International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow

Improvement of drug delivery micro-circulatory system with a novel pattern of

CuO-Cu/blood hybrid nanofluid flow towards a porous stretching sheet
Saeed Dinarvand, Mohammadreza Nademi Rostami, Rassoul Dinarvand, Ioan Pop,
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To cite this document:
Saeed Dinarvand, Mohammadreza Nademi Rostami, Rassoul Dinarvand, Ioan Pop, (2019)
"Improvement of drug delivery micro-circulatory system with a novel pattern of CuO-Cu/blood hybrid
nanofluid flow towards a porous stretching sheet", International Journal of Numerical Methods for
Heat & Fluid Flow, https://doi.org/10.1108/HFF-01-2019-0083
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CuO-Cu/blood
Improvement of drug delivery hybrid
micro-circulatory system with a nanofluid flow

novel pattern of CuO-Cu/blood

hybrid nanofluid flow towards a
porous stretching sheet Received 29 January 2019
Revised 7 April 2019
Accepted 24 April 2019
Saeed Dinarvand and Mohammadreza Nademi Rostami
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University,
Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Downloaded by University Library At 08:53 28 June 2019 (PT)

Rassoul Dinarvand
Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and
Ioan Pop
Department of Applied Mathematics, Babes-Bolyai University,
Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to simulate the steady laminar mixed convection incompressible viscous and
electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid (CuO-Cu/blood) flow near the plane stagnation-point over a
horizontal porous stretching sheet along with an external magnetic field and induced magnetic field effects
that can be applicable in the biomedical fields like the flow dynamics of the micro-circulatory system and
especially in drug delivery.
Design/methodology/approach – The basic partial differential equations (PDEs) are altered to a set
of dimensionless ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the help of suitable similarity variables
which are then solved numerically using bvp4c scheme from MATLAB. Inasmuch as validation results
have shown a good agreement with previous reports, the present novel mass-based algorithm can be
used in this problem with great confidence. Governing parameters are both nanoparticle masses, base
fluid mass, empirical shape factor of both nanoparticles, suction/injection parameter, magnetic
parameter, reciprocal magnetic Prandtl number, Prandtl number, heat source parameter, mixed
convection parameter, permeability parameter and frequency ratio. The effect of these parameters on
the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the problem is discussed in detail.
Findings – It is shown that the use of CuO and Cu hybrid nanoparticles can reduce the hemodynamics effect
of the capillary relative to pure blood case. Moreover, as the imposed magnetic field enhances, the velocity of
the blood decreases. Besides, when the blade shapes for both nanoparticles are taken into account, the local
heat transfer rate is maximum that is also compatible with experimental observations.
Originality/value – An innovative mass-based model of CuO-Cu/blood hybrid nanofluid has been applied.
The novel attitude to one-phase hybrid nanofluid model corresponds to considering nanoparticles mass as
well as base fluid mass to computing the solid equivalent volume fraction, the solid equivalent density and
also solid equivalent specific heat.
Keywords Induced magnetic field, Hybrid nanofluid, Drug delivery, Hemodynamics, International Journal of Numerical
Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow
Nanoparticle mass, Blood © Emerald Publishing Limited
0961-5539
Paper type Research paper DOI 10.1108/HFF-01-2019-0083
 HFF Nomenclature
a,c = constants, s
1;
a/c = frequency ratio;
Cf = skin friction coefficient;
CP = specific heat at constant pressure, J kg
1K
1;
g = gravity acceleration, m s
2;
Grx = local Grashof number;
H0 = uniform magnetic field at infinity, T;
He (x) = x-component of the magnetic field at the edge, T;
H1 , H2 = induced magnetic field components along x and y directions respectively, T;
k* = permeability of porous medium, m2;
k = thermal conductivity, W m
1K
1
‘ = characteristic length, m;
n = empirical shape factor of nanoparticles;
Nux = local Nusselt number;
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Pr = Prandtl number;
Q = volumetric rate of heat generation/absorption per unit temperature, W m
3 K
1;
qw = heat flux at the wall, W m
2;
Rex = local Reynolds number;
s = suction/injection parameter;
T = temperature field, K;
T0 = reference temperature, K;
T1 = ambient temperature, K;
Tw (x) = wall temperature, K;
ue (x) = x-component of the velocity at the edge, m s
1;
uw (x) = stretching velocity of wall, m s
1;
u, v = velocity components along 2D Cartesian axes, m;
V0 = constant suction/injection velocity of wall, m s
1;
w = mass, gr; and
x, y = 2D Cartesian coordinates system, m.

Greek symbols
f = equivalent nanoparticle volume fraction;
f1 = first nanoparticle’s volume fraction;
f2 = second nanoparticle’s volume fraction;
h0 = magnetic diffusivity, m2s
1;
h = independent similarity variable;
f (h ) = dimensionless velocity at the y direction;
g( h ) = dimensionless magnetic field along y direction;
g0(h ) = dimensionless magnetic field along x direction;
u (h ) = dimensionless temperature profile;
c = dimensional stream function, m2s
1;
m = dynamic viscosity, kg m
1s
1;
me = magnetic permeability, kg m
1s
2T
2;
y = kinematic viscosity, m2s
1;
k = permeability parameter;
r = density, kg m
3;
r CP = volumetric heat capacity, J m
3 K
1;
tw = wall shear stress, kg m
1s
2;
 b = magnetic parameter; CuO-Cu/blood
a = heat source parameter; hybrid
l = mixed convection or buoyancy parameter;
K = reciprocal magnetic Prandtl number; and
nanofluid flow
p = represents 3.14.

Subscripts
s = solid phase;
f = base fluid;
nf = mono-nanofluid;
hnf = hybrid nanofluid;
1 = first nanoparticle (CuO); and
2 = second nanoparticle (Cu).

