DAYLIGHT IN BUILDINGS

Lighting units
January 2021

Lorna Flores
Recap
Introduction

What is light?

https://images.app.goo.gl/TMyEBfy25SvURzU67
Introduction. Light

We measure light as a function of the eye sensitivity

Light + Human eye.
Rods & Cones
 Light + Human eye. Accommodation

Visual System
Adaptation
Photopic Vision

Mesopic Vision

Scotopic Vision
Spectral Sensitivity

From: https://images.app.goo.gl/h4nGGreKr3Yts5vG8
 Light + Human eye.
Non-image forming(NIF)

From: https://images.app.goo.gl/CMP42swvAgieXSs67

From: https://images.app.goo.gl/GNUcLoxQNxgnHubHA

Hormones secretion
Quiz Answers
 ■ What vision operates in typical interior lighting?

Q1 ■ What about typical exterior lighting?

■ Can you give an example of lighting application in which scotopic vision operates?

*From: https://www.cibsejournal.com/cpd/modules/2019-06-eye/
Q2
■ Which of the following statements is true in relation to the grey lines shown in this
image?

A) Luminance of the left hand grey lines is

higher than luminance of the right hand lines

B) Luminance of the left hand grey lines is

lower than luminance of the right hand lines

C) Luminance of the left hand grey lines is

equal to luminance of the right hand lines
Q2
Q2
Q3

■ A pendant light fitting (80 cm long) which is right

above of a dining table, reaches a 650 horizontal
illuminance at the centre of the table. Determine the
intensity of the light source if the ceiling is 2.5
meters.
Q3

■ A pendant light fitting (80 cm long) which is right

above of a dining table, reaches a 650 horizontal
illuminance at the centre of the table. Determine the
intensity of the light source if the ceiling is 2.5
meters.

E=650 lux 2
d= ?
I= E * d
I=?
Q3
I= *
80 cm

■ A pendant light fitting (80 cm long) which is right

above of a dining table, reaches a 650 horizontal
illuminance at the centre of the table. Determine the
intensity of the light source if the ceiling is 2.5 85 cm 250 cm
meters.

E=650 lux
d= .85 m 85 cm
I=650*.85 2
I= 469.63 cd
Q3
I= * I= 469.63 cd 80 cm

■ A pendant light fitting (80 cm long) which is right

above of a dining table, reaches a 650 horizontal
illuminance at the centre of the table. Determine the
intensity of the light source if the ceiling is 2.5 85 cm 250 cm
meters.

Do you think it is enough light? Too much?

85 cm
Or not sufficient?
 Q4

■ It is possible to read a book under full moon

A) True

B) False
Lighting Units
Introduction. Units

-Flux Φ - Lumens(lm)
Luminous Flux -Quantity of light coming
from one light source.

Illuminance E - Lux(lx)
Quantity of luminous flux
Luminous Intensity
falling on a surface.
Intensity I - Candelas(cd) Illuminance
Quantity of light radiated
Luminance
in a particular direction
-Luminance L – Candelas per
square meter (cd/m2)
-“Brightness” of a surface
perceived by the eye, dependent
on its reflectance.
Units

-Flux Φ - Lumens(lm)
Luminous Flux -Quantity of light coming
from one light source.

Illuminance E - Lux(lx)
Quantity of luminous flux
Luminous Intensity
falling on a surface.
Intensity I - Candelas(cd) Illuminance
The steredian
Quantity of light radiated
Luminance
in a particular direction
-Luminance L – Candelas per
square meter (cd/m2)
-“Brightness” of a surface
perceived by the eye, dependent
on its reflectance.
Units

-Flux Φ - Lumens(lm)
Luminous Flux -Quantity of light coming
from one light source.

Illuminance E - Lux(lx)
Quantity of luminous flux
Luminous Intensity
falling on a surface.
Intensity I - Candelas(cd) Illuminance
Quantity of light radiated
Luminance
in a particular direction
-Luminance L – Candelas per
square meter (cd/m2)
-“Brightness” of a surface
perceived by the eye, dependent
on its reflectance.
Units.
Luminous efficacy (η)

Light source Lumen

• values
Luminous Luminous
efficacy is the ratio
of luminousefficacy
flux generated to
Fluorescent tube (48 watt) 3000 power
lm consumed.
62.5 lm/w
Light bulb (100 watt) 1340 lm 13.4 lm/w
• Its unit of measurement is
LED (23 watt) 1600 lm 69.6 lm/w
Lumen/Watt
High pressure sodium (250 watt) 26,000 lm 104 lm/w

η = Luminous flux (lm) / power (watts)

Units
F I

Luminous flux
Lumen (lm) Luminous intensity
flux/solid angle
Candela (cd)

Illuminance L Luminance
E
flux/area intensity/ projected
Lux (lx) area
Candela per square
metre
(cd/m2)

All units are related.

