Networking

Group#07
ADP-CS

Multiplexing and De-multiplexing

H.Bilal shahid F2019346037

Aamir Haider F2019346008

Abu bakar F2019346002

Contents
Abstract....................................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................2
Transport layer:.................................................................................................................................................2
How Multiplexing and Demultiplexing is done?..........................................................................................3
Multiplexing........................................................................................................................................................4
Demultiplexing....................................................................................................................................................5
Devices.................................................................................................................................................................6
1- Multiplexer..............................................................................................................................................6
1.1- 4-to-1 Multiplexer:..............................................................................................................................6
2- Demultiplexer..........................................................................................................................................8
2.1- 1to4 Demultiplexer.............................................................................................................................8
2.2- 1 to 8 Demultiplexer...........................................................................................................................9
2.3- 1 to 16 Demultiplexer.......................................................................................................................10
Uses of multiplexer and demultiplexer........................................................................................................10
1- Use of mux:............................................................................................................................................10
2- Use if de-mux:.......................................................................................................................................11
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................................11
Differences between Multiplex and De-Multiplex:.....................................................................................11
a) Multiplexer (MUX):.............................................................................................................................11
b) Demultiplexer (DEMUX):....................................................................................................................11
Pictures Info:........................................................................................................................................................12
Abstract
We want to share scare resources so multiplexing and demultiplexing can facilitate the transmission of
data through a single line this makes the transmission circuit economical and less complex. Besides the
ability of multiplexer to switch digital signals can be extended to switch video signals, analog signals
etc. purpose of multiplexing and demultiplexing is to enables signals to be transmitted more efficiently
over a given communication channel, thereby decreasing transmission cost.In this report we are going to
discuss the uses of multiplexing and demultiplexing and the devices used for multiplexing and
demultiplexing.

Introduction
In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (sometimes contracted to muxing) is a
method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium.
The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel such as a cable. The multiplexing
divides the capacity of the communication channel into several logical channels, one for each message
signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, extracts the original
channels on the receiver end. Multiplexing was originally developed in 1800’s for telegraphy, today
multiplexing and demultiplexing is widely used in many telecommunication applications, including
telephone inter communications, digital broadcasting and wireless telephone.

Transport layer:
The 4th layer of OSI model is transport layer. And it is the second layer in TCP/IP model. It is an end-to-
end layer used to deliver messages to a host. It is termed as an end-to-end layer because it provides a
point-to-point connection rather than hop-to- hop, between the source host and destination host to
deliver the services reliably. The unit of data encapsulation in Transport Layer is a segment. The
standard protocols used by Transport Layer to enhance its functionalities are Transmission Control
Protocol, User Datagram Protocol, Datagram Congestion Control Protocol etc.
Multiplexing and demultiplexing are the services facilitated by the transport layer of OSI model.
 Figure#1
How Multiplexing and Demultiplexing is done? (concept by Shivam Shukla)
For sending data from an application at sender side to an application at the destination side, sender must
know the IP address of destination and port number of the application (at the destination side) to which
he want to transfer the data. Block diagram is shown below :

Figure#2
Let us consider two messaging apps that are widely used now a day’s viz. Hike and whatsapp. Suppose
A is the sender and B is the receiver. Both sender and receiver have these applications installed in their
system (say Smartphone). Suppose A want to send messages to B in whatsapp and hike both. In order to
do so, A must mention the IP address of B and destination port number of the whatsapp while sending
the message through whatsapp application. Similarly, for the later case, A must mention the IP address
of B and destination port number of the hike while sending the message. Now the messages from both
the apps will be wrapped up along with appropriate headers (viz. source IP address, destination IP
address, source port no, destination port number) and sent as a single message to the receiver. This
process is called multiplexing. At the destination, received message is unwrapped and constituent
messages (via messages from hike and whatsapp application) are sent to appropriate application by
looking to the destination the port number. This process is called demultiplexing. Similarly, B can also
transfer the messages to A.

Figure:3

Multiplexing
In a computer networks, Multiplexing is a method by which by which multiple analog and digital signals
are combined into a one signal over a share medium. Networks use multiplexing for two reasons:

1- To make it possible for any network device to talk to any other network device without having to
dedicate a connection for each pair. This requires shared media; 

2- To make a scarce or expensive resource stretch further e.g., to send many signals down each
cable or fiber strand running between major metropolitan areas, or across one satellite uplink.

