t=

818 C=
'BruJoq IBulnEq rI3 s3 u^\ou{ sr uorlrpuoc s}qJ F
'Iunloros el{lolur,(lqrssod pue
I?Ir?J eqt otut eprulord feru s1ueluoc Iuunuopq? puu uedo pec-rog e
eq ,(uu Isusc eIp (erunu4 q8no;ql ro slcalqo ,{rreeq tupJII ,{q) ,tpuucryrutrs sesuercur ernsserd
IBulluopqs-uJlul JI 'e8u qlrm sosolc ,{11uur.rou Islruc Iuurn8ur aql 'perredun eq ,(11un1ue^e IIr^\
e
uollcunJ sll uaql puecsep lou soop sllsal E JI 'cus IetoJcs ar{l Jo sernlereduet JO^\ol ,(pq35s aql e
l3 lseq uollcunJ sels4 eI{J 'euoJalsoNq euouuoq xes elelu eqi Jo ecuengur eql Japun lunlnJsu
'reqn8 eql pellsc enssl] Jo proo {clq} u ,(q peprnt sr sotsq eW Jo }uocsop er{J 'runtorrs er.p uqll^\ e
uoll?col rreql fdncco ol IuIIur luurn8ur eql qtno.rqt ,{lr,rec Ieunuopqe eqt Jo lno puersop selsal t
ot{l qulq regu 1snlro eroJeq 1sn1 ',{1rnuc lPuruopqe eql un$rA\ dolerrep solsel eql 'srueJ oql uI
'[?uBJ
F
pup8ul oql pel1ec Suruodo uu q8norql f11,ruc ieuruiopqp eq] sJolue pJoJ crlerrueds eq;
'se^reu puu slossa^ poolq qlrm Suop pJoJ trlslu.rads eq1 ulqll^\ flrrruc lulorcs eql Jo lno spuacse
F
sueJoJop sul eI{J 'sueJeJap ssl aql pell€J oqnl rulncsnru ? sr stur,(prprde eql rxorg Surpuelxg C
's;tu,{pp;de oqt sI sltsot aq} ol roFedns pu€ Jouotsod 3ur,(1 'so1sel perpd aql pulJ runtoJcs org
Jo C
ensslt enllcauuoJ plr? UDIS aql ulqtll[ 'urnloJJs er{l polluc Jes poreAoc-UDIS eqt elucol f,11uu-re1xg
Dartus M. e
'^lolloJ 1uq1 sruur8ulp oW IaW.I
'^\oleq pequcsop sornlrluls eql pulJ ol urels,(s enrlcnpo:der elulll orp
Jo slepow or{t o1 reJou
F
IAIflJ,SAS gAIISNOOUdf,U glVW gHT.{O AI,\IOIVNV SSOUS 'I
e
F
'spuu13 e
IuJqlernoqlnq oql puu 'pue1t e1u1so;d eqt'solclse^ punues eql opnlcul spuu18 polercossv 'srued
eW puu 'urqlern eq1 'suere;ep wA eql 'se1se1 e{0 epnlour ure1s,{s ozrrlcnpordal eluru eql
Jo suu8ro
e
roleur eqg 'ece1d e{n Irec uoltezrlrueJ tuq} os }cu4 enrtcnporder elutueJ eql o} ureqt lcelord r
ol ptrB 'ul.rads pellEJ slleJ xos oJnluru ecnpord ol peu8rsep sr urels,ts errrlcnpordal oleur oqJ
e
'selurrroJ prru selutu r$oq q onssp cruofrqure euus
oql ruog esue suuEro ssolp esnucoq,(ludrcurrd suelsfs elerueJ prl? elulu aql uoe^Ueq selrJBl[urs
F
eluos oJ? oJeI{J 'spuu18 ,(rosssccu pue suu?"ro Jo Jeqrunu u sopnlcul ue1s,{s errrlcnpordeJ oqJ F
:NOIIJNOOUJNI
F
e
A. MALE SYSTEM e
e=
wrrs^s r^tDnqoudru F
IIVI,II IHI {O ATAIOIVNV F
F*
C. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT -
B. FEMALE SYSTEM F
A. MALE SYSTEM e
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
F
e
F
 F
F"
s-"
-L