Superscript
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prime = differentiation with respect to h .

1. Introduction
A nanofluid is a fluid containing nanometer-sized particles, called nanoparticles
(Sheikholeslami et al., 2019a). These fluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of
nanoparticles in a base fluid. The nanoparticles used in nanofluids are typically made of
metals, oxides, carbides, or CNTs (Khamis et al., 2015; Senay et al., 2018; Hayat et al.,
2018, 2015). Common base fluids include water, ethylene glycol, and oil (Sheikholeslami
et al., 2019b; Sheikholeslami and Zeeshan, 2018; Sheikholeslami and Rokni, 2018;
Sheikholeslami and Seyednezhad, 2018; Akbar, 2015). Nanofluids have novel properties
that make them potentially useful in many applications in heat transfer, including
microelectronics, fuel cells, pharmaceutical processes, hybrid-powered engines, engine
cooling/vehicle thermal management, domestic refrigerator, chiller, heat exchanger, in
grinding, machining and in boiler flue gas temperature reduction. They exhibit the
enhanced thermal conductivity and the convective heat transfer coefficient compared to
the base fluid. Knowledge of the rheological behavior of nanofluids is found to be very
critical in deciding their suitability for convective heat transfer applications. In analysis
such as computational fluid dynamics, nanofluids can be assumed to be single-phase
fluids (Domairry Ganji and Hashemi Kachapi, 2015). In Tiwari and Das (2007), single-
phase model, nanoparticles and base fluid are in thermal equilibrium and no slip occurs
between them. In other words, the nanoparticles velocity relative to the base fluid is
assumed to be zero. Therefore, the solid volume concentration or the solid volume
fraction of the nanofluid in all points of the bulk fluid will be constant. Sheikholeslami
et al. (2014) studied natural convection heat transfer between a circular enclosure and an
elliptic cylinder filled with Cu/water nanofluid. Sheikholeslami et al. (2019c) also analyzed
Al2O3/water nanofluid heat in a duct by Neural Network method. They showed that heat
transfer is reinforced by rise of nanoparticle concentration. A boundary layer analysis
presented for the natural convection past a nonisothermal vertical plate in a porous
medium saturated with a nanofluid by Gorla and Chamkha (2011). The resultant
governing equations are solved by means of an implicit finite-difference method.
RamReddy et al. (2013) intended to discuss the influence of the prominent Soret effect on
mixed convection heat and mass transfer in the boundary layer region of a semi-infinite
vertical flat plate in a nanofluid under the convective boundary conditions with help of
the same numerical method. Chamkha et al. (2013) used the Keller-box method to
 HFF investigate the steady, laminar, mixed convection boundary layer flow over a vertical
cone embedded in a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid in the presence of thermal
radiation. Hybrid nanofluids are a novel class of colloidal fluids which have drawn
significant attention due to potential tailoring of their thermo-physical properties for heat
transfer enhancement by a combination of more than one nano-additive to meet specific
requirements of an application (Akilu et al., 2018). Although there are many potential
applications of nanofluids such as cooling in electronics, cameras, micro-devices,
displays, heat exchangers, spacecraft, military equipments, ships, medicine, nuclear
reactors, sensors and fuel cells; a hybrid nanofluid exhibits better heat transfer
enhancement than mono-nanofluids, importantly where heat transfer rate is of very much
importance such as electronic cooling, heat exchanger, pool boiling, etc. (Dhinesh Kumar
and Valan Arasu, 2018). Minea (2017a) summarized most of the recent research on the
preparation, thermophysical properties, correlations and heat transfer characteristics of
hybrid nanofluids and compared some fully and partially described hybrids. Moreover,
Sajid and Ali (2018) provided a comprehensive review on thermal conductivity of hybrid
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nanofluids by overviewing experimental, numerical and artificial neural networking