Relationship. Units
Intensity Luminous Flux

• The same intensity in all directions

Relationship. Units
Intensity Luminous Flux

A Lambertian radiator
• The same luminance in all directions
Relationship. Units
Intensity Luminance

Luminance is intensity per unit

area, the luminance of the
example is its intensity divided
by the apparent area.
Relationship. Units
Intensity Illuminance

55.5 lux
Relationship. Units
Illuminance to an inclined plane:
Non Visual Effects.
Units

• Melanopic illuminance (EML)**

• Illuminance weighted to the spectral response of ipRGCs

• Melanopic daylight equivalent illuminance (M-EDI)

• Daylight D65 illuminance needed to produce a similar stimulation
to the light source considered

• Circadian stimulus (-)

• Effectiveness of the spectrally weighted irradiance at the eye
 Non Visual Effects.
Units

• Melanopic illuminance (EML)**

• Illuminance weighted to the spectral response of ipRGCs

EML = Lilluminance
• Melanopic daylight equivalent *xR (lux)
• Daylight D65 illuminance needed to produce a similar stimulation
to the light source considered
To calculate the equivalent melanopic lux (EML), multiply the visual lux (L)
• Circadian
designed for orstimulus
measured (-) in a building by this ratio (R).
• Effectiveness of the spectrally weighted irradiance at the eye

*In WELL STANDARD L stands for “visual lux”

 Non Visual Effects.
Units

• Melanopic illuminance (EML)**

• Illuminance weighted to the spectral response of ipRGCs

EML = Lilluminance
• Melanopic daylight equivalent *xR (lux)
• Daylight D65 illuminance needed to produce a similar stimulation
to the light source considered
To calculate the equivalent melanopic lux (EML), multiply the visual lux (L)
• Circadian
designed for orstimulus
measured (-) in a building by this ratio (R).
• Effectiveness of the spectrally weighted irradiance at the eye

*In WELL STANDARD L stands for “visual lux”

“For example, if incandescent lights
provide 200 lux in a space, they will
produce 108 equivalent melanopic lux. If
daylight is modeled to provide the same
visual brightness (200 lux), it will also
provide 220 equivalent melanopic lux.”
Non Visual Effects.
Units

• Melanopic illuminance (EML)**

• Illuminance weighted to the spectral response of ipRGCs

• Melanopic daylight equivalent illuminance (lux)

• is a standardized (SI compliant) quantity/magnitude based on the
spectral measurement of light that accounts for the response to
light of the non-visual photoreceptors (ipRGCs) in the human
retina

• Circadian stimulus (-)

• Effectiveness of the spectrally weighted irradiance at the eye
Non Visual Effects.
Units

• Melanopic illuminance (EML)**

• Illuminance weighted to the spectral response of ipRGCs

• Melanopic daylight equivalent illuminance (M-EDI)

• Daylight D65 illuminance needed to produce a similar stimulation
to the light source considered

• Circadian stimulus (-)

• Effectiveness of the spectrally weighted irradiance at the eye
Non Visual Effects.
Units

• Melanopic illuminance (EML)**

• Illuminance weighted to the spectral response of ipRGCs
“CS is a metric is based on a model of how the retina converts light
• Melanopic
signals daylight
into neural equivalent
signals for the illuminance (M-EDI)
circadian system”
• Daylight D65 illuminance needed to produce a similar stimulation
to the light source considered

• Circadian stimulus (-)

• Effectiveness of the spectrally weighted irradiance at the eye

https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/cscalculator/
From: https://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pr_story.asp?id=338#.YA3nGOj7RPZ
Reading list …

■ SLL Lighting Handbook (2018)**

■ SLL code for Lighting (2012)**
■ WELL v2 pilot, Q1 2021:
https://v2.wellcertified.com/v/en/light

**SLL material is available on CIBSE website

Next…

■ Please make sure to complete the Quiz

 Assessment
Lighting appraisal & Daylight Analysis
…

Lighting appraisal examples

January 2020
Lighting appraisal example
Lighting appraisal example

Louvres not Strong contrast

doing much between windows and
underside of ceiling

Day
Natural daylight filters through from 3 sides of the foyer.
Electric lighting Access to pool is straightforward but not emphasised by
causes lighting. Surfaces are white painted plasterboard or light
discomfort glare concrete, reflecting the daylight effectively. Semi opaque
to swimming glazing between the pool area and the foyer creates diffused
coaches daylight which gives this space prominence.

Night
Problem with glare from luminaries emphasising areas of the
building which do not assist the public in wayfinding, for
example private offices & admin areas.
These bright lights are reflected in the large areas of glazing.
Floor surfaces are adequately lit to navigate the space.
…Lighting appraisal
These questions may help you start.
■ What is the overall impression and character of the space?
■ Do you experience any discomfort from glare in the environment?
■ Materials in the environment: are there any specular reflections in polished
surfaces?
■ What are the visual tasks of the users do in the selected environment? Do you think
the quantity of light is adequate for those tasks?
■ What is the contribution of colour to the character of the space…is it distressing,
comforting, appropriate?
■ Compare the amount of direct light from the windows or light fittings, to the amount
of diffused light reflected from surfaces in the environment. Do you think the balance
is right?

January 2020
…

Daylight analysis example

January 2020
…

Case Studies

January 2020
A) British Museum: Room 33 a-c

https://g.co/arts/PTNYLBxEgVhHa7or8 January 2020

B) National Gallery: 54-55 & 57 Rooms,
Sainsbury Wing

© Valentino Danilo Matteis January 2020

https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/visiting/virtual-tours/sainsbury-wing-vr-tour
Groups

Case Study A Case Study B

Harry Benny Ambookan Imane Akacem
Laura Gilbert Muhammad Haroon
Anjana Sunil Chithra Suresh Suresh Babu
Sophie Woodbridge

January 2020
…

Any Questions

January 2020