Exclusion and Disaster Risks:Marginalisation

and Vulnerabilities of Gurugram Slum During

COVID-19.

Submitted by :Ankit Tiwari

(M2019DM003)
Under the Guidance of Mr.Mahesh Kamble

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the Degree of Master of Arts in Disaster Management

Jamsetji Tata School of Disaster Studies

Tata Institute of Social Sciences Mumbai
2021

DECLARATION
I Ankit Tiwari,hereby declare that this dissertation entitled ’Exclusion and Disaster
Risk:Marginalisation and Vulnerabilities of Gurugram Slum During COVID-19” is the
outcome of my own study undertaken under the guidance of Mr. Mahesh Kamble, Assistant

1
Professor, Centre for Disasters and Development, Jamsetji Tata School of Disaster Studies, Tata
Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.It has not previously formed the basis for the award of any
degree, diploma, or certificate of this Institute or of any other institute or university.I have duly
acknowledged all the sources used by me in the preparation of this dissertation.

11th March 2018 Ankit Tiwari

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Exclusion and Disaster Risk:Marginalisation
and Vulnerabilities of Gurugram Slum During COVID-19” is the record of the original work
done by Ankit Tiwari under my guidance and supervision. The results of the research presented
in this dissertation/thesis have not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree,
diploma, or certificate of this Institute or any other institute or university.

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11th March 2021 Mr. Mahesh Kamble

Assistant Professor
Jamsetji Tata School of Disaster Studies
Tata Institute of Social Sciences

Content.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………....7
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………........ .8
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE………………………….……… ………….9
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………….10

Chapter 1.Introduction
1.1 Rationale for the study 11
1.2 COVID-19 and the Slum Population 12
1.2.1 Progression of Covid-19 In India 12
1.2.2 Financial and Economic aspect 13
1.2.3 Social and Human aspect 14
1.3 Livelihood impact 14
1.4 Covid 19 Response and Recovery effort 15
1.4.1 Covid 19 Planning before Lockdown 16
1.4.2 Covid 19 Response after Lockdown 17
1.5 Vulnerabilities and its Indicators 17
1.6 Pradhan Mantri Garib kalyan Yojana through the perspective 18
of Slum Population
1.7 Exclusion,Government schemes and Urban poor 19

Chapter 2.Conceptual framework

2.1 Disaster and Marginalisation 21
2.2 Vulnerability 22
2.3 Slums and Exclusion 23
2.4Theoretical Review and Framework 23

Chapter 3.Literature Review

3.1 Household Assets, Risk, and Vulnerability 27
3.2 Level of asset and their interaction 28
3.3 Development of Gurugram City and Slums 29
3.4 Slum Population and their existing marginalisation 30
3.5 Gap in Literature 31

Chapter 4.Research Methodology

4.1 Research Design 31
4.1.1 Case Study Approach 31
4.1.2Challenges in Using the Qualitative Design 32
4.1.3 Challenge in using Case Study approach 32
4.2 Relevance of Selection of the Study Area. 33

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 4.2.1Location of the Area 34
4.3Community Profile 35
4.4 Data Collection Sources 35
4.5 Tools and Methods for Data Collection 35
4.5.1 key informants Interview 36
4.5.2 Observation 37
4.5.3 Focus Group Discussion 38
4.6 Data Analysis Method 41
4.7 Ethical Considerations 43
4.8 Limitation 43

Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Discussion

5.1 Vulnerabilities of Slum Population 44
5.2 Central, State and District government response and its coverage 46
5.2.1Cash Support,Employment and Food Securities 47
5.2.2 Public Facilities 49
5.2.3Awereness and Health 51
5.2.4 Social support and Self help Group 52
5.3 Thematic analysis of data finding
5.3.1Disaster Risk And marginalisation 53
5.3.2 Existing Vulnerabilities and Exclusion in programme
54
5.3.3 Availability and accessibility of Asset 55

Chapter6:Conclusion
6.1 Responding to research Question and Objective 56
6.2 Recommendation 57

Annexure
Reference
Acknowledgement

This research would not have been possible without the exceptional support of my supervisor
Mr.Mahesh kamble.I would like to thank, Sir,for giving me the space to grow and learn in this
research.His guidance has been enabling me with the confidence to stand up on my own
whilst always providing his strong support. I’m grateful to him for having faith in me and for
his immense patience over my late submissions, and continuously changing research Design
and Data collection sources. I had still remembered my first submission where, I was

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knowing very little about research but his immense patience and faith in me has motivated me
to improve myself and perform better.

There are some other peoples who have indispensable contribution in my research like Mr
Anuj Garg(Deputy Commissioner of Gurugram) for giving me permission to collect data
from respected department,Ms.Poonam (Project officer) for giving guidance regarding source
from where i will get what type of data and Mr Asif Mondal for giving me his valuable time
and extending support for field data collection. I would like to thank my parents for
supporting me during the field visits in Gurugram. Without my father’s constant faith in me,
my mother’s words of encouragement, I would not have had the courage to complete my
thesis.