studies. Results suggested that, enhancing temperature and concentration increases
thermal conductivity and proper selection of hybrid nanoparticles plays a prime role in
attaining stability of hybrid nanofluids. On the other hand, most of theoretical studies,
such as Dinarvand (2019); Nademi Rostami et al. (2018); Yousefi et al. (2018); Shahsavar
et al. (2019) predicted good aspects for future trend of using hybrid nanofluids as the
efficient heat transfer fluids in all heat transfer applications where mono-nanofluids have
been used yet. However, it should be always emphasized that, work on hybrid nanofluids
is very limited, and a lot of experimental and theoretical researches still need (Minea,
2017b).
The theory of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) states that magnetic fields (Sheikholeslami
and Zeeshan, 2017) can induce currents in a moving conductive fluid, which in turn creates
forces on the fluid and changes the magnetic field itself (Sheikholeslami and Domairry
Ganji, 2016). Some interesting studies about MHD flows over flat surfaces were done by
Chamkha (1997); Takhar et al. (1999); Chamkha and Khaled (2000a); Al-Mudhaf and
Chamkha (2005); Khedr et al. (2009) and Chamkha et al. (2011). Recently, Sheikholeslami and
Shamlooei (2017) focused on thermal radiation impact on MHD nanofluid free convection
using control volume finite element method. Their own geometry chose a curved cavity with
hot left wall and the base fluid as well as the nanoparticle considered pure water and
magnetite, respectively. Results indicated that impact of thermal radiation become weaker
in existence of Lorentz forces.
There are a lot of researches about “Stagnation-point” boundary layer flows
(Dinarvand, 2019; Nademi Rostami et al., 2018; Yousefi et al., 2018; Dinarvand et al.,
2015; Dinarvand et al., 2016; Dinarvand et al., 2017; Khalili et al., 2014; Dinarvand et al.,
2013) because of wide ranges of applications like aerospace, cooling of nuclear reactors,
cooling of electronic devices by fans and so on. A stagnation point, refers to a point in a
given flow field, so that the local velocity vanishes on it. Plane stagnation-point flow is
sometimes called Hiemenz flow (Chamkha and Khaled, 2000b) that can be analyzed
exactly by the Navier–Stokes equations (White, 2006). Khalili et al. (2014) investigated
the unsteady MHD stagnation-point flow and heat transfer of an aqueous nanofluid
along with three types of nanoparticles, namely, copper, alumina and titania over a
stretching/shrinking sheet with help of fourth-order Runge–Kutta method with
shooting technique. As a pioneering work in physiological fluid dynamics, Misra et al.
(2017) analytically modeled the mixed convection stagnation-point boundary layer flow
 and heat transfer on a thin porous stretching sheet under applying an induced magnetic CuO-Cu/blood
field. The regular fluid considered Newtonian blood. It was illustrated that, with a rise hybrid
in the suction/injection velocity, the fluid velocity reduces up to a certain point, beyond
which an opposite trend is observed.
nanofluid flow
Motivated from above studies, we are going to extend Misra et al. (2017) work by
considering CuO-Cu/blood hybrid nanofluid as a benchmark study. In other words, the
novelty of this research is exploiting a hybrid nanofluid and applying a new mass-
based model to formulation their problem instead of previous common volume fraction-
based models. This novel mass-based model suggests the new definition of an
equivalent solid volume fraction, solid density and solid specific heat at constant
pressure that are determined from both base fluid and nanoparticles masses,
simultaneously. Using similarity transformation method, basic dimensional nonlinear
governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted to a set of dimensionless
nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then, we can numerically solve them
by bvp4c built-in function from MATLAB. In validation section, we exhibit our
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numerical results are in excellent agreement with those of Misra et al. (2017) for pure
blood case. Finally, we have discussed about flow and heat transfer characteristics of
the problem subject to the relevant governing parameters effects such as shape factors
for first and second nanoparticles, Prandtl number, reciprocal magnetic Prandtl
number, magnetic parameter, mixed convection parameter, permeability parameter,
suction or injection parameter, heat source parameter and frequency ratio parameter.
Inasmuch as the base fluid of the problem has been considered pure blood, the
applications of the problem could be consist of the improvement of drug delivery micro-
circulatory system by hybrid nanoparticles (Cu þ CuO) within the blocked
microvessels, e.g. capillaries, and also generally in chemical/biochemical industries
(Misra et al., 2017). An important point to note is that the capillaries behave like a
stretching sheet. Also, we can mention when the blood is considered in the framework
of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow, it will help in controlling blood pressure and
has potential therapeutic use in the diseases of heart and blood vessel. Local exposure
of magnetic field could potentially result in blood vessel relaxation and increased blood
flow.

2. Problem statement and mathematical formulation

Let us suppose the steady laminar mixed convection incompressible viscous and
electrically conducting CuO-Cu/blood hybrid nanofluid flow and heat transfer near the
stagnation-point past a horizontal porous linearly stretching sheet under the action of an
external magnetic field as depicted in Figure 1. The magnetic Reynolds number is
assumed to be large so that the induced magnetic field is taken into consideration. In
addition, the electric field, the Hall effect and viscous dissipation are all neglected. It is
worth noticing that, according to experimental studies on micro-circulatory system, micro-
vessels e.g. capillaries may simulate as a stretching sheet (Misra et al., 2017). In addition, the
suction/injection velocity of the sheet is V0, while the linear stretching velocity is uw(x) = cx.
Further, the temperature of the sheet depends on the distance from the stagnation-point, i.e.
Tw(x) = T1 þ T0(x/‘). Other boundary conditions are correspond to the edge of the boundary
layer such as velocity as well as external magnetic field along x direction that can be expressed
in terms of ue(x) = ax and He(x) = H0(x/‘), respectively (Misra et al., 2017). We emphasize here
that, H0 is an estimation of the uniform magnetic field at the upstream infinity and ‘ is the
characteristic length.
 HFF Our primary base fluid is pure blood. Initially, we scatter copper oxide (CuO) as the
first nanoparticle into the base fluid to develop CuO/blood mono-nanofluid. Then, to
making the targeted hybrid nanofluid (CuO-Cu/blood), copper (Cu) is dispersed in our
new base fluid (CuO/blood) as the second nanoparticle. It is assumed that, the base fluid
and nanoparticles are in thermal equilibrium and no slip occurs between them. Here, the
subscript (1) corresponds to first nanoparticle (CuO), while subscript (2) is applied for
second nanoparticle (Cu) as well as subscript (f) is related to primary base fluid (pure
blood). Table I demonstrates thermophysical properties of the primary base fluid and
nanoparticles (Ijaz and Nadeem, 2016; Vajjha et al., 2010; Turkyilmazoglu, 2014; Mott
et al., 2007).
Under above assumptions as well as the boundary layer approximations and using
Tiwari–Das nanofluid’s model (Tiwari and Das, 2007), the basic non-linear governing PDEs
of the problem can be expressed as follows (Misra et al., 2017; Ramana Reddy et al., 2015):

@u @v
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þ ¼ 0; (1)
@x @y

@H1 @H2
þ ¼ 0; (2)
@x @y

Figure 1.
Schematic diagram of
the 2D problem and
coordinate system

Fluid phase Copper oxide(CuO) Copper(Cu)

(Blood) (Ijaz and (Vajjha et al., 2010; (Ijaz and Nadeem, 2016;
Thermophysical properties Nadeem, 2016) Turkyilmazoglu, 2014) Mott et al., 2007)

