Contents LACINTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBER 1.1 Introduction to Optical Fiber 1.1.1 Fiber Optics and Optoelectronics 1.1.2 Historical Developments ..... 1.1.3 Configuration of Fiber Optic Communication System L2"Structures.... eet incriide and Fabrication 1.4 Fiber Materials 1.5 Fiber Fabrication 1.5.1 Outside Vapor Phase Oxidation 1.5.2 Vapor Phase Axial Deposition 1.5.3 Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition . 1.5.4 Plasma-Activated Chemical Vapor Deposition . 1.5.5 Double-Crucible Method 1.6 Mechanical Properties of Fiber: 1.7 Fiber Optic Cables ... 1.8 Basic Optical Communication System . 1.9 Advantages of Optical Communication System . 1.10 Role of Fiber-Optic Technology .. Summary .. Review Questions BASIC LAWS OF OPTICS 32-65 2.1 Nature of Light .... _22Basic Optical Laws and Definitions . 2.2.1 Concept of TIR.... 2.2.2 Principle of Light Propagation Through a 2.2.3 Fractional Refractive Index Change . 2.2.4 Numerical Aperture ... 2.2.5 Skew Rays... 28° Optical Fiber Modes and Configurations ode Theory for Circular Waveguide .. 2.4.1 Planar Waveguide or Dielectric Slab WG 2.4.2 Cylindrical Waveguide ...comers 25 Fer Losses 4 251 Absorption Los 25.2 Scattering Loss. be 25.3 Bending Loss. oy 2.6 Dispersion a 22 Gomer so Speers ct Sua ey eae Quins 6 \ /RTENUATION IN OPTICAL FIBER 66-70 “Se Invduction to Attention 6 “rion or 32.1 nic Absorption “7 322. Extrinsic Absorption 7 3 Seatering & 331 Liner Scaring o 82 NowLinear Sentring Les a ery Low Low Matra 2 ‘Al Pasi and Poymer Clad Fiber ” Summary Pr esis Qustons % _SCWANE PROPAGATION 7-98 “BW Propagation in Sepindex and Grade Index Fey 77 4 Dispersion 7s 421 Macca Dperion By 422. Waveguide Deron 9 497 Overal Fiber Duper if 4431 Single Mote Fess i 432 Mutimode Fier es 4 Dierion Model Sine Made Fc s 441 Dispersion Shite Fier + 2 Digpenion Fatred Finer ‘Polarization | i 5.1 Modal Birtringen. a 452 Polarization Maintaining Fbnes be Simmer “3 Reviews Questions. i " 5. OPTICAL SOURCES ign and LED's for Optical Communication Sul Structre and Working of LED 5.12 Radiative Recombination Processes 5.13 Quantum EficiencyResponse Time and LED Power 5.14 Materials used to Fabricate LED and Laser 515, [ED Construction Desig of LED for Optical Communication 51.6 Led Drive Circuitry 7 Ge Semiconductor Lasers for Optical Fiber Communication System and their Types 52.1 Laser Fundamentals 5.22. Types of Lavet/Laser Gassication Se Power Launching and Coupling “Set Source to Fber Power Launching. BAL Output Pattern [542 Power Coupling 54.3. Power Launching 544 Equilibrium Numerical Apereare BAS Laser Diodeto-Fiber Coupling. Swary Review Questions. 6. OPTICAL DETECTORS “Bi Renken Mowe Bacon Ot pa Pout te Py ice C1 patina nae ac Pee Nene ede AD) fc hanp \serthounalper et $5 Donor Repos Te : Pas pon ayer os {82 Repme eee sect ew o ic Cin se eeiatn rnin “G16 Optical Receiver Operation. (pol Fundamental Receiver Operation 86 1187 188 188 180 193 194 196 196Contents . 202 - 205 . 207 66.2 Digital Receiver Performance... 6.6.3 Analog Receivers .. Summary eH Review Questions. 7. OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 210-262 7.1 Data Communication Networks... .- 210 - 210 213 214 218 7.1.1 Types of Computer Networks 7.1.2 Network LAN Technologie: 7.1.3 Network Topologies 7.1.4 MAC Protocols .. 7.1.5 Analog Systems.. 7.2 Advanced Multiplexing Strategies 7.2.1 Optical TDM 7.2.2. Subcarrier Multiplexing .. 7.2.3. WDM Network .... 7.3. Architectures...... 7.3.1 SONET/SDH 7.3.2 Optical Transport Network 7.3.3 Optical Access Networ! 7.3.4 Optical Premise Network 7.4 Applications 7.4.1 Military Applications 74.2 Civil Application: 7.4.3 Consumer Applications 7.4.4 Industrial Applications Summary... Review Questions MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 263-279 APPENDICES 28° ; 1-290 MODEL QUESTION PAPERS 2 91-294 INDEX 295-298[lf operons and Opti Communication , smiconductor laser with the encoded digital signa, soomtyaticereta eth t eth followed by a frontend amplifies cee rete allan apap Fig. 14 ita! opa! mer conmnlaon 4 srevctures 1s is, we wl da he ace of a pier cl “he opal Ge ee cons af ply 8 ee 1. Inner most yer or THE CORE 2 Outer layer or THE CLADDING 8. Protecive cover of THE SHEATHL ‘The core and adding both can Ba bbe made up of either glass or fer — ON as shown in Fig 15. the dadding (7) }) ‘made up of gas, the core material ‘an be glass or fiber But if the aR, ‘adding made up af ber the core tbo must be made