A word of gratitude goes to our research coordinator Ms. Niti Mishra for continuously
approaching us whenever we have needed any support. I would also like to extend my
gratitude to other professors who have provided me guidance at the times of Chapter and
Draft presentation.I would like to extend a special thanks to all my friends Risabh and Aditi
for being my fellow warriors in late night worries; My roommate,Satendra, for clarifying
many thing;My Mentor Suranjana Mulick for helping in format and earlier support. Lastly,
I’m grateful to all the people of My Study Area as well as the government offices at district
and block level without whose cooperation this study would not have been possible.I dedicate
this study to each and every member of the Slums community in Gurugram and for all the
struggles they have faced at the times of Covid-19. I have drawn immense inspiration from
the people, their supportive nature and the tremendous strength that they possess in combating
oppression and marginalisation.

OverallI ,The journey of this research can best be expressed as satisfying, enriching and
enlightening; where experiencing stress,happiness,,confusions and questions was part of the
learning

ABSTRACT
Covid-19 Pandemic has created havoc in people's life and impacted the global world.The
impact of COVID is on all sectors,population but it was the slums populations who affected
most from it.Combined with pre occupied vulnerabilities like dense housing
condition,informal nature of work,sanitation issue and than exclusion has made them more
vulnerable comparable to others.This Dissertation,is an attempt to examine the Relationship
between the concept of vulnerabilities and exclusion.While dealing with this issue this
research tries to understand the availability and accessibility of public facilities and
programmes on the vulnerability of Gurugram Slum population.Different dimension had been
analysed like, food security, Health, community networks,their employment and how all these

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get impacted by the COVID-19 and their exclusion from the programme.

The study area chosen for this dissertation is Gurugram which has around 16.33% of slums
population according to the 2011census.These slums are occupied with thousands of people
which provide cheap workforce for the residences and offices in the nearby vicinity (Angad,
2016) and one of the important features of these slums are that are not older than more than
one decade.So it is important to understand their vulnerabilities because they may get
excluded on different parameter due to non availability of basic requirement like Ration card,
bank account,public facilities and social network for the accessibility of different facility and
necessary help during the time of COVID-19.

Keywords:Vulnerabilities,COVID-19, exclusion,Gurgaon, Marginalisation.

List of Figure and Tables

Figures:

Figure 1.Cumulative total COVID-19 cases in India till 11th July 2020
Figure 2.Conceptual Framework
Figure 3.Distribution of MIgrants Tenants across city
Figure 4.Features of Migrant Populations in the Main Clusters
of Informal Housing
Figure 5.Map of Gurugram
Figure 6.Map of selected study area of Gurugram

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Tables:
Table 1.Descriptions of Scheme covered under PMGKY for dealing with
COVID 19 pandemic.
Table 2 Research Methods Used for Data Collection
Table 3.Focus Group consent Form
Table 4.Focus Group participant checklist

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 List of Abbreviations
AAY Antyodaya Anna Yojana

ADB Asian Development Bank

AIAI The All India Association of Industries

APL Above Poverty Line

BPL Below Poverty Line

FGD Focused Group Discussions

GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery

ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research

JAM Jan Dhan, Aadhaar and Mobile

LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas

MCG Municipal Corporation of Gurugram

MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

PDS Public Distribution System

PMGKY Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana

PMJDY Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

PMUY Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana

PHC Primary Health Centre

SC Scheduled Caste

SECC Socio-Economic Caste Census

SHG Self Help Groups

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 ST Scheduled Tribe

SWAN Stranded Workers Action Network

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

1.INTRODUCTION
The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has created disruption in the life of the whole
world population.It has led to the stoppage of activities in almost all counties for a certain period
of time which impacted the economy and livelihood of peoples,social beings and increased the
vulnerabilities of marginalised populations(Fong et al., 2020).The SARS-CoV-2 virus was
originated in the urban centers of China – Wuhan (Ogen, 2020) from where it has spread across

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the globe.Although the effect of the pandemic is global but the vulnerabilities of different
populations are not same.Slums and informal settlements have emerged as hotspots for COVID-
19 transmission.The urban slums are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection due to short
supply or unavailability of adequate water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste management systems,
housing, and other basic necessities(Coburn J, Vlahov D,2020).

1.1. Rationale for the study :

According to the 2011 Census there are around 1,44,805 slums population in Gurugram.It is one
of the fastest developing cities of north India located in southern part of Haryana.Due to rapid
urbanisation it has seen a large number of migrants from the different parts of India.Due to
economics crunches and limited opportunities they have to settle in the unorganised colonies.The
Slums population provide cheap workforce for the residences and offices in the nearby vicinity
(Angad, 2016).The rate and extent of urbanisation is continuously increasing.It has been seen
that due the higher congested population,informal workforce both citizen and administration has
faces significant challenge for social distancing,food security,sanitation facilities.The post
COVID 19 pandemic lockdown has affected the livelihood of these people due to their highest
dependence of informal sector and pre covid 19 vulnerabilities.