Cp (J/kg K) 3594 533 385

Table I. r (kg/m3) 1063 6500 8933
k (W / mK) 0.492 17.65 400
Thermophysical b 105 (1 / K) 0.18 1.8 1.67
properties of the Particle size (nm)
29 5-25
primary base fluid
and nanoparticles Sources: Ijaz and Nadeem (2016); Vajjha et al. (2010); Turkyilmazoglu (2014); Mott et al. (2007)


@u @u me @H1 @H1 due me dHe m hnf @ 2 u CuO-Cu/blood
u þv
H1 þ H2 ¼ ue
He þ
@x @y 4p r hnf @x @y dx 4p r hnf dx r hnf @y2 hybrid
   nanofluid flow
m hnf u ð1
f 2 Þ ð1
f 1 Þ r f b f þ f 1 r 1 b 1 þ f 2 r 2 b 2

þ gðT
T1 Þ;
r hnf k r hnf
(3)

@H1 @H1 @u @u @ 2 H1
u þv
H1
H2 ¼ h0 ; (4)
@x @y @x @y @y2

@T @T khnf @ 2 T Q
u þv ¼ þ ðT
T1 Þ; (5)
@x @y ð r CP Þhnf @y2 ð r CP Þhnf
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subject to the boundary conditions (Misra et al., 2017; Ramana Reddy et al., 2015)

@H1 x
u ¼ uw ¼ cx; v ¼
V0 ; ¼ H2 ¼ 0; T ¼ Tw ¼ T1 þ T0 at y ¼ 0; (6)
@y ‘

x
u ¼ ue ¼ ax; H1 ¼ He ¼ H0 ; T ¼ T1 as y ! 1: (7)
‘

in which T0 is the reference temperature, T1 is the ambient temperature, m e is the magnetic

permeability, u and v are the velocity components along x- and y-axes, while H1 and H2 are
the induced magnetic field components along them, respectively. k* is the dimensional
permeability of the porous medium (Ramana Reddy et al., 2015), h 0 is the magnetic
diffusivity (Misra et al., 2017), g is the acceleration due to gravity, T is the temperature, b is
the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient and Q is volumetric rate of heat generation/
absorption. r hnf, m hnf, ( r Cp)hnf and khnf are density, viscosity, volumetric heat capacity and
thermal conductivity of the hybrid nanofluid, respectively, which are determined from
Table II.
As we know, at the Hamilton–Crosser model approximated for the effective thermal
conductivity, n is the empirical shape factor of the nanoparticles as shown in Figure 2.
It is worthwhile to mention here that, we suggest f , r s and (CP)s as the equivalent
nanoparticle volume fraction, the equivalent density of nanoparticles and the equivalent
specific heat at constant pressure of nanoparticles, respectively, as well as f 1 and f 2 as the
volume fraction of first and second nanoparticles, respectively, along with these
corresponding formulas (Sundar et al., 2017; Wei et al., 2017):

ð r 1  w1 Þ þ ð r 2  w2 Þ
rs ¼ ; (8)
w1 þ w2

fðCP Þ1  w1 g þ fðCP Þ2  w2 g
ðCP Þs ¼ ; (9)
w1 þ w2
 HFF Property Hybrid nanofluid

Viscosity ( m ) mf
ð1
f Þ2:5
Density ( r ) (1
f )( r f ) þ f ( r s)
Volumetric heat capacity ( r CP) (1
f )( r CP)f þ f ( r CP)s

Thermal conductivity (k) k2 þ ðn2
1Þknf
ðn2
1Þ f 2 knf
k2

k2 þ ðn2
1Þknf þ f 2 knf
k2


k1 þ ðn1
1Þkf
ðn1
1Þ f 1 kf
k1 
   kf ;
k1 þ ðn1
1Þkf þ f 1 kf
k1


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k1 þ ðn1
1Þkf
ðn1
1Þ f 1 kf
k1 

knf ¼   kf
Table II. k1 þ ðn1
1Þkf þ f 1 kf
k1
Applied models for
thermophysical
properties of the
hybrid nanofluid Sources: Dinarvand (2019); Nademi Rostami et al. (2018); Yousefi et al. (2018); Sundar et al. (2017)

Figure 2.
Different shape
factors of the
nanoparticles

w1
r1
f1 ¼ w w2 wf ; (10)
1
þ þ
r1 r2 rf

w2
r2
f2 ¼ w w2 wf ; (11)
1
þ þ
r1 r2 rf

f ¼ f 1 þ f 2: (12)
 further, in equations (8)-(12), w1, w2 and wf are the first nanoparticle, the second nanoparticle CuO-Cu/blood
and the base fluid masses, respectively. hybrid
Following Misra et al. (2017), we are looking for a similarity solution of equations (1)-(6)
as the following form:
nanofluid flow

1=2
c H0 x 0
h¼ y; c ¼ ðcy f Þ1=2 xf ð h Þ; H1 ¼ g ð h Þ;
yf ‘

1=2 (13)
yf T
T1
H2 ¼
H0 gð h Þ; u ðh Þ ¼ ;
c‘2 Tw
T1

in which, according to stream function definition at Cartesian coordinates, we obtain u =

@ c /@y and v = –@ c /@x. Putting equation (13) into dimensional governing equations (1)-(5)
leads to achieve these dimensionless non-linear governing ODEs:
"
 #
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000 a 2 00 0 f0
f þ A1 þff
f 2
þ b A2 ½ g0 2
gg00
1
þ A3 l u ¼ 0; (14)
c k

