Call 911 or any emergency • Don’t forget to remove external
number right away if the injury is hazards.
really serious.
• Do visually and verbally assess
the injured person.
• Do practice good personal
hygiene.
• Do try and take the pain off the
patient’s mind by talking to them.

What is It

OUTDOOR RECREATION COMMON FIRST AID INJURIES

According to Jill Tilton (2017), “first aid is required in many ways, shapes and
forms. It is always a good idea to have basic first aid skills just in case you need it
yourself, or someone needs it around you. Below are the lists of common injuries
requiring first aid and what you can do when accidents like this occur”.
Cut/Scrape
Cuts and scrapes happen when your skin is accidentally broken or worn away. This
can be the result of a fall, banging
against a hard object, or being cut
by something sharp.
• If there is bleeding, press
firmly over the site with a clean cloth
until it stops, anywhere from three
to 15 minutes.
• Clean with lukewarm running
water and gently pat dry.
• If the skin is broken, apply a
https://www.cpcmg.net/cuts-scrapes-wise-advice-urban-legends/
thin layer of antibiotic
ointment, then cover with a
bandage or gauze and adhesive tape.
• If you can't control the bleeding after several attempts with direct pressure,
call immediate medical help.

7
 • Continue utilize antibiotic ointment and apply a new bandage daily (or more
often if necessary) until the cut heals.
• If the wound appears to be forming or draining pus or becomes swollen,
tender, or red, see a doctor right away to treat the infection.
Burn
Burn is damage to the skin or other
body parts caused by extreme heat,
flame, contact with heated objects, or
chemicals.
• Immediately hold injury under
cold running water or apply a
cold, wet towel until the pain
subsides.
• Cover any small blisters with a
loose bandage or gauze and
https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2020/01/31/cool-
tape. running-water-is-best-initial---treatment-for-burns-in-children-study-
• Call a doctor as soon as finds/
possible if burns are on the
face, hands, or genitals, or if they're larger than 1/4 inch anywhere on the
body.
• If the injury looks rooted, seek medical help immediately.
• For a burn covering a tenth of the body or more, don't use cold compresses;
call emergency hotline and cover up with a clean sheet or a blanket to prevent
hypothermia until help arrives.
• DO NOT pop any blisters yourself. If the skin breaks, apply antibiotic cream
and cover the area with a bandage or gauze until it's healed.
• Watch for any redness, swelling, tenderness, or discharge for these are all
signs of infection.
Insect Bite/Sting
It is a painful wound caused by the
thrust of an insect’s stinger into skin.
• If the insect left a stinger, gently
scrape the skin with your
fingernail to remove it without
breaking it.
• Refrain from using tweezers
because that can squeeze more
venom out of the stinger, causing
further injury.
• Call emergency personnel if you
https://www.towntalkradio.com/10-insect-bites-to-look-out-for-
have trouble breathing, coughing,
this-summer-and-how-to-treat-them/
or develop a hoarse voice, hives,
or swollen lips or tongue.

8
Splinter
Splinters are objects that become embedded under the skin.
• Use soap and water to wash
around the splinter.
• Clean a pair of tweezers with
rubbing alcohol and slowly pull the
splinter out. Rewash the skin.
• If you come across a fragment
that is hard to remove, leave it for a
day or so to see if it will come
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/splinters/article_em.htm out on its own.

Sunburn
Sunburn is the term for red, sometimes swollen, and painful skin caused by
overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. Sunburn can vary from mild to
severe.
• If you feel dizzy, weak, sick to your
stomach, or are spiking a high fever—or if
the burn is severe (oozing blisters form
within 48 hours) and covering a significant
portion of your body—go to the
Emergency Room.
• If your only symptoms are discomfort and
redness, apply cold compresses and aloe
vera lotion and take some ibuprofen.
• Avoid creams with petroleum, which can
cause infection, or anything ending in - https://www.prevention.com/health/a27197090/
Caine. When not administered by a sunburn-peeling-skin/

professional, these drugs may be

dangerous.
Nosebleed
A nosebleed is blood loss from the tissue that lines your nose. It can affect both
nostrils, but most often occurs in
only one nostril.
• Sit upright and don't tilt your
head back. Loosen any tight
clothing around your neck.
• Pinch the lower end of the
nose close to the nostrils and lean
forward while you apply constant
https://www.insider.com/how-to-stop-a-nosebleed pressure for five to ten minutes.
• Don't release and check