lnternally locate components of the urinary system: the urinary bladder and the ureter. The
urethra is longer in the male and is divided into three portions. The first portion called the
C*
prostatic urethra is located within the prostate gland located inferior to the urinary bladder. F*
The second portion is the membraneous urethra located within a thin layer of skeletal muscle
that forms the pelvic (urogenital) diaphragm. The third and longest portion is the penile
F*
urethra located within the penis. €*
The penis is composed of three cylindrical rod-shaped masses of erectile tissue composed of Fr-
numerous blood vessels. They are the paired corpora cavernosa and the single corpus
spongiosum. The penile urethra is contained within the corpus spongiosum. Two arteries called
f-
the deep arteries are located within the corpora cavernosa. These blood vesseis can accommo- e-
date a large increase in blood flow. When the volume of blood entering these vessels increases,
the erectile tissues expand and the penis becomes erect.
r
e-
Erection is a process in which arteries directing blood flow into the penis vasodilate and veins
that normally drain blood out of the penis vasoconstrict. This process is stimulated by parasym-
€=*
pathetic fibers contained within sacral spinal nerves. €-
The vas deferens ends in the abdominal cavity in a location near the seminal vesicle. The swol-
e-
len end of the vas deferens is the ampulla and is continuous with a small duct called the ejacula- e=
tory duct. Contents from the seminal vesicle mix with the sperm in the ejaculatory duct and
empty into the first portion of the urethra, the prostatic urethra. There the contents of the +
prostate gland mix with seminal vesicle contents and sperm. Secretions from the bulboure-
thral gland mix with the others to form the ejaculatory fluid called semen.
F*
F=
Accessory glands of the male reproductive traet are located internally. These glands secrete
€==
various components of semen. The paired seminal vesicles secrete a viscous fluid rich in the
monosaccaride fructose. Fructose is used as an energy source by sperm. The single prostate e-
gland secretes an acidic milky fluid that contains enzymes. The bulbourethral glands (Cowper's
glands) secrete an alkaline viscous mucus that serves as a lubricant. In addition to these sub-
€-
stances secreted by various glands, the testes produce the mature spermatozoa, the male sex
cells by a process called spermatogenesis. which is under voluntary control , upon opening of the
e:
external urethral sphincter. F
Ejaculation is a process in which semen is ejected from the penis. Sympathetic nerves stimulate €-
smooth muscle contractions in the accessory glands and in the various muscular tubes. Smooth
b-
Ei--
muscle contraction propels the semen through the vas deferens and penile urethra.
up to the external urethral sphincter, the propelling of the content of testes in these genital h-
El-
tract is called EMMISSION.
€!!-
l-

r
-
r
3r4 -
F
 ;-
#
h
q-
+
$-
+
d!
REPRODUCTTVE SYSTEM, MALE q- J

The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, the two t-

testes, their ducts the epidiciymis and vas deferens, the seminal Fl5-
vesicles, the ejaculatory ducts, the urethra, the penis, and accessory
structures the prostate and the bulbourethral glands. The penis with ?a-
the scrotum and its contents are called the external genitals. Early
in the fetal stage, the testes are in the abdominal cavity. Later, before F-
birth, they move to the inguinal canal and descend into the scrotum.
on the torso, the numerals 900 through g 12 identify parts of the mare *
reproductive system.