Kg000 þ f g00
f 00 :g ¼ 0; (15)

kf k
u 00 þ au þ Pr f A4 f f u 0
u f 0 g ¼ 0; (16)
khnf khnf

0 1
w1 w2 w1 w2
þ þ
B r1 r2 r 1 r 2 r sC
A1 ¼ A2  B
@1
w1 w2 wf þ w1 w2 wf r A
C
þ þ þ þ f
r1 r2 rf r1 r2 rf
0 12:5
w1 w2
þ
B r1 r2 C
A2 ¼ B
@1
w1 w2 wf A
C
þ þ
r1 r2 rf
020 180 1 93
w2 > w1 w1 >
> >
B6B
B 6 r2 C<B r1 C r1 ð r b Þ1 = 7
7
B
A3 ¼ A2  B6@1
w C B 1
w C þw 7
w w A @ w w A w w
þ þ ð r b Þf >
@4 1 2 f > 1 2 f 1 2 f 5
þ þ >
: þ þ >
;
r1 r2 rf r1 r2 rf r1 r2 rf
1 0 1
w2 w1 w2 w1 w2
C þ þ
r2 ð r b Þ 2C
B r1 r2 r1 r2 ð r C P sC
Þ
þw B C
1 w2 wf ð r b Þ A A4 ¼ @1
w1 w2 wf þ w1 w2 wf ð r CP Þ A
þ þ f þ þ þ þ f
r1 r2 rf r1 r2 rf r1 r2 rf

Similarly, substituting equation (13) into equations (6) and (7) gives us these dimensionless
boundary conditions:
f ð0Þ ¼ s; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 1; gð0Þ ¼ g00 ð0Þ ¼ 0; u ð0Þ ¼ 1; (17)
 a
HFF f 0 ð1Þ ! ; g0 ð1Þ ! 1; u ð1Þ ! 0: (18)
c

Needless to say that, primes denote to differentiation with respect to h . In the present problem,
governing parameters such as Prandtl number (Pr), suction or injection parameter (s),
permeability parameter (k ), magnetic parameter (b ), mixed convection or buoyancy parameter
(l ), reciprocal magnetic prandtl number (K) and heat source parameter (a) are defined as:

2
yf V0 ck me H0 Qy f h0
Pr ¼ ; s¼ ; k¼ ; b ¼ ; a¼ ; K¼ ;
af ð cy f Þ 1=2 yf 4p r f ‘c ckf yf
Grx x3 uw x x2 c
l ¼ 2; Grx ¼ g b f ðTw
T1 Þ 2 ; Rex ¼ ¼ :
Rex yf yf yf
(19)
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where Grx and Rex represent the local Grashof number and the local Reynolds number,
respectively. It should be noticed that s > 0 and s < 0 correspond to suction and injection,
respectively.
Parameters of engineering interest, i.e. the skin friction coefficient (Cf) and the local
Nusselt number (Nux) can be introduced as follows:
tw xqw
Cf ¼ ; Nux ¼ : (20)
r f u2w kf ðTw
T1 Þ

as we know, t w is the wall shear stress and qw is the surface heat flux, which are illustrated
by:



@u @T
t w ¼ m hnf ; qw ¼
khnf : (21)
@y y¼0 @y y¼0

Using equation (13), we can prove that:

0 1
2:5
w1
r1 þ wr 2 khnf 0
1=2
½ Rex  Cf ¼ @1
w1 2
w
A f 00 ð0Þ; ½ Rex 
1=2 Nux ¼
u ð0Þ;
r1 þ wr 2 þ r f kf
2 f

(22)

Finally, it will be useful to summarize our novel computational algorithm in Figure 3.

3. Numerical procedure and validation

The boundary value problem derived in equations (14)-(18) have numerically solved for
some values of the governing parameters w1, w2, wf, f , f 1, f 2, r s, (CP)s, n1, n2, a/c, b ,
k , l , K, a, s and Pr using bvp4c built-in function from MATLAB software where
implements three-stage lobatto IIIa formula. This is a collocation formula and the
collocation polynomial gives us a C1–continuous solution, which is fourth-order
accurate uniformly in the interval where the function is integrated (Rosca et al., 2016)
(Shampine et al., 2003). To applying the bvp4c routine, we must rewrite the similarity
governing equations (14)-(18) as a set of first-order ODEs. For this purpose, we choose
 CuO-Cu/blood
hybrid
nanofluid flow

Figure 3.
Summarizing of
present problem’s
computational
procedure
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f = y(1), f 0 = y(2), f = y(3), g = y(4), g 0 = y(5), g = y(6), u 0 = y(7) and u = y(8). Therefore, we
can write:
"
 #
 2 h 2 i
dyð1Þ a 2
¼
A1 þ yð3Þyð1Þ
yð2Þ
b A2 yð5Þ
yð6Þyð4Þ
1
dh c

yð2Þ
þ
A3 l yð8Þ ; (23)
k

dyð2Þ dyð3Þ
¼ yð1Þ; ¼ yð2Þ; (24,25)
dh dh

dyð4Þ
yð3Þyð4Þ þ yð1Þyð6Þ

¼ ; (26)
dh K

dyð5Þ dyð6Þ
¼ yð4Þ; ¼ yð5Þ; (27,28)
dh dh

dyð7Þ kf k  
¼
ayð8Þ
Pr f A4 yð3Þyð7Þ
yð8Þyð2Þ ; (29)
dh khnf khnf

dyð8Þ
¼ yð7Þ: (30)
dh

It is worth to notice that we have initially selected here 100 meshes and the relative tolerance
has set as default (0.001). Moreover, our goal was focus on the first solutions that always
have physical meaning.
 HFF In Figure 4, we present our dimensionless flow field (f0 ( h )) in comparison with those of
Misra et al. (2017) for pure blood case (w1 = w2 = f = f 1 = f 2 = 0) when
a/c = 2.5, l = 5, k = 0.1, b = 2, K = s = a = 1 and Pr = 21. As an important point of Figure 4,
we understand our results are in good agreement with previous pioneering work obtained by
them, so we can conclude that the present mass-based algorithm can be used with great
confidence to semi-analytical modeling of hybrid nanofluids in this problem.