up of fier ‘The refiacve index of core is ‘Sth always greater then that of the adding The ight rye get trapped — Chine imide the ore when the} flo he ca concept of TIR (Total Internal Reflection), and thar making i lor mone fom ne pe Fiber Characteristics, 2s grtial fiber has many advantages over a copper wire or a co-asll Sie Titi why Hi aking over the wired chology ay a lscss some ofthe characterises of open to a ay Inet pire 1 Greater bandwidth: Bandwidth ofan optical Ste is higher tan acaatepars, They carry slot mere inane 6 eae Stannel of information over longer distances. Thus eer FE ased. Theoretically, fiber has a bandwidth of more Wenge ‘erabyes per second, et can cary upto 32000 tlephe ergs) atthe same time. It would take around 64,000 capes nes ‘make the sime number of phone ell Higher Dats Transmission Rate: The twansmison rate of data is also much higher chan the copper wire. An eptcal bes ena ‘wanamit upto 2Gbps over tens of klomcters, herears tarnen ‘oper wire can only transmit some hundreds of Mbps oe oy Tim 3. Smaller size: An optical Sher has a diameter of 125 mm in comparision to 7.62 em of 4 copper wiv Lighter weight: Along with the size reducaton, there is subanial weight reduction to. For example, 945 hg of copper anal replaced with 3.6 kg of optea fiber 5 Electromagnetic Isolation (EMI: Fiber optic systems ae immuned te slectomagneic interference suchas lightning rae spat mosphere ditrbancen te. Beaute of sinners lems ghe accuracy of data wansmision of abou 100 aes heuer than over copper cable, 5 Connections: No electrical conection is required between sender and rectver 7. Rellabitys They ae highly reliable and once installed, ned no ‘maintainence for many yeas Higher eneryption/deeryption techniques can be / ‘wed witha optical Aber Less attenuation: Optical bers have a very low tanimison loses bau of their ultra purity. Ifa window pane Thm tick wee be made of such ls, t would be transparent as oti pose of gl. 10. Cost: Costs are often mos important considerations in a system. Alough fiber opi cables are cores than x copper nite ele, — however compared in ransmistion sense thy toed be cheaper than thir counterparts. T mean to say that 4 50m long ope fiber cable may be'10 times easier than a copper ible ety transmit 100 times more dat than the copper ce 90 they tend to be cheaper a[EB opt Opa omnin i 2/ WAVEGUIDE AND FABRICATION LB intr meni 18 tly | {edium that guides the light waves that travel in it. Theref cc requ | Pr teeing scons, we wil dics how ate the opi hes | ogi nt ht of mata ne we mae eh i] ‘will aio see some of the fabrication processes, i, some of the Stay wed sch to ale an op er ble eave Let ws tae them one by one Classification of Fibres hers can be cased in thre diferent ways | chassitcation based on MODE, / Single mode fer: These fibers only hae one mode of propagation CO Gehig 8, The seo corets ey onal compared wo adding Wis around 8-10 microm. They a wsed Tor high speed dats ‘tansnistion overlong dances ‘However they havea very kite bandh and therefore also have Jee atenuaton () Maltinode fiber These Sher hive more than one mode of Bropgation. The sit ofthe cores age than that nag made Ber I varies rom 50-025 mie * The srbletocry mor data than $8, sol wih bit are seep to est ited for tre dsance wane 2 Chacon based om bending ihe () Stepnder fiber The core and having iret rave aos dang ays es her as they havea large tenuaon. They 326 3 are made up of material (00 Fag.) The refiactve inde tan that of cote, Based on how the change Inno Opt rer ‘of medium occurs at corecladding interface, the bendi ng of light, Citing Shay aa rad ne (Graded indexer Faz 1 the refeactive index of core i uniform and undergoes an abrupt hang atthe cing boundary then the wavegue bce index fiber. a (© Graded.index ber: IFdhe refractive index ofthe core is ot uniform ands higher towards the center of the cre and goes down gadeally ‘it moves away fiom the center, (wward the cladding symm then ii called Graded index Sher ‘We wil explain these bers in a more detailed way hater 3 Clasitication based on way of propagation of ight (0) Pranse wave light rave trough the guides are those wave guides (opi fibers) in which ‘a straight fashion inside the core region and pes ‘midpoint (center) of the fiber cove. far Tig 8), [oi “iia t, CS (rr Pots (© Clrcular Waveguides are thou waveguides in which ge ane in 2 ticular fashion ise the optic Sher makes apr Ihe tape hile traveling through the ore length (er ig 19)