F-
900 Scrotum 905 Prostate gland 909
lnsert, male lnsert, male
Cavernous body
lnsert, male F*
g0t Testis 906 Ejaculatory duct gl0 Corona
F
lnsert, male lnsert, male lnsert, male
F-
902 Epididymis tol Urethra 91 'l Glans penis F-
lnsert, male lnsert, male lnsert. male

903 Vas deferens 907 Bulbourethral gland I 1 2 Prepuce

t+
Abdominal cavity lnsert, male male Frr
and insert, male
908 -Cavernous body with urethra -tnsert, l-
904 Ampulla
lnsert, male
(Corpus spongiosum)
lnsert, male t*,
:-
t-

F-
F'
r
=D-
F:-
F.
tb-
312
r
 -

E-
tr. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
--

You will examine two of the organs of the male reproductive system, the testis and the epididy- tr\
mis. In addition, a slide of mature spermatozoa is provided. Figures refer to pictures in your lab
atlas. Space is provided for drawing.
E-\
trr
Look at the slide of the testis (fig. 79b,79c) with the scanning lens. Notice the thick connective
tissue capsule called the tunica albuginea. Inward extensions of the tunica albuginea form septa F*
and divide the testes into lobules. You'll see that a testis is composed of many tubes cut in cross
section and longitudinally. These tubules are called seminiferous tubules and are the site of
+
spermatogenesis. At low magnification you will also notice the straight tubules arising from F*
seminiferous tubules that end in a series of tubes called the rete testis located within the medi-
astinum testis.
+
F*
h_
a ._

F-
tunica
albuginea
+
F"
+
Fr
r
seminiferous
F
tubules F=
+
ts
ts
:1-.titt$ ii F
bri
Low mognificotion of testis !--

s--
--
+
g
br,-
r
r
316
r
F
r
 :
ll,t +-
t-
E--
ts
s+
ts*
+
sr+sa+ Jo uor+3as *
f=
r
(6rpAa-1 1o) r
lloc lPrulsrolul
auPrquraur r
luouJasPq
r
urnr;aqlrde F
;eurure6 +
r
F
t
alnqnl
r
snololuruas e==
JO uaulnl
F=
e
'auoJolsolsal pellBc suolruoq f=
xes eluru eql eleJces tuqt spuu18 ouuoopue su uollJunJ puu.reqleSol pednor8 eJu sllec esal{J e-
'3p,{a1Jo sllor Isllllsralq eql poller ueeateq puu epIS}nO
ed,t1 11ec e pulJ selnqnt snoroJtultues
€-
'elnqnl snoJeJru{uos oql Jo tunrl
-eqlrda pur-rura8 eqt urroJ sllar rToues pue luarudole^ep Jo se8uts snoLIuA uI sller xes 'eJntptu
t-
slloo er11 sp lerJol€ru Jelnlloc sezrlfco8uqd pue 'slueulnu septno;d 'turods 8urdo1e,r.ep eq] slcelo:d e
(11ec ,,esrnu,, oqt) IIaJ rlolras aqt pelluc ed,{1 11ec req}ouv 's11ec crueSoteu;eds yo sedft 1ue
-reJJIp eqt ,{Suuapr ot }lnrrJJrp eq,(uur tl 'eprls eqt uo Surpuedeq 'auuJqtuatu luauaseq oqt ruou
F
po]€ool ere eruoSoluurrads pellpc slloJ eJnlsururl lsoul eI{J 'slseueSotuuueds 3o se8uls snoIJEA
-=
ur er€ tuql slleo eJu Ile.la eqt dn e{eru tuqt sllec eq; '(urads) eozoluurrads e;nturu yo ulla8eg
eql eJE spuuJls osaqJ 'lr olur Surpuelxe spuer]S Sututels-esuep ,(uuur wq luqi uaunl ? qlIA{ punoJ F
,(11u.reue8 sl tI 'olnqru snoreJrunres e13urs e tB {ool '(q08 'u08 'p6L'BrJ) uotlect3ru8uur reqStq ty F*
F
r-
 F
F
F-
Spermatogenesis is a form of cell division taking place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. +
It is divided into three phases:
F-
A. spermatocytogenesis: immature spermatogonia undergo mitosisx to give rise to more C=*
spermatogonia; spermatogonia eventually differentiate into primary spermatocytes
F
B. spermatogenesis: (meiosis)*x spermatocytes undergo two meiotic divisions: a) primary
spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to give rise to secondary spermatocytes and b) second-
ts
ary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to give rise to spermatids c--
C. spermiogenesis: spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa by losing much of their
r
cytoplasm and developing a long flagellum c!=
x Review the stages of mitosis if necessary.
F
x* Review the stages of meiosis if necessary. F=
Spermotocy'ogenesis
$-,.
spermotosonium
@ @
new spermotogon to
C-
C-
F.
S*
C-
e-
n-=
S*
C-
rT-
--!