4. Results and discussion

Herein, the effect of foregoing governing parameters on the flow and heat transfer
characteristics of the problem has been presented via graphical and tabular forms. Before
that, it should be mentioned that, selected values of governing parameters in the present
study have been shown in Table III.
Figure 5 illustrates the effect of magnetic parameter ( b ) on the dimensionless velocity
field (f 0 ( h )), the dimensionless induced magnetic field along x direction (g 0 ( h )) and the
dimensionless temperature field (u ( h )) when wf = 100 gr, w1 = w2 = 10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3,
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a/c = 2.5, l = 5, k = 0.1, s = 0.5, a = K = 1 and Pr = 21. It is obvious that by increasing b ,

both f 0 ( h ) and g 0 ( h ) diminish, while opposite trend is true for u ( h ). Moreover, inasmuch as
b clearly appears into similarity momentum equation (14), its influence is much higher for
f 0 ( h ) than g 0 ( h ) and u ( h ), respectively. We notice that increase in b invokes magnetic field
enhancement (Lorentz force augmentation) and also dimensionless flow field reduction.
Figure 6 presents the effect of a/c on f 0 ( h ), g 0 ( h ) and u ( h ) when wf = 100 gr, w1 = w2 =
10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3, b = 2, l = 5, k = 0.1, s = 0.5, a = K = 1 and Pr = 21. As a result, reduction
of a/c leads to decreasing f 0 ( h ) and g 0 ( h ) profiles, and enhancing u ( h ) profile. On the other
hand, it is seen that when a/c < 4, f 0 ( h ) profiles decrease near the stretching sheet. In
addition, similar to Figure 5, variations in a/c strongly affects f 0 ( h ) relative to g 0 ( h ) and
u ( h ) This is because, a/c appears in equation (14) and equation (18) simultaneously.
Figure 7 shows the effect of suction or injection parameter (s) on f 0 ( h ), g 0 ( h ) and u ( h )
when wf = 100 gr, w1 = w2 = 10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3, b = 2, l = 5, k = 0.1, a/c = 2.5, a = K = 1 and
Pr = 21. From this figure, we can conclude that, increasing of s initially reduce both f 0 ( h )
and g 0 ( h ) profiles, then as we progress towards the middle of the hydrodynamic boundary
layer, their trend will be opposite. In addition, for injection case (s < 0), there is a
dimensionless velocity profiles increment near the stretching wall, but when s > 0 (suction
case), dimensionless velocity distributions decrease near it. Furthermore, it is worth
mentioning that, when the suction or injection parameter elevates, the thermal boundary
layer thickness decreases consequently, mass suction at the stretching sheet has thinner
thermal boundary layer thickness than mass injection. Besides, it is also observed that, with
increasing s the absolute value of dimensionless temperature profile’s slope on the stretching

Figure 4.
Validation of our
sample dimensionless
flow field (f'( h )) with
those of Misra et al.
(2017)
 Governing parameter
First nanoparticle mass
Second nanoparticle mass
Base fluid mass
Volume fraction of first
nanoparticle
Volume fraction of second
nanoparticle
Equivalent nanoparticle volume
fraction
Equivalent density
Equivalent specific heat at
constant pressure
Shape factor
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Frequency ratio
Magnetic parameter
Permeability parameter
Mixed convection or buoyancy
parameter
Reciprocal magnetic Prandtl
parameter
Heat source parameter
Suction/injection parameter
Prandtl number
wall (|u ’(0)|) enhances and according to equation (22), this behavior requires local heat
transfer enhancement at the stretching sheet.
As we expected, the permeability parameter (k ) as well as the mixed convection or
buoyancy parameter (l ) strongly affect the dimensionless velocity profile (f 0 ( h )), because
Symbol Value Reference(s)
CuO-Cu/blood
hybrid
w1 {0, 10, 15, 30}
nanofluid flow
w2 {0, 10, 15, 30}

wf {30}

f1 {0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 }

f2 {0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 }

f {0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.07}

rs {6500, 7311, 7716.5, 8122, 8933}

(CP)s {385, 434.3, 459, 483.6, 533}

n1 , n2 {3.0, 3.7, 4.8, 5.7, 8.6} Sheikholeslami and
Shehzad (2018), Ijaz
and Nadeem (2017)
a/c {2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0} Misra et al. (2017)
b [0.0, 6.0] Misra et al. (2017)
k {0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2} Misra et al. (2017)
l {
7,
2, 1, 5, 10} Misra et al. (2017)
K {1, 5, 10, 15} Misra et al. (2017),
Ramana Reddy et al.
(2015) Table III.
a [0.0, 5.0] | {7, 12, 24} Misra et al. (2017) Parametric values
s {
1.0,
0.5, 0.5,1.0} Misra et al. (2017) used in the present
Pr {20, 21, 23, 25} Misra et al. (2017) study
Figure 5.
Effect of magnetic
parameter ( b ) on
dimensionless
velocity field (f'( h )),
dimensionless
induced magnetic
field along x direction
(g'( h )) and
dimensionless
temperature field
(u ( h )) when wf =
100 gr, w1 = w2 =
10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3,
a/c = 2.5, l = 5, k =
0.1, s = 0.5, a = K = 1
and Pr = 21
 HFF they appear directly in the similarity momentum equation (14). In this approach, we have
depicted the influence of these parameters on the dimensionless velocity field (f 0 ( h )) by
considering wf = 100 gr, w1 = w2 = 10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3, b = 2, a/c = 2.5, a = K = 1 and Pr = 21,
respectively, in Figure 8(a) and Figure 8(b). Figure 8(a) reveals that f 0 ( h ) significantly boosts
with permeability parameter effect. Moreover, Figure 8(b) illustrates that the mixed
convection parameter enhancement insensibly leads to increase the dimensionless velocity
distributions, but there is a sharp rise in the velocity near the stretching wall. Another
important point about l is that, when the heat transfer mode of the problem is mixed
convection, the dimensionless flow field are coupled with the dimensionless temperature
field. On the other hand, as the induced magnetic field is variable; in equation (14) we have
three basic dependent variables (f( h ), g( h ), u ( h )) or their derivatives. Therefore, at the