In analog radio transmission, signals are commonly multiplexed using frequency-division

multiplexing (FDM), in which the bandwidth on a communications link is divided into sub channels of
different frequency widths, each carrying a signal at the same time in parallel. Analog cable TV works
the same way, sending multiple channels of material down the same strands of coaxial cable. Similarly,
in some optical networks, data for different communications channels are sent on light waves of
different wavelengths, a variety of multiplexing called wave-length division multiplexing (WDM).
 Figure#4

Demultiplexing
Demultiplexing is a term relative to multiplexing. It is a reverse of multiplexing process. Demultiplexing
is a process reconverting a signal containing a multiple analogue and digital signals streams back into
the original and separate and unrelated signals.It is a process of taking information from one input and
transmitting over one of many outputs. 

Figure#5
 Figure#6

Devices
Devices that are used in multiplexing and demultiplexing are multiplexer and demultiplexer which we
will discuss below;

1- Multiplexer
Multiplexer is a device which performs multiplexing process. It is a hardware component that combines
multiple analogue or digital input signals into a single line of transmission. A Multiplexer or Mux is a
device that has many inputs and a single output. The selected line decides which i/p is connected to the
o/p, and also increases the amount of data that can be sent over an n/w within a certain time. A
multiplexer is also called as a data selector. The best example of non-electronic circuit of the multiplexer
is a single-pole, multi-position switch, which is generally used in many electronics circuits. The main
purpose of mux is to perform high speed switching and is constructed by a basic electronic components.
These are accomplished by handling both analog and digital applications. In analog applications, these
are made up of transistor switches and relays, whereas in digital applications, these are made up of logic
gates. When the mux is used in digital applications, it is called as a digital multiplexer
Types of Multiplexer:
1.1- 4-to-1 Multiplexer:
The 4X1 multiplexer comprises 4-input bits, 1- output bit, and 2- control bits. The four input bits are
namely 0, D1, D2 and D3, respectively; only one of the input bit is transmitted to the output. The o/p ‘q’
depends on the value of control input AB. The control bit AB decides which of the i/p data bit should
transmit the output. The following figure shows the 4X1 multiplexer circuit diagram using AND gates.
For example, when the control bits AB =00, then the higher AND gate are allowed while remaining
AND gates are restricted. Thus, data input D0 is transmitted to the output ‘q”.
 Figure#7

If the control input is changed to 11, then all gates are restricted except the bottom AND gate. In this
case, D3 is transmitted to the output and q=D0. If the control input is changed to AB =11, all gates are
disabled except the bottom AND gate. In this case, D3 is transmitted to the output and q = D3.The best
example of 4X1 multiplexer is IC 74153. In this IC, the o/p is same as the i/p. Another example of 4X1
multiplexer is IC 45352. In this IC, the o/p is the compliment of the i/p.

Figure#8
 2- Demultiplexer
Demultiplexer is device that performs reverse process of multiplexer. DEMUX are used to implement
general-purpose logic systems. A demultiplexer takes one single input data line and distributes it to any
one of a number of individual output lines one at a time. Demultiplexing is the process of converting a
signal containing multiple analog or digital signals backs into the original and separate signals. A
demultiplexer of 2^n outputs has n select lines.

Figure#9
Types of Demultiplexers
2.1- 1to4 Demultiplexer
The 1 to 4 demultiplexer consists of one input, four outputs, and two control lines to make selections.
The below diagram shows the circuit of 1 to 4 demultiplexer.
 Figure#10

The input bit is Data D with two select lines A and B. The input bit D is transmitted to four output bits
Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y4. When AB is 01 The upper second AND gate is enabled while the other AND gate
is disabled. Thus, only one data is transmitted at Y1. If D is low, then Y1 is low and if D is high, Y1 is
high. The value of Y1 depends on the value of D. If the control input changes to AB=10 all the gates are
disabled except the third AND gate from the top. Then D is transmitted to output Y2.