F
t--
v-
h-
E-

F*
b-
spermorozoo/
/ / / t
t
Spermatogenesis takes place continually throughout the male's reproductive life span from
F
puberty to death.
r
318 F
r
 \
618
t-
b-
L--
-
blb
t'-
+
+
r
sn u.r,{p1 plda 1o qd o.r 6o: ct ulolotjd r
r
e
F=
e
alcsnur erlrcoaJals
+
qloouls
r.lu/v\ sllac F"
ledrcur.rd
t
eozoleureds
t
Llll/v\ UAulnl f=
F
F
F
F=
F
'snur.,{prprdo eqt ur perots e1r.r{,r\ elrqou flelelduroc €--
le,{ lou ere feql osnuceq oqn1 eql qEno:ql u;ods ledord o1 sdlaq uollrzrluor alrsntu r{loourg
'aqnt eql Jo suo4oes ueelueq petucol aIJsnIu qlootus roJ {oo-I 'u-reds JoJ uollcunJ oll}utnu
t\i
e epurord 1?q1?lllJoaJals pelFc IIIrAoJcrru 3uo1 f"rel ulBluoc slec ledrcuud 'sllal pdlcurrd ruu €-
-urnloJ pu? sflar lesuq punor go pesodruoc unleq]1da reuunloJ peglteJlsopnesd u ,{q peurl sr
equ aqJ 'eqn aql Jo suorlcos ssorJ Jo ueunl eql ul ureds roJ {ool (cI8 'qI8 '8ry) uorlucgru8utu e=*
.req8rq ]V 'eqru ouo {uJoJ ol eurquoJ srlsel eloJ or1] ruoq salnlcnp luoJeJJe oI8 Jo ,{uzur ueI{A\ e
eqnl e18urs u ffi sesrru 11 'uueds aJols ol sr uorlounJ uru{u sll 'srlsel oql pulqoq puu oloqu stIS
tuql orrurruts B olur pelced fpq8tt qt8uel ur sroleru 9-? tnoqu eqnl pelloc ,t1q81q u sr snur'(prprde
'.rernod A\ol te
r
sq; pe^\ell eq tsrlJ plnoqs (cI8 'qI8 '3rg) snur,(ppgda eqi Jo epls eqJ ts
e
F
f\
 c-
c+
e+
Look at the slide of mature human sperm cells (fig. 81a). The high power lens will be required
for this. Identify the head of the spefin containing the nucleus and the long flagellum that
e-
propels the sperm through both the male and female reproductive tracts. G=r
C=-
C=-
F-
l:iB::1.:
t#a;
ts
iffil
e-
F
F
G-
C-
C-
..
C-
:: ::.:.r.ii!:
'i::L:::.: : :::!r].: :.'

irr lrii iii:,:]|ii!::il;:i:iii,,,',,:::::::::i:::::::::

Fr
e-
C-
Humon sperm €-
F
F
F=
e-
C-
C-
rh-
\c----.--.