Figure 6.
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Effect of a/c on
dimensionless
velocity field (f'( h )),
dimensionless
induced magnetic
field along x direction
(g'( h )) and
dimensionless
temperature field
(u ( h )) when wf =
100 gr, w1 = w2 =
10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3,
b = 2, l = 5, k = 0.1,
s = 0.5, a = K = 1 and
Pr = 21

Figure 7.
Effect of suction/
injection parameter
(s) on dimensionless
velocity field (f'( h )),
dimensionless
induced magnetic
field along x direction
(g'( h )) and
dimensionless
temperature field
(u '( h )) when wf =
100 gr, w1 = w2 =
10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3,
b = 2, l = 5, k = 0.1,
a/c = 2.5, a = K = 1
and Pr = 21
 present mixed convection problem, we have to solve similarity governing equations (14)- CuO-Cu/blood
(16), simultaneously. hybrid
Figure 9(a) and 9(b) elucidates the effect of heat source parameter (a) as well as Prandtl
number (Pr) on the dimensionless temperature profiles (u ( h )) by considering wf = 100 gr,
nanofluid flow
w1 = w2 = 10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3, b = 2, a/c = 2.5, K = 1, k = 0.1, and S = 0.5, respectively, for
which we expect that these parameters strongly affects the dimensionless temperature
distributions. One can observe from Figure 9(a) that increasing in the heat source parameter
implies an increasing in u ( h ) and also thickening of the thermal boundary layer thickness
consequently reduces the local heat transfer rate. On the other hand, Figure 9(b) indicates
that u ( h ) diminishes with Pr effect. It is also obvious that, enhancement in Prandtl number,
leads to thinning the thermal boundary layer thickness and simultaneously increasing
absolute value of dimensionless temperature profiles slope at the wall (|u ’(0)|). So,
according to equation (22), we can deduce that the local heat transfer rate of the stretching
sheet enhances by increasing Pr.
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Figure 8.
Effect of (a)
permeability
parameter (k ) with
considering s = 0.5
and l = 5, and (b)
mixed convection
parameter (l ) with
considering s = 1 and
k = 0.1 on
dimensionless
velocity field (f'( h ))
when wf = 100 gr,
w1 = w2 = 10 gr, n1 =
n2 = 3, b = 2,
a/c = 2.5, a = K = 1
and Pr = 21

Figure 9.
Effect of (a) heat
source parameter (a)
with considering Pr =
21, and (b) Prandtl
number (Pr) with
considering a = 1, on
dimensionless
temperature field
(u ( h )) when wf =
100 gr, w1 = w2 =
10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3,
b = 2, s = 0.5,
a/c = 2.5, K = 1 and
k = 0.1
 HFF Figure 10(a) and 10(b), respectively, present the effect of both nanoparticle masses (w1 and
w2) on the skin friction coefficient ([Rex]1/2Cf) and on the local heat transfer rate ([Rex]
1/2
Nux) at the stretching sheet, when wf = 100 gr, n1 = n2 = 3, b = 2, s = 0.5, k = 0.1, a/c = 2.5,
a = l = K = 1 and Pr = 21. Figure 10(a) clearly describes when w1 or w2 or both of them
simultaneously enhance, the absolute values of skin friction coefficient reduce. Therefore, it
is obtained from the comparison of pure blood case (RF), mono-nanofluid cases (NF1-NF4)
and hybrid nanofluid cases (HNF1-HNF4) that, the use of hybrid nanoparticles as drug
agent is more appropriate to minimize the hemodynamics [i.e. shear stress on wall and
resistance to blood flow (Ijaz and Nadeem, 2017)] of the capillaries (that are modeled as
stretching sheets here). Further, negative values of skin friction coefficient ([Rex]1/2 Cf < 0),
mean that the hydrodynamic drag force direction is applied from the stretching sheet to the
working fluid. On the other hand, Figure 10(b) shows that by adding first or second
nanoparticles or both of them simultaneously, always the local heat transfer rate
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enhancement occurs. This is because, when the mass of the nanoparticles enhances, the
effective thermal conductivity (Khnf) increases [see Table II and equations (10) and (11)], and
simultaneously |u ’(0)| boosts. So, the local heat transfer rate at the wall elevates. It should
be highlighted that, positive values of local heat transfer rate ([Rex]
1/2 Nux > 0), represent
that the heat transfer rate direction from the stretching sheet to the working fluid, too.
Finally, we emphasize that, among all chosen hybrid nanofluid cases, HNF4 has the largest
local heat transfer rate ([Rex]
1/2 Nux = 13.5842) and the smallest skin friction coefficient
([Rex]1/2 Cf = –1.5372).
Figure 11(a) gives the variations of the skin friction coefficient for different values of b
and K, by considering wf = 100 gr, w1 = w2 = 100 gr, n1 = n2 = 3, l = 5, a/c = 2.5 k = 0.1,
s = 0.5, a = 1 and Pr = 21. From this figure, it can be deduced that [Rex]1/2 Cf has increasing
effect on K, while for b , it has almost linearly reducing effect. Moreover, by comparing
Figure 11(a) with Figure 14 from Misra et al. (2017), we observe that, selecting CuO-Cu/blood
hybrid nanofluid can reduce the hemodynamics effect of the capillary relative to pure blood
case. Figure 11(b) demonstrates the variations of [Rex]
1/2 Nux for different values of a and
Pr, by considering wf = 100 gr, w1 = w2 = 10 gr, n1 = n2 = 3, l = 5, a/c = 2.5, k = 0.1, s = 0.5,
K = 1 and b = 2. It is worthwhile to notice that, Figure 11(b) illustrates [Rex]
1/2 Nux almost
linearly decreases as a increases, but it significantly increases with elevating