2.2- 1 to 8 Demultiplexer
A 1 to 8 demultiplexer consists of one input line, 8 output lines and 3 select lines. Let the input be D, S1
and S2 are two select lines and eight outputs from Y0 to Y7. It is also called as 3 to 8 demux because of
the 3 selection lines. Below is the block diagram of 1 to 8 demux

.
Figure#11

A 1 to 8 demultiplexer can be implemented using two 1 to 4 demultiplexers. Implementation of large

output demultiplexers becomes complex, so smaller demux is used to implement large demultiplexers.
 Figure#12

2.3- 1 to 16 Demultiplexer
1 to 16 demultiplexer has one input data, four select lines A, B, C and D and 16 output lines Y0 to Y15.
This is implemented using AND and NOT gate. 1 to 16 demultiplexer is implemented using the logic
circuit below. This can be implemented using 1 to 8 demultiplexer, 1 to 4 demultiplexer and 1 to 2
demultiplexer.

Figure#13

Uses of multiplexer and demultiplexer

The uses of multiplexing and demultiplexing are given below;
1- Use of mux:
 It is used in communication system. It increases the efficiency of communication system.
 It is used in telephone networks. It integrates the multiple audio signals on a single line of
transmission.
 2- Use if de-mux:
 It used in arithmetic and logic unit. The output of arithmetic and logic unit is fed as an input to
the de-mux is connected to multiple registers.
 It is used in communication system. It receives the output signals from multiplexer and convert
them back to the original.

Conclusion
Multiplexing and demultiplexing are two technologies are widely used in CWDM and DWDM. The
device used for multiplexing is multiplexer (MUX), and the device used demultiplexing is demultiplexer
(De-mux). However, now days a typical device have both multiplexing and demultiplexing
compatibilities. The conclusion to explain difference between multiplexer and de-multiplexer that, if you
want to convert 1 input to multiple output then we use demultiplexer. If you need to convert multiple
output into 1 then we must use multiplexer. Moreover Multiplexer has the capability to convert multiple
signals and it is called parallel to serial conversion.

Differences between Multiplex and De-Multiplex:

a) Multiplexer (MUX):
1. It have so many inputs & one output.
2. People call it MUX
3. In mux the selection of particular input is controlled by set of selection lines.
4. Parallel to serial conversion.
5. When we design multiplexer, we don't need additional gates.
6. Examples are (8 input 1 output), (16 input 1 output), (32 input 1 output).

b) Demultiplexer (DEMUX):
1. For demultiplexing purpose it has one inputs & many output.
2. People call it DEMUX.
3. In DEMUX selection of output line is controlled by bit values of n selection lines
4. Serial to parallel conversion.
5. Additional gates are included when designing de-multiplexer.
6. Examples are (1 input  8 output), (1 input 16 output), (1 input 32 output).
Pictures Info:
Figure1: https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/CN_Multiplexing-2.jpg

Figure2: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn
%3AANd9GcTEVRlgibGzLqcBirxNfyQODCoi5qUh4NtxE9Bx7NBS9DmMMsYP&usqp=CAU

Figure3: https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/CN_Multiplexing-4.jpg

Figure4: https://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2018/11/frequencydivisionmultiplexing.png

Figure5: https://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/DEMUX.jpg

Figure6: https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-V0qYPRGpDb0/V6v1LDeSxrI/AAAAAAAABg4/-Bx-
XZnK4GU1TklNS5gDf6vj0XmzTfKwQCLcB/s1600/Multiplexing%2Band%2Bdemultiplexing.png

Figure7:
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/zwsSPeS207HDXll4jV5wIJrNugIjyNv8X0TWCnKTUJ2R5yQCdQWp4VfiE
uxyIIAXVy3Xgl4v12P6wCNESvIUw5coBp1agGk-P7YWZOJzoBocH0hINTktau1PjpU-aGs00jG0e1s7V-A

Figure8: https://sc01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1D8e_XinrK1Rjy1Xcq6yeDVXaB.jpg

Figure9: https://electricalfundablog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Applications-of-Demux_thumb-
640x330.png

Figure10: https://www.technobyte.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/circuit_n.jpg

Figure11: https://controllerstech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/1-to-8-demux-block-diagram.jpg

Figure12: http://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/1-to-demux.jpg

Figure13: https://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/1-to-16-demux.png