Fr-
t!=r
g+
€=*
€="
6l*
320
Fh
€:*
 \
€\-
eze
CE
peBJ?Iue eql 'uopeF^o peIIEc sr fJ€Ao eql ruo4 run^o rrB Jo es?elor eql 'eqru lrcIdolleJ oql olul c
,fuu,ro eql ruo4 peseolal (33e) tun,r,o uu eprnt o1d1eq,(eql 'erou ,{eqr sy ',{ru,ro eID punoJrns
eelrqtulJ orlJ 'oelJqrug pelluc suorsuelxe e411 -re8urg aru seqnl uerdollu; eqt Jo pue uelrulo C\
eqt lV 'seFaao peculd ,{1ere1e1 eql ot srueln eql luo+ puetxe seqnl (eupreln) uerdoll"J eI{J g\
'aJgIJo pufe,r eql poll?J sr uurte,r oqt Jo Suruedo eqJ 'eJepns oqt ol C'.
xrlroc oqt ruor; Eurpuelxe q13ue1ur ruc 6 tnoqu eqnl JBInJSruuorqIJ elqrxog '{clqt e sr eul8e,r aq1
Fr-
'uur8urt eql ruor3i ,(lrlec leeuolued eql ol ssaocu Jo F
turod e su solres puu ulql sr xrruoJ ;ouelsod eql Jo llu,l reddn eqJ 'xluJoJ .rogalsod eql polluc
eceds A\olloq e sr oJer{leur8e,r eql Jo IIe^\ oql slearu lr oJaql\ xIAJec eq} ol Jouelsod 'uug8u,l
F
oril Jo uorunl eqt 01 srualn er{l Jo uatunl oql slJeuuoc so IBJTaJoJ eql pallec xllrec eql q Eutuodo C
uV 'xra.rot eql sI srueln aqt Jo uoruod Jso^\or?u pu? lso,t\ol oql 'saqnl uerdolp; eqt;o stur
-uodo eqt ueealeq pelurol snpunJ pedeqs-europ u puu dpoq peduqs-rued e 3o pesodruoc 'srra1n I*
oql sr reppelq,fuuuun eqt q rorredns polscoT 'aJgrJo IEJqleJn eql pell€o Suruodo uE qll^\
oceJf,ns eql ]? spue puu roppelq
'ftuuFrn
eql Jo uorEer rorreJul oqlluog spuelxe BJqlaJn el?waJ
c
er{J 'Jela.rn eql puu JappBIq ,{ruuun eqt :urels,{s ,{reuun eqt Jo saJntcruts pur; ,(11eu:etu1 C
'A\olloJ turp sruur8u1p ot{t IoquT '1y\oloq
C-
pequcsep sernlcruts or{l pulJ ot urets,{s enqcnporder olutueJ eq} Jo pepr,ro-rd sleporu oq} esn |$=
I ISJSAS gArJf,nOOUdflU gAVWg.{ ffHJ .{O .f,I IOJVNV SSOUS 'I
r
C
'uur8err eql puu
'srue1n eql 'seqnl uurdogug oql 'seuu,lo eql eru lmJl elllJnporder eluuroJ el{l;o suutro roleui eq1
F
F
'ruoql\eu er{1 JoJ uorlulnu eprnord
01 puB 'sn1e3i Surdolea,ep aql tcetord prrB esnoq oJ 'JceJl orrrlcnpordoJ elslu elg luoJJ uueds sAIeceJ
C
o1 '(st8e) B^o pelleo sllac xes eletueJ ecnpo;d ol peutrsep eqJ
sr lc?Jt e,rtlcnpo;dor eIuIueJ F
:NOI)nOOUINl c
c
F=
F
t ftls^s l^lr)nooudtu r
IIVTAITI IHI {O AWOIVNV F
F
F
c
F
B. FEMALE SYSTEM e
c
C\
 lF=
C+
C+
portion of the fallopian tube near the fimbriae is the infundibulum which is the normal site of (l+
fertilization of the ovum by a sperm cell.
h
The ovary is the site of production of female sex cells called ova. The process of ova production
is called oogenesis. The ovary in the female is analogous to the testis in the male. The ovary is
b+
an almond- shaped organ located bilaterally in the pelvic cavity. It is connected to the lateral ++
pelvic wall and to the uterus via ligaments. The broad ligament is a large double layer of
visceral peritoneum containing blood vessels that extends laterally and above the uterus to attach S=
internal reproductive structures to the pelvic wall. The ovarian ligament is a small ligament that g-
connects the medial surface of the ovary to the uterus. The suspensory ligament extends from
the iateral surface of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall. The round ligament extends from the G+
lateral surface of the uterus to the pelvic wall. It is the femaie equivalent of the gubernaculum in
the male.
r
Gr.
Externaliy locate the urethral and vaginal orifices. To either side of these orifices and enclos-
ing them are two folds of tissue. The larger fold called the labium majus is laterally placed and
G=
covered with skin. The smaller, medial fold is the labium minus. Its extensive vascularity gives Fr.
it a pink appearance. The labia majora in the female are analogous to the scrotum in the male.
Anteriorly where the two folds come together there is a small mass of erectile tissue called the Cr-
clitorus. Contained in the clitorus are two erectile masses called corpora cavernosa. The
clitorus in the female is analogous to the penis in the male.
ts
C+
The Labia Minora corresponds to the prepuce in male. G=
If the female develops indirect inguinal hernia, the protruding bowel can extend
into the labia minora. F
F
G=,
{lr.'
Sr.
h!
---.
E=r
rf--
-!