9
 the nose; it could prolong the bleeding.
• If the nosebleed is the result of trauma, you can reduce swelling by holding an
ice pack against the bridge of the nose after the bleeding slows down.
• If it persists for more than ten minutes or returns later, call medics or seek
medical help in order to check for breakage.
Sprains, Strains, and Tears
A Sprain is an injury to the ligaments or capsule
that holds a joint together. A strain is an injury to a
muscle or to a tendon (tissue that connects
muscle to bone). It is sometimes called a “pulled
muscle.” A strain happens when a muscle or
tendon is stretched too far or is partially torn.
Symptoms of a strain are pain, swelling, and
having a problem moving or using the injured
area. The hamstring (thigh muscle), calf muscle,
and Achilles tendon are commonly strained.
A tear often occurs when a joint is forced beyond
its normal range of motion. This can stretch or
https://www.webmd.com/first-
aid/understanding-sprains-strains-basics tear the ligament, much like the fibers of a rope
coming apart. Both surgical and nonsurgical
treatment has been used to recover from a tear.
The most effective treatment is the RICE method.
In the first few days after an injury, you should:
• Rest the area you injured. Your doctor may
recommend crutches if you hurt your knee, foot or
ankle.
• Ice the injury for 20 minutes at a time,
https://creeksidechiro.com/ankle-sprain
several times a day.
• Compress the injury with bandages or a
splint to reduce pain and swelling. Your doctor might also recommend a cast
or boot.
• Elevate the injury (arm, leg, elbow, knee, etc.) on a pillow, to reduce swelling.
• A compression wrap is used to prevent swelling, which can help your ankle
feel better. It does not support the ankle or prevent it from moving, so it does
not protect it except by reminding
you to be careful of your ankle.
• Roll up the elastic bandage if it
isn't already rolled up. Hold your
ankle at about a 90-degree angle.
Start where your toes meet the
body of your foot. Hold the loose
end of the bandage at the side of
your foot. Wrap the bandage
around the ball of your foot once, https://slideplayer.com/slide/14440030/
keeping it somewhat taut with a
light pull.

10
 • After this, slowly start circling your way around the arch of the foot. Pull the
bandage diagonally from the bottom of the toes across the foot's top and
circle it around the ankle. Now bring the bandage diagonally across the top of
the foot and under the arch in a figure-eight pattern.
• When you get to the ankle bone, wrap the bandage around the felt piece so it
stays in place under the ankle bone. Continue around the ankle and foot in a
figure eight, moving toward the heel on the bottom and toward the calf at the
top of the eight.
• The wrap should cover the entire foot and end about 7 centimetres above the
ankle. Most compression wraps are self-fastening or come with clip fasteners.
If not, use tape to secure the end. The wrap should be snug but should not cut
off circulation to the foot.

Fractures
Fractures are broken bones, and they can occur as
a result of falls or other harsh impacts.
◆ Stop Bleeding, if Necessary

• Apply firm pressure to wound with clean cloth

until bleeding stops.
• If bone is pushing through skin, do not touch it
or try to put it back in place.

◆ Splint the Area, if Possible https://www.academyorthopedics.com/fract

ures-of-the-tibia-orthopedic-surgery-
The purpose of the splint is to hold still and protect a georgia.html/
wounded body part from further damage.

• Cut away clothing if it cannot be removed without moving the injured body
part.
• Gently tape the dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper, ruler,
stick, or a rolled-up piece of clothing with first aid tape. In general, try to
include the joint above and below the injury in the splint. As much as possible,
avoid moving the injured limb, and never force it or try to twist it back into
place.