The stigma of COVID 19 carrier has also affected them and make them more vulnerable in post
COVID 19 times.One of the important characteristics of population of chosen study area is that
almost all of the peoples are migrants worker.They have lack of facilities which are generally
accessible by local citizens like Ration Card,Haryana Domiciles,Voter ID card and lack of self
help group.So It is important to understand their vulnerabilities in COVID 19 times and how
different stakeholders in administration has deal to reduce their marginalisation.It has been
highlighted by the different newspaper report that homeowners have removed most of their Maid
and workers who were coming from slums,So the role of government programmes and plans
become very important at that time to reduce their vulnerabilities and take care of them.

1.2 COVID-19 and the Slum Population

The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced the SERS-CoV-2019 as a pandemic on
March 11, 2020.The outbreak was first announced by the “Health Commission of Hubei
province”,China, a cluster of unexplained cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology(Zhu Zhang
D, 2020 Pg-727–733).After the announcement of this a large number of patients have been
diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 in China, due to this Chinese Governments has initiated hard
measures to control the epidemic.Despite of these precautions and measures the SERS-CoV-2
pandemic infractions spread across all over China and than transmissioned to global world.It has
now spread throughout the world, making USA, India and Europe as new epicenters.At present
time India has crossed more than 10 million cases(covid19india.org ,As of 28 January)

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1.2.1 Progression of Covid-19 In India -

The first indigenous case of COVID-19 in India was reported on January 30, 2020 in Thrissur
district of Kerala and the patient, a student of Wuhan University, China(mygov.in/covid-19). In
the beginning, coronavirus cases in India spread due to the people who have returned from the
foreign country rather than transmission within the country.The first three infections which were
reported on 30th January and 3rd February respectively in Kerala were migrants who had
returned from Wuhan China.On March 24, 2020, the Government of India ordered a nationwide
lockdown for 21 days as a preventive measure against the spread of the coronavirus.The
lockdown has restricted 1.3 billion people from leaving their homes.To make the lockdown and
social distancing effective, India also levied the quarantine law under the Epidemic Disease Act,
1897.This 123-year-old legislation allows a state/country to inspect people traveling by railways,
ships, and segregate suspects in hospitals, under temporary accommodations, or otherwise to
prevent the spread of dangerous pandemic disease(R. Varalakshmi,Psychiatr., 51 (2020), p.
102102,).

The large informal workers and poverty,has posed a real challenge to the life of vulnerable
population including slums populations.They were worried about to find their way to home and
the fear of loss of all income, deep privations, hunger, starvation and death.Ēven after this
stringent lockdown India has reached its first 1 lakh infection on18th May 2020 and as of now
India has crossed more than 10 million cases and (covid19india.org, 28 January,2021)

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Fig. 1 Cumulative total COVID-19 cases in India till 11th July 2020(Source-Worldometer
coronavirus cases India)

1.2.2 Financial and Economic aspect-

The immediate impact of COVID-19 in the context of most developing countries was diverse.It
has not only killed people through virus incursion but also been responsible for the economic
collapse, where countries suffered from unemployment and hunger.The announcement of first
phase of lockdown by prime minister on 24th March in India has adverse effects on the
economy, human living, and environment(P. Pulla,2020).The All India Association of Industries
(AIAI) estimated the loss for Indian economy to be $640 million with growth slated to be
between 5 and 5.6% till 2022 (A. Balajee,(2020), pp. 1-27).The unemployment rate increased to
19% after a month of lockdown and overall unemployment was 26% across India by 24th April.
Hence, the lockdown had an impact on small, medium, and large enterprises of the country,
which led to no job and economic downturn condition.(A. Balajee,(2020), pp. 1-27).

1.2.3 Social and Human aspect-

Transmission of disease was higher in all the major metro and capital cities of Indian states.
However, both people from rural and urban sectors have faced a harsh situation.For controlling
the COVID- 19 transmission, a locked down and social distancing measure was taken.Social

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distancing is difficult to follow for the urban poor who live in slums or closed and small
places.The business hub of India;Mumbai where estimated 9 million slums population are living
in 10 ft by 10 ft and under such conditions obeying social distancing is completely not
possible.Although the density of slums population in Gurugram is not large as mumbai but still
survey during field work suggest that in one room around 4-5 people used to live.

The sudden imposition of lockdown on 24th March 2020, forced millions of migrant workers to
go through an uncertain situation where they were left without family, food, and job. Around 50
million people migrated from Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, and West Bengal to Maharashtra and Delhi for work.(P. Ranscombe Lancet 2020, pp.
19-20).In the absence of transport facilities, workers with infants, pregnant women, and the
elderly were forced to walk on foot(R. Mukhra, K. Krishan.Arch. Med. Res. (2020).The presence
of psychosocial issues were also seen in the population ((P. Ranscombe Lancet (2020), pp. 19-
20).The work from home (WfH) type of facilities were only suitable for urban upper- and
middle-class people.It was very challenging for the urban lower middle income population where
around 5-6 peoples used to live in a single room.The informal workers were immediately and
sharply affected by the lockdown, which deprived them of paid employment without warning.