s--
-!

+-.-
tt*
tts
F
F=
c!=
324
F
F
 REPRODUCTI\IE SYSTEM, FEI\,IALE
The female reproductive organs consist of an internal and an
external group. The internal group includes a pair of ovaries, two
uterine tubes, a uterus, and a vagina. The external group, the external
genitalia, includes the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, bulb of the
iestibule, and the vestibular glands. Because its function is closely
associated with the female reproductive system, the female breast 820 Labia majora
is included in this section. On the torso, the numerals 800 through lnsert, temate
822 and 850 through 858 identify parts of the female reproductive
system. 821 Rectovaginal sePtum
lnsert, lemale

800 Body of uterus 810 Muscular wall, body ofu.ttesrs-. 822 Perineal body
lnsert. female lnsert, femal( lnsert. {emale

801 Fundus of uterus 81 I Lining of uterus 850 Female breast

lnsert, female lnsert, female Breast

802 Cervix of uterus 812 Muscular wall of cervix Areola

lnsert, {emale ?u' Breast
lnsert, female

Broad ligament 8'r3 Cervical canal 852 Nipple

lnsert, lenrare lnsert, femate Breast

Ovarian ligament 814 External cervical openingl 853 Lacliferous ducts

lnsert, female = Ext Os
lnsert, female Breast

Round ligament i 815 Lateral fornix 854 Ampulla

lnsert, femzrg 'lnsert, female Breast

0vary 816 Vagina 855 Lobe

lnsert, female lnserl. lemale Breast

807 Fimbriae of uterine tube 817 Hymen ring 856 Glandular tissue
lnsert, female lnsert, lemale Breast

Uterine tube 818 Labia minora 857 Fatty tissue

lnsert, lemale lnsert, female Breast
i/r|'/a'rrk"f q hq
Serosal surface 819 Clitoris 85E Retiriacula nt'amn{a
lnsert, female lnsert, female

3 LIGAMENTS HOLD THE OVARY: 4 LIGAMENTS HOLD THE UTERUS:

1. Broad Lig. 1. Broad Lig. lateral wall of uterus to pelvic wall floor.
2. Ovarian Lig. 2. Round Lig. upper end of uterus to pelvic wall
3. Suspensory Lig. 3. Sacrouterine Lig. holds uterus to sacrum
4. Cardinal Lig. lower end of uterus to vaginal wall