◆ Call immediate medical help if:

• The person is seriously injured.

• You suspect injury to the person's head, neck, or back.
• Bone is sticking out of the skin.
• Bleeding doesn't stop after several minutes of firm pressure.
• Blood spurts from the wound.
• Experience loss of feeling at the injured site
• Experience loss of warmth beyond the injured area.

11
TASK 2: TELL ME WHY?
Directions: Copy and answer the questions below in your notebook.
1. What should we remember when giving first aid?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Why is it important to understand and follow the basics of first aid?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the goal in giving first aid?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. What are the roles of a first aider during an emergency?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. What should we remember when giving first aid?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. Why is it important to understand and follow the basics of first aid?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

What’s More

FIRST AID FOR SNAKE BITE: WHAT TO DO WHEN BITTEN BY A SNAKE

According to https://www.slideshare.net/quennieciriaco9/bites-first-aid,
“snakes are one of the dangerous animals. They have their salivary glands which
produces venom which is injected through grooved or tubular fangs. If you were
attacked by a snake & you didn’t give yourself a first aid it may cost some
complications and at some cases it may lead to death. If you or someone you are
with has been bitten by a snake, you will know immediately. It’s possible, though, for
the bite to happen quickly and for the snake to disappear”.
Mary Ellen Ellis (2018) suggests that, to identify a snake bite, consider the
following general symptoms:

• two puncture wounds

• swelling and redness around the wounds
• pain at the bite site

12
 • difficulty breathing
• vomiting and nausea
• blurred vision
• sweating and salivating
• numbness in the face and limbs

First aid steps you can take after a snake bite occurs include cleaning the
wound, remaining calm, and immobilizing the affected area. However, it’s essential
to get to a medical facility immediately for emergency treatment. If treated in time,
the outlook for recovery is good.

What I Have Learned

TASK 3: COMPLETE ME
Directions: Complete the unfinished statements individually.
I can be a first aider because
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I will be a first aider because
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
As a first aider, I will
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.

Processing Questions:
1. Why is first aid important?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Can we help others through our knowledge and skills in first aid? How?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

13
 What I Can Do

TASK 4: "IS HE A GOOD FIRST AIDER?”

Directions: Analyze the situations and answer the process questions that follow.
◼ Student A is very relaxed in controlling the bleeding on her classmate’s finger.
◼ Student B is insisting that her unconscious sister drink water.
◼ Student C immediately brings her friend, who fell down the stairs, to the clinic.
◼ Student D makes use of his clean handkerchief to tie his best friend’s bleeding
arm.
◼ Student E speaks comforting words to her cousin who sprained his ankle while
trekking.

Process Questions:
1. Who among the students are good first aiders? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Who among them are not good first aiders? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. What characteristics should a good first aider possess?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. If you were a first aider, what would be your goal?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Assessment

TRUE or FALSE. Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if it

is wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.
________1. Before leaving the house for a trek through the wilderness, make sure
you’ve packed a first aid kit to treat future hiking injuries.
________2. Treating burns and scalds can be done by putting layers of clothing on
the injured area.
________3. First aid steps one can take after a snake bite occurs include sucking
and cutting the wound open.
________4. No need to call for emergency if the patient’s blood spurts out of wound.
________5. If still on fire, stop burning immediately through the “stop, drop, and roll”
method. Then remove the flamed material from the person. However,

14
 if the clothing sticks to the skin, do not pull it out but cut or tear
around it.
________6. It is a common sense to give food and drink to an unconscious person.
________7. Emergency personnel must be called immediately if severe bleeding or
bleeding does not stop despite pressure.
________8. To treat minor cuts, clean it with soap and water then apply antibiotic
cream then cover with sterile bandage and secure using medical tape.
________9. Strains and sprains Grade 1 & 2 may be treated with RICE (rest, ice
pack, compression, and elevation) method.
________10. It is a must to always carry a first aid kit whenever you do any sort of
outdoor recreation.