1.3 Livelihood impact-

The lockdown had a serious impact on the food security and livelihoods in country as people
were stuck at different places due to the lockdown extended by the government.According to
CMIE data the unemployment rate which stood at 7.76% in February a month before the
lockdown has jumped to about 8.6% for the week ended June 28 and 8.9% for the week ended
July 3rd during this period the unemployment rate fell sharply to the peak of 23.5% in May 2020
the recent fall in the weekly labour participation rate and the simultaneous rise in the
employment rate imply a corresponding fall in the weekly employment rate. The data suggested
that the unemployment rate and the livelihoods have been severely impacted due to the covid
situation in India as lot of factories have not been able to withstand the crunch and have closed
down due to prevailing situation all this has taken a toll on informal workforce that faced the
brunt of the lockdown situation as they were not prepared for such an situation beforehand and
were stranded without work at different places.

1.4 Covid 19 Response and Recovery effort-

1.4.1 Covid 19 Planning before Lockdown -

The response from the central government regarding COVID-19 was first started in January.
India began thermal screening of passengers arriving from China on 21 January. Initially it was

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only limited to seven airports,but later it was expanded to 20 airports towards the end of
January.During February,due to greater exposure to the disease worldwide the screening was
extended to passengers from Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea. Nepal,
Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia were added to the list towards the end of February.

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) has issued travel
advisory restrictions similar to past pandemics such as SARS, Ebola,
and bubonic plague, including the imposition of self-quarantine
rules for 14 days to all international travellers entering the
country. Additionally, travel visas were restricted until 15th April
for other countries and on 16th March 2020, MoHFW proposed various
interventions such as social distancing of ≤ 1 m(Anderson R.M.,
Heesterbeek H.,2020).The disease is declared as epidemic and
Epidemic Act, 1897 has been invoked by all States/ UTs of India. An
advisory for social distancing was published on MoHFW website on 16
March, 2020 for closure of all educational establishments (schools,
universities etc), workplaces, gyms, museums, cultural and social.A
day after a senior official asked media not to use the word lockdown
since there was no plan for one, India announced that 75 districts
would be going into lockdown to combat the coronavirus. A day later,
75 districts became nearly every state and union territory in the
country. And on Tuesday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a 21-day
lockdown beginning March 25.

1.4.2 Covid 19 Response after Lockdown-

The imposition of lockdown has affected the diverse range of people and almost everyone has
suffered due to sudden lockdown.The movement of peoples, good, vehicle has
stopped,livelihood of the peoples has adversely impacted and the crisis type situation
developed .Understanding this adverse situation Indian government has announced a $22.6
billion (around 1% of the GDP) economic stimulus package to provide direct cash transfers and
food security measures to millions of poor people (CNBC Asia Economics, 2020) on As of April
2020, the Ministry of Human Resource Development issued a second guidance 25 th of March
All states and UTs had requested to continue providing mid-day meals or food security
allowance of food grains to eligible children under the scheme.Additional allocation of rice/
wheat and pulses has been allotted to response to COVID 19.The fund and food allocation for
these programmes has been increased to Rs 2.3 lakh crore.Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
asked the landlords not to charge rent during this crisis and employers to make the payment of
wages of their workers without deduction for the period of closure (Government of India,
2020b).MHA has set-up a control room for monitoring the situation 24X7 and to ensure that
everyone has access to essential commodities (Press trust of India, 2020d).

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States Response-
Union Labour and Employment Ministry has sent advisory to all States for transferring funds in
the accounts of construction workers through Direct Benefit Transfer from Cess Fund collected
by Labour Welfare Board.According to PIB report on 13 june more than 3.5 crore construction
workers registered under Construction welfare Boards benefited by the Rs 52,000 crore Cess
Fund(PIB,13 June,2020).On 23 March it was announced by Haryana government that Haryana
labourers, street vendors and rickshaw pullers will be provided an assistance of ₹1,000 per week
directly deposited into their bank accounts.All people below the poverty line (BPL) families and
those registered with the Haryana Board of Construction Workers shall be provided a sum of
₹4,500 per month each on a weekly basis starting March 30. The sum will directly be deposited
into their bank accounts.

States were allowed to utilise money in the State Disaster Relief Fund (SDRF) to provide food,
accommodation and medical care to homeless, including migrant workers, stranded due to
lockdown and sheltered in relief camps and other places (Joy and DHNS, 2020; Press Trust of
India, 2020c).Till 31st March, 2020, 6.6 lakh migrant workers were accommodated in the 21,604
relief camps with provision of food, shelter and other basic necessities.Additionally,
arrangements for food have been made for 23 lakh persons (Kulkarni, 2020).In another order, the
Ministry of Home Affairs has issued an advisory for health actions at place for congregation of
migrant workers (Government of India, 2020c).

1.5 Vulnerabilities and its Indicators:

It has been recognized by scholars that vulnerability towards particular hazards could be
amplified due to human activities and unsustainable development (Davis, & Wisner, 1994).These
vulnerabilities for different group is depend upon the interaction of environmental/ecological
conditions with the societal difference and unsustainable developmental structure.There are
certain indicators which support the concept of differential vulnerabilities has been explained
below.

Geographical proximity and exposure to hazards:

The people who have little access to resources will typically have restricted access to land
(particularly high quality land) and tend to be based in hazard prone areas, such as flood plains,
low lying coastal regions, unstable hillsides and congested land (Smith 1996; Blaikie et al.
1994).In the case of of the cities these congested land are mainly known as Slums.According to
UN-HABITAT, slum is defined as a household where in group of individuals living in a
particular area which lacks: - a) Properly designed and constructed house that protects the
residents from calamities; b) sufficient amount of space allotted to each member of the

16
household; c) availability of safe drinking water; d) proper sanitation conditions i.e. clean toilets
and a proper drainage system; and d) the ownership of the land.