Figure 10.
Effect of first and
second nanoparticle
masses (w1, w2) on (a)
the skin friction
coefficient ([Rex]1/2 Cf)
and (b) the local heat
transfer rate ([Rex]
1/2
Nux) when wf =
100 gr, n1 = n2 = 3,
b = 2, s = 0.5, k =
0.1, a/c = 2.5, a = l =
K = 1 and Pr = 21
 Pr. Furthermore, by comparing Figure 11(b) with Figure 15 from Misra et al. (2017), we CuO-Cu/blood
understand selecting CuO-Cu/blood hybrid nanofluid is caused by enhancing the local heat hybrid
transfer rate of the capillary relative to pure blood case, too.
The effect of nanoparticles shape factor (n1 = n2), on the local heat transfer rate ([Rex]
1/2
nanofluid flow
Nux) have been portrayed in Figure 12, when wf = 100 gr, w1 = w2 = 10 gr, b = 2, s = 0.5, k =
0.1, a/c = 2.5, a = l = K = 1 and Pr = 21. It is clarified that, when the nanoparticles shape
factor have considered spherical (n1 = n2 = 3), the local heat transfer rate is minimum, while
the opposite trend is true for the blade shapes (n1 = n2 = 8.6).
Finally, Figure 13 shows the comparison of the local heat transfer rate ([Rex]
1/2 Nux)
of different shapes of first (CuO) and second (Cu) nanoparticles (n1 and n2) based on
various hybrid nanofluid cases as indexed in Figure 10 (entitled HNF1-HNF4), when
wf = 100 gr, w1 = w2 = 10 gr, l = 5, s = 0.5, b = 2, k = 0.1, a/c = 2.5, K = a = 1and Pr =
21. It should be remarked that, as we expect, the local heat transfer rate elevates with
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Figure 11.
Influences of (a)
magnetic field
parameter ( b ) and
reciprocal magnetic
Prandtl number (K)
on the skin friction
coefficient ([Rex]1/2 Cf)
with considering Pr =
21, and a = 1, and (b)
heat source
parameter (a) and
Prandtl number (Pr)
on the local heat
transfer rate ([Rex]
1/2
Nux) with considering
b = 2, and K = 1,
when wf = 100 gr,
w1 = w2 = 10 gr, n1 =
n2 = 3, a/c = 2.5, l =
5, k = 0.1 and s = 0.5

Figure 12.
Effect of
nanoparticle’s shape
factor (n1 = n2) on the
local heat transfer
rate ([Rex]
1/2 Nux)
when wf = 100 gr,
w1 = w2 = 10 gr, k =
0.1, a/c = 2.5, b = 2,
s = 0.5, a = l = K = 1
and Pr = 21
 HFF increasing shape factor of first or second nanoparticles in all cases in Figure 13.
Moreover, it is normally seen that, when the first nanoparticle shape factor has not
considered spherical (n1 = 3), the local heat transfer rate enhancement will be higher.
But, the opposite trend is valid for HNF2 case.

5. Conclusions
Our goal was semi-analytically modeling the steady laminar mixed convection
incompressible viscous and electrically conducting hybrid nanofluid (CuO-Cu/blood) flow
near the plane stagnation-point over a horizontal porous linearly stretching sheet along with
a variable magnetic field by a novel computational algorithm according to nanoparticles and
base fluid masses. It should be remarked that, applications of the present problem are in
biomedical phenomena like flow dynamics of the micro-circulatory system and especially in
drug delivery and hemodynamics reduction in capillaries. At first, the dimensional basic
non-linear governing PDEs are transformed into similarity non-linear dimensionless ODEs,
then the bvp4c built-in function from MATLAB is implemented to numerically solve them.
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In short, we offer following outcomes of the problem as important conclusions:

 At the present mixed convection problem, we have to solve dimensionless flow field,
dimensionless induced magnetic field and dimensionless temperature field,
simultaneously.
 It is clearly observed that, b , a/c, k and l significantly affects the dimensionless
flow field (f’( h )) because they have appeared directly in the similarity momentum
equation (14), while it has proved that a and Pr considerably affect the
dimensionless temperature field (u ( h )), because they only exist in the similarity
energy equation (16).
 The mass suction on the stretching sheet has lower thermal boundary layer
thickness than mass injection.
 Increasing of w1 and w2 represents the reduction of the skin friction coefficient and
simultaneously enhancement of the local heat transfer rate at the permeable sheet.
 When the nanoparticles shape factor consider blade (n1 = n2 = 8.6), the local heat
transfer rate is the highest.
 The present novel attitude for semi-analytically modeling of hybrid nanofluids can
be used in the present problem with great confidence.

Figure 13.
The local heat
transfer rate ([Rex]
1/2
Nux) for some values
of n1 and n2 based on
different cases of
hybrid nanofluids
(entitled HNF1 to
HNF4), when wf =
100 gr, w1 = w2 =
10 gr, l = 5, K =
a = 1, b = 2, k = 0.1,
a/c = 2.5, s = 0.5 and
Pr = 21
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Corresponding author
Saeed Dinarvand can be contacted at: sae.dinarvand@iauctb.ac.ir and saeed_dinarvand@yahoo.com
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