Additional Activities

ADMINISTERING FIRST AID

Directions: For 10 points, read and answer the question and statement below.
SCENARIO: You and your two friends were hiking and along the trail you saw
a man who is unconscious, with blood oozing from his head. How should you deal
with this situation?
1. What is the first thing that you should do?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. List everything you think you would need to do as the first persons to arrive at the
scene.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

15
 Answer Key

10. TRUE
9. TRUE

8. TRUE

7. TRUE

6. FALSE

5. TRUE

4. FALSE

3. FALSE

2. FALSE

1. TRUE

ASSESSMENT:

-Subject teacher may use his/her own rubrics in grading student’s answer.

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES: (answer may vary )

TASK 4: (answer may vary )

TASK 3: (answer may vary )

TASK 2: (answer may vary )

TASK 1: (answer may vary )

References
Jose P. Doria, Madonna C. Gonzales, Lawrence Jay Sedilla, Janeth Cagulang,
Physical Education & Health-Grade 9: Learner’s Material (Pasig City: Department of
Education, 2014), page 324-328.

Tilton, Jill. 2017. “Infection Control & First Aid Blog 8 of the Most Common First Aid
Injuries”. Safetec of America, Inc., Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://blog.safetec.com/8-of-the-most-common-first-aid-injuries

Furst, John. 2013 updated May 15, 2014. “The role and responsibilities of an
emergency first aider”. First Aid for Free. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://www.firstaidforfree.com/the-role-and-responsibilities-of-an-emergency-first-
aider/.

16
Clark, Daniel. 2019 reviewed February 11, 2020. “What are the Do’s and Don’ts of
First Aid?”. Engage in Learning a Kallidus Group Company. Accessed April 14,
2021. https://engageinlearning.com/faq/health-safety/first-aid/what-are-the-dos-and-
donts-of-first-aid/

Ellis, Mary Ellen. Updated on 2018. “Snake Bites”. Healthline. Accessed April
14,2021. https://www.healthline.com/health/snake-bites

https://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/safety/safety.shtml
https://www.mhealth.org/care/conditions/sprains-strains-andtears
https://ritm.gov.ph/first-aid-for-snake-bite-what-to-do-when-bitten-by-a-snake/
https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/te7620
https://sportsguidemag.com/outdoor-safety-tips-to-remember/
https://www.tropicalbreezesafaris.com/adventure-travel-safety-tips/
https://www.fox16.com/dl365/holidays/camping-safety-tips/
https://gigacamping.com/top-10-important-camping-health-safety-tips/
https://www.bikeradar.com/features/mini-first-aid-kits-for-cycling/
http://paulkirtley.co.uk/2011/personal-wilderness-first-aid-kit/
https://www.keralapool.com/photos/first-aid-in-english-pdf.html
http://www.tutorcare.co.uk/traininghub/first-aid-for-sport-coaches-trainers
https://www.cpcmg.net/cuts-scrapes-wise-advice-urban-legends/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2020/01/31/cool-running-water-is-best-
initial---treatment-for-burns-in-children-study-finds/
https://www.towntalkradio.com/10-insect-bites-to-look-out-for-this-summer-and-how-
to-treat-them/
https://www.emedicinehealth.com/splinters/article_em.htm
https://www.prevention.com/health/a27197090/sunburn-peeling-skin/
https://www.insider.com/how-to-stop-a-nosebleed
https://creeksidechiro.com/ankle-sprain
https://www.sportsandspinal.net.au/quad-strain-will-you-be-left-kicking-yourself/
https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/understanding-sprains-strains-basics
https://slideplayer.com/slide/14440030/
https://www.academyorthopedics.com/fractures-of-the-tibia-orthopedic-surgery-
georgia.html/
http://sightdare.com/infographic-snake-bite-first-aid-2/. Accessed April 14, 2021.
https://www.coursehero.com/file/54716531/First-Aid-is-an-immediate-and-temporary-
carepptx/. Accessed April 14, 2021.

17
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117

Email Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
Website: lrmds.depednodis.net

18