322
 E-
€+
t-
tr. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM e-
You will examine slides of two of the organs of the female reproductive system, the ovary and F*
the uterus. A number of slides of the ovary are provided to illustrate various stages of follicular
development.
F*
F*
Figure numbers refer to your lab atlas. Space is provided for drawing.
F.
Look at the slide of the mature ovary (fig. 84a, 85b, 86a) at low power. The ovary is surrounded C=r
by a capsule called the tunica albuginea that is thinner than in the male testis. Notice the large
number of spherical structures in varying sizes. These structures are follicles that contain the F=
developing oocyte (egg cell) with surrounding follicular cells. Located just beneath the tunica e-
albuginea are numerous small follicles that are undeveloped. These immature, undeveloped
follicles are called primordial follicles. Each contains an oocyte with a surrounding layer of r
simple squamous foliicular cells. Somewhat larger and more developed are the primary fol-
licles containing an oocyte surrounded by simple cuboidal foliicular cells. As a foliicle develops
F
follicular cells divide by mitosis such that eventually a thick stratified layer of follicular cells F
surrounds the oocyte. The follicle is now a secondary follicle. Eventually the follicle enlarges
and develops an inner cavity called the antrum filled with fluid secreted by follicular cells.
F
When the follicle contains an antrum it is now mature and is called a Graaflran follicle. The F=
oocyte is located centrally and suspended within the antral fluid. Surrounding the oocyte are
layers of follicular cells forming a ringed structure called the corona radiata. At the base of the
\.---
-.
corona radiata are anchoring follicular cells that form the cumulus oophorus. The ovary is tr=
richly supplied with blood vessels that are cut longitudinally and in cross section.
F=
Ovulation is the process in which a Graafian follicle releases its oocyte. When ovulation occurs, \
=-r
the Graafian follicle bursts and releases the oocyte with its surrounding corona radiata. The
oocyte is suspended within the peritoneal cavity for a short time before it is guided into the F
infundibulum of the fallopian tube by the motion of fimbriae. Fertilization normally takes place
in the infundibulum.
F
F=
Look at the slide of an immature ovary and compare to the appearance of the mature ovary:
tL-
--
€-
t--
v---
I-
--
Fr.

-
b-
The remaining components of the Graafian follicle undergo characteristic physiological changes
to become a functioning endocrine gland called the corpus luteum. When the corpus luteum
t
finally degenerates it becomes a corpus albicans. -.
t,
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t
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f=-
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= serous membrane
germinal epithelium = meso-ovary
s
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tF
t=
Look at the slide of the uterus (fig. 87c, 88a). The wall of the uterus is composed of three
distinct layers. The innermost layer is the endometrium and contains a simple columnar epithe-
F
lium that forms tubular glands. The middle layer of the uterine wall is the myometrium. It is tF=
the thickest of the three layers and is composed of smooth muscle arranged into circular, longitu-
dinal, and spiral bundles. The outermost layer is the perimetrium and contains varying amounts
F
of adipose tissue and blood vessels cut in cross section. C=
F
C=
F
C=
C=
endometrium C=
with glands
G=
G=
myometrium
r
perimetrium F
G=
F
--
E-_-
Cross-section of woll of uterus
F
F
e!=
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Oogenesis is the process by which mature female sex cells are formed. Although there are some lh-
rI7-
similarites to spermatogenesis there are some important differences.
+
The diagram below summarizes the events of oogenesis: g-
+
Oogonium F--
+=
Differentiotion
F.
G-
Primory oocyte
Fr-
G-
Meiosis Occurs only if ovulotion occurs which starts at puberty
I
er..
lFr-
secondoryoocyte
@
+ @ First Polar Body
Polor body r\
F.-
Meiosis ll Occurs only if fertilizotion occurs G-.
(E==
(F==
Motureovum + @ Second
Polor bodyi[
Polar] ] Bodies
@ C-
Differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis:
F-
F.-
1. A female is born with all the oogonia that she will ever have. Oogonia do not divide by
mitosis to give rise to new oogonia. About one million primordial follicles containing
F
oogonia are present in the ovary at birth. Follicular degeneration occurs after birth such that ts
only 100,000 to 400,000 are present at puberty. A woman will ovulate only about 400 b-
oocytes during her reproductive life span. --l-
s-=.-
--
2. Cellular division in oogenesis is not equal. Most of the cytoplasm is preserved in the
oocyte. A renmant of division called the polar body contains little more than 23 chromo- +
somes. g
br-
3. Oogenesis does not take place continually in the female. All oocytes are "frozen" in
Prophase I of meiosis until ovulation. Only if a primary oocyte is ovulated does it complete
meiosis I to become a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte completes meiosis II only if
F
it is fertilized by a spenn. e==
LMP+14 = Conception Day + 266 = EDD(280D=40wk) e.g. first day of LMP 03/26/2014-->01/02/2015
e==
330
F
F\