People used to opt out to live in Slums because they have to pay less amount of rent (although
other cost could be higher)comparable to nearby formal locality, for example in Slums of
Gurugram they have to pay 1000 to 1500 hundred for one Jhuggis comparable to the size of one
room and if they want to live in the nearby colony than they have to pay 4000+ for one room so
some peoples choose these tarpaulin jhuggis rather than furnished houses to increase their
saving.The newly developed gurgaon slum is not very different from the parameters which have
been highlighted above.

Poverty:
Vulnerability is closely linked with the asset ownership; the more assets people have the less
vulnerable they are (Sen 1981; Swift 1989; World Bank 1990 and Putnam 1993a, 1993b).There
are strong linkages between poverty and vulnerability.The already present poverty of slum
people may increase their vulnerabilities at the times of covid due to their less access to public
resource and facilities.

Marginalisation:
People who have lack of access to socio-economic resources, such as credit, employment, health
services and legal representation could be expected to have less capacity to manage and control
decisions and events affecting them.Elements such as ethnicity (Peacock et al 1997), caste
(DFID 1999; O’Hare 2001), class (World Bank 1999), religion (Betancourt & Gleason 2000),
age (Blaikie et al 1994) and gender may be some reason for the marginalisation of people and
community.If we talk about the stigma attached with slum population as a covid spreader than it
could act as reason for the losing employment in their owner houses which could increase their
marginalisation in the times of COVID-19.

Power relationships:
Power relationship is mainly how power are distributed among population.locally powerful
communities and persons that can shape, and sometimes dictate, the performance of institutions
of the state (Mendelsohn 1993; Jayaraman & Lanjouw 1999), so as per this there may be chance
that their inclusion in the beneficiaries list could be affected by the powerful section of the
society or the facilities could be diverse to more wealthier societies.

1.6 Pradhan Mantri Garib kalyan Yojana through the perspective of Slum
Population-
At central level the Government of India has announced the relief package of Rs 1.70 Lakh
Crore on 26th march under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) to combat the
adverse effect of lockdown for COVID-19 pandemic.Twelve different schemes has

17
 institutionalised by the government under the programm to deal with diverse area.There are
various sources has been chosen by the government to deal with the response for the pandemic
like, in-kind transfers, cash transfers, livelihood support benefits and insurance support to
frontline health workers.Below chart give description of each scheme covered under the
PMGKY and their overview at the times of COVID-19 Response.

Table.-1 .Descriptions of Scheme covered under PMGKY for dealing with COVID 19 pandemic.

Type Scheme Overview Implication at the times of Covid-19

In-Kind Pradhan Mantri It is a central sector scheme
Ujjwala Yojana which was launched in 2016 to
cater the health of children and
women.The government has
provides a one times financial
support of 1600 to deposit free
LPG connection
Beneficiaries have received free LPG cylinders for
three months, starting April 2020.Around 13000
crore rupees has been alloted .The Beneficiaries for
this scheme were peoples from Below Poverty Line
(BPL) households, SC/ST households.

Public Provides food grains through
Distribution Fair Price Shops (FPS) to poor
System(PDS) and vulnerable people living
below the poverty line.Jointly
implemented by the Central and
state governments.
80 crore people benefitted from it.(Drèze et. al,
2019).The National Food Security Act (2013)
provides coverage for upto 50% of the urban
population for receiving subsidised food grains.
AAY households, which means the poorest of the
poor, and priority households (PHH).Beneficiaries
are entitled to receive 5kg of rice/wheat per person
and 1kg of pulses per household (as per new
notification on 30 June).

Cash Pradhan Mantri The scheme aims at financial
Transfers Jan Dhan inclusion of the poor by
Yojana opening their bank accounts.
The reason behind this is to
increase the access to welfare
payments by directly transfer of
cash to their account.
Provision for transferring 500 rupees for three
month(April,May,June)to 20 crore women Jan Dhan
accounts.An ex-gratia of 1000 rupees to 3 crore
poor senior citizens, poor widows and poor disabled
also announced.

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Benefit for Employees Type of contributory scheme For low wage workers in the organised
Low-wage Provident Fund where employer and employee sector,earnings below than Rs. 15,000 per month in
Non- contribute 12% of basic wages businesses having less than 100 workers.They will
agricultura each towards the Fund. receive 24% of their monthly wages in their
l Workers Provident Fund accounts for the next three month.

Created to provide assistance to Would cover 3.5 crore registered workers.

Building and registered construction
Other workers. The Act applicable to
Construction establishments having ten or
Workers’ more building workers in any
Welfare Fund building or other construction
work for a period of 12
months.Beneficieries must be
between 18 to 60 years and
have worked for a period
greater than 90 days in a year.

Migrants Families who were not registered under the NFSA or state PDS, have been covered
under the Atma Nirbhar Bharat package which was announced in three phases.As per ministry of
consumers and home affairs 8 lakh metric tonnes (LMT) food grains for estimated 8 crore
migrants and their families has been allotted. The government also approved 39,000 MT of
pulses for 1.96 crore migrant families.

1.7 Exclusion,Government schemes and Urban poor-

The Exclusion is a multidimensional process, which developed by unequal power relationships

across cultural, economic, political and social dimensions, and at different levels, including
individual, group, community, country and global levels (Popay, 2008). Through these processes
individuals and entire communities of people are systematically blocked from rights,
opportunities and resources, such as housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement(Sen,
1985; Sen and Nussbaum, 2000).Exclusion is deep-rooted and inherited with rigid social
structure of Indian society.While analysing social exclusion, Thorat and Sabharwal (2010) noted
that “social exclusion is deeply embedded in societal interrelations and essentially refers to the
process through which individuals or groups are wholly or partially excluded from full
participation in the society in which they live”.It determines the two important dimensions of
exclusion, namely, the ‘societal institutions’ (of exclusion) and their ‘outcome’ (in terms of
deprivation).

19
There are many scholars who have articulated and analysed social exclusion in varied forms.The
work of Sen (2000), on social exclusion, is concerned with capability approach.”the capability
deprivation of people leads to social exclusion”. Further, he propounded on ‘active and passive
exclusion’, where active exclusion refers to “A process of exclusion through deliberate policy
decision by the state or its agent, whereas passive exclusion refers to a system, which works
through the social process, which are not deliberate attempts to exclude but may result in some
or other forms of exclusion”. So it would be really helpful to identify their exclusion through
their personal experience.

According to Robert, "the lower classes and the poor generally do not receive many services
from the government and do not benefit as rapidly or fully from wage increases and benefits as
do the middle and upper middle classes residing elsewhere"(Robert, 1978).All schemes that are
part of the PMGKY come with various shortcomings of coverage, identification and
implementation. The risk of exclusion of the most vulnerable is high. A large number of people
in slum areas employed on informal, gig and part-time contracts mean that millions of low-wage
workers will face loss of incomes or jobs, with the risk of slipping back into poverty without
adequate social protection.There are some issues with service delivery mechanisms viz. aadhaar
linkage, ration cards, sometimes non-existent-last mile infrastructure etc. due to which people
could suffer from exclusion errors, which will prove costly given the current crisis.

So if we talk about the slum populations having large numbers of migrants, so at the time of
COVID 19 they may have faced exclusion due to reasons like exclusion of their name from
beneficiaries list,less social power and network.

The stigma and social distancing has also affected their livelihood so much.Due to their informal
nature of work the support of government is very necessary for their survival and their exclusion
in those program may affect their coping capacity and increase their vulnerability, So this
dissertation will try to find out how the central and State Government programme for dealing
with COVID 19 has reach out them and what are the reason for their exclusion and how this
exclusion has affected their vulnerabilities for COVID 19. This study will also try to find out the
Gap in the implementation and accessibility of state government programmes regarding COVID
19 Pandemic for slum population through their live experience.This dissertation will add a new
dimension for assessing the condition of marginalised population in a Global Pandemic like
COVID 19 which has not seen earlier in such scale and impact on large number of population.

2.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

20
The interrelation between Disaster and Marginalisation,Slums and Exclusion are discussed
below. It has been tried to give the explanation for their selection to the thesis and how they
could contribute to an overall understanding of the dissertation.

2.1Disaster and Marginalisation-

It has been said that disasters tell us the true structure and nature of society that is “not so readily
visible in less stressful conditions of everyday life” (Merton, 1970), especially when “members
of a social system fail to receive expected conditions of life from the system” (Barton,
1970).There are studies which has highlighted that the victims of disaster-struck areas happen to
be minorities, women, lower caste individuals, poor.They broadly can be said to the people who
belong to groups with the least access to resources,power and considered as marginalised
population comparable to others.(Blaikie et al., 1994).Studies have mentioned that “means of
protection are most often available locally but these are only accessible to those castes of higher
status,higher class who have enough resource and decision making power”.(Hartmann & Boyce,
1983). There are studies which have highlighted that a particular community used to be excluded
from the mainstream community on the parameter like their location, access to resources, Caste,
Class ,social linkage which eventually increased their vulnerability and affected their recovery
from disaster.

The concept of differential vulnerability which states that groups within society are not equally at
risk from the adverse effects of hazard events but are, rather, differently.Urban population who
have less access to resource used to live in congested place despite being aware of the fact that
such areas might be at risk of facing natural hazard as well as societal and administrative
pressure(Arimah, Branch, C. M.2011).Power relations between peoples have been identified as a
major driver of people’s vulnerability in facing natural hazards, including the negative effects of
climate change (Gaillard, 2012).The differential marginalisation of population from the disaster
risk give reason to explore how different communities, places and region get impacted by the
Disaster.It has been mentioned by the scholars that the people at the lower of hierarchy for the
access to resources are more vulnerable for the exposure of disaster risks.(Twigg, & Rowell,
2003, p. 5)

2.2Vulnerability
Vulnerability tell us about the distribution of disaster risk between household and communities.If
a certain household and communities is vulnerable to certain disaster risk than it shows that
household and community are more exposure to disaster risk and less resource and ability
comparable to other.Birkmann( 2006) has mentioned that,The understanding of vulnerability
could be get through variety of literatures due to it diverse nature of understanding.Reviewing
the concept of vulnerabilities through Villagrán’s (2006) literature tell us that Vulnerability-

“As a particular condition or state of a system before an event triggers a disaster, described in
terms of criteria such as susceptibility, limitations, incapacities or deficiencies “

21
Here exposure to the hazard of COVID-19 is more for slum people because they are more
susceptible to exposure due to their dense packed living structure.

“Probability or possibility of an outcome of the system when exposed to an external event

associated with a hazard,potential losses such as fatalities or economic losses, or as the
probability of the person or a community reaching or surpassing a certain
benchmark”(Villágran,2006, p. 11).

Defining Vulnerability Blaikie has mentioned ” vulnerability as a pre-existing condition, which

is influenced by a variety of social, economic and political structures “(Blaikie, et
al,1994;).Vulnerability has been seen by many authors as similar to other form of disadvantage,
poverty, marginalization but it has also been argue by other that all of these concept are not same
as vulnerability and it has more to do(Twigg, & Rowell, 2003).It has been mentioned by Rowell
that Vulnerability is the method of conceptualizing the condition of risk and hazard to a
particular identifiable population.It has been mentioned by Ellis(2003) that, It is not necessary
that if a particular community is vulnerable to particular hazard then it will also be vulnerable to
others so he insists that it is important to identify the differential vulnerability of individual,
household and community .

The definition from UNISDR gives an overview that vulnerability is already present with a
community but it affects after disaster is different from different communities.levels of
vulnerability used to influence by accessibility of both tangible and intangible assets whether it
is cash or social asset in the form of external and internal support.(Pelling, 2003)

It has been mentioned by Vatsa that vulnerabilities of a community is also determined through
their participation in social and economic processes.The less access to education and skills,lack
of social support and protection from external environment, low and unstable income, unable to
access to good health care are some of the features that make society and household specially
vulnerable(Vatsa, K. S.2004).This also explains the importance of state policies and social
protection measures to address the vulnerabilities of communities. In many developing countries,
lower-income groups' vulnerabilities are generally high due to lack of protection from the social
welfare and protection policies by the government(Arthurson,2004).
2.3 Slums and Exclusion-

Arthurson has highlighted that slum dwellers, being spatially segregated and socially excluded
from the rest of the city.They not only struggles with their living environment but also with
ambiguous citizenship, unemployment and underemployment, high crime rates, and
powerlessness in the decision-making process(Arthurson, 2004).The reason for their exclusion
could be attributed to presence of inequality on the basis of different dimension like lack of
adequate education,poor health,homelessness,disability,unemployment,low income,poor social

22
networks and lack of access to informal contacts linking to jobs (Geddes and Urry, 2000 pg- 6).It
has been mentioned by Bowring (2000) that inadequately maintained housing, and lack of
services such as banks and credit facilities could hinders their participation in the exchange
relations of society.Government used to introduced various social welfare programmes, to
improve the socio-economic condition of marginalised communities,but due to discrimination
and exclusion, they are not able to access those programmes which force them towards
marginality. Scholars has mentioned that it is not possible that public policies are not always
biased , sometimes they used to marginalize certain communities (Geddes and Urry, 2000 pg-
6).for example engagement of municipalities officer in the selection of beneficiaries for welfare
programmes may led to the selection of false beneficiaries or even the exploitation of them
which has been seen in the initial observation.People from study area has mentioned that some
officers from municipal has come and collected 10 rupees from each family for providing them
benefit like ration but they never returned back with these benefit.

2.4 Theoretical Review and Framework-

2.4.1 Asset Based approach-

An asset-based approach tells the importance of Asset for reducing vulnerability. “The more
assets people have, the less vulnerable they are. And the greater the erosion of their assets, the
greater their insecurity” (Moser, 1997 p.2). The wider definition of assets has established the
integration with programs and policies related to the protection of livelihood, human rights, and
social capital. It explains the comprehensive understanding of how vulnerability is associated
with the access of assets.Assets are mainly the availability and accessibility to the source which
provide financial,economical and social support to the family.Assets could be mainly divided
into two categories:Tangible and Intangible.Tangible asset consist of land, house, jewelry,
savings, and education and skills and intangible assets such as household relations, social capital,
proximity to markets and health and education facilities, and empowerment and intangible such
as social networks and power relations(Vatsa, K. S. 2004).

The household asset-based approach could be integrated with Amartya Sen’s “entitlement”
approach which was developed taking famine as the catral of study. It was explained by
professor Sen in his book, ‘Poverty and Famines’(Sen, 1981), that “famines could be attributed
to failures in securing individual entitlements, which emanates from all the endowments (assets)
—their labor, cash crops, or animals— at her or his command”.Defining Entitlement he
explained that entitlement of a person as 'the set of alternative commodity bundles that can be
acquired through the use of the various legal channels of acquirement open to that person'
(Drèze/Sen 1989:23; Drèze/Sen 1990a:38).Here in the case of present studies these entitlement
are the accessibility of the Asset which were provided by the government through schemes.A
household’s considered to failure to secure its entitlement is mainly there failure for
inaccessibility of these facilities.During Late 1980,Asset-based approach was started integrating
with the sociological and anthropological literature to understand the concept of assets (Moser,
1998).

23
Classification of Assets-

Assets are mainly here classified in five ways.Asset has been classified into five types by the
Moser (1998).The classification are mainly:labor, human capital, productive assets, household
relations, and social capital. The other classification of asset which has been used in the thesis
are these:Natural, financial, physical, human and social assets. It was proposed by Siegel and
Alwang.

Natural assets: It mainly consists of open forests, fisheries, water: quality and quantity naturally
available.The present thesis has not taken this into consideration.

Financial assets:They are mainly more in economic terms and have monetary value like Cash,
savings, loans and gifts other financial instruments.

Physical assets: It includes housing, physical items that maintain or increase in value, such as
gold jewelry and productive assets, including fixed-enterprise assets.Here physical assets are also
the location of different facilities like sanitation,washroom, water tank,Public fair price shop etc.

Human assets: It mainly deals with the skills and knowledge to livelihood and sustain, ability to
labour, good health, Awareness level to disaster risk and ability to take decision

Social assets:It tells about the networks within family and outsiders, group memberships,
relationships of trust, access to wider institutions of society district or state leaders, and freedom
of movement.

Each asset has specific ability to address the vulnerability. Natural assets play an important role
for reducing the environmental stress within the community and household.They also provide the
necessary support like provision of water for irrigation of lands, and pastures for cattle. Financial
assets could be used act as a smooth source for getting instant resources and help and long term
investment.Physical assets provide places for their daily or routine activities and even some of
them could be used to some productive assets by selling them at the time of distress.If we talk
about the relevance of human assets through the perspective of labor mobilization,then it could
be a key strategy for disaster response and coping with shocks and stress events.The social asset
play and important role for providing both financially and socially support to the affected
population and they are the first source which societies needed at the time of hazard.(Sebstad and
Cohen, p. 72). The Depletion of these assets whether through an unwanted event or due to the
accessibility and availability of assets in a certain category would have a corresponding impact
on the associated vulnerability.

Below conceptual framework has explain about the linkage between how the availability and
accessibility of asset used to influence the vulnerabilities.This also explain how the exclusion of
these asset led to their marginalisation and increased their vulnerabilities.Since the research aim
is not directed towards natural asset so, It has not included in the below conceptual framework.

24
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework

3.LITERATURE REVIEW

25
The study by UN-Habitat has highlighted that slum population have to suffer from the shortage
and crisis of basic facilities due to exclusion from municipalities.The reason for this is that
Municipal authorities do not recognize many informal settlements, shanty towns for political and
administrative reasons, thus making them ineligible for services (UN-HABITAT, 2003).The lack
of legal recognition from the government authority not only create a situations of poverty but
also cause of systematic deprivation and disadvantages of informal settlement like slum. The
report has highlighted that due to “lack of personal resources,as well as exploitation, fear of
eviction, unsatisfactory community infrastructure, stigmatized social networks, inadequate
access to the job market” exclude them from the mainstream cities and urban
populations.Thereby living in these deprived neighbourhoods contributes to social exclusion of
the dwellers.(Begum, H., & Moinuddin, G. (2010).The past study has highlighted that due to the
exclusionary nature of the regulatory framework and the provision of planned residential land
increasing levels of exclusion of slum localities happen(Arimah, B. C., & Branch, C. M. 2011).

There are numerous evidences indicating that communities in lower positions in caste and
analogous systems are more vulnerable and more likely to be exposed to natural and human-
made disasters and hazards than those from higher castes, for several reasons (Equality in Aid:
Addressing Caste-based Discrimination in Humanitarian Response, 2013).The socio-economic
status of the marginalised communities prevents them from accessing public resources and
amenities.The location and infrastructure of their homes, usually in remote and marginal lands
such as floodplains, coastal towns and unstable hillsides, on the periphery of settlements and
poorly equipped in terms of basic amenities such as drains, flood barriers and drinking water,
may also increase their vulnerability to natural disasters (Izsák, 2016).When emergencies arise,
marginalised communities are often not only the most affected but are also less likely to receive
humanitarian aid and rehabilitation (National Scheduled Caste Watch-National Campaign on
Scheduled Caste Human Rights, 2011).

3.1 Household Assets, Risk, and Vulnerability-

The report, funded by the European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Office
(ECHO), said one of the biggest problems facing low-caste groups,Minorities was that they have
very few assets and therefore do not qualify for compensation - pushing them further into
poverty and deprivation (Bhalla, 2014). Lack of access to key public resources increases the
vulnerability of the population to large-scale disasters and small-scale emergencies (Bosher,
Penning-Rowsell, & Tapsell).

A minimum level of assets is necessary for a household to have a response from the risks. If the
household does not have minimum essential assets,then they could not free themselves from the
impact of risk.The level of asset within a household has tells about their prosperity level.
Households who have generally low levels of assets are considered as the poor households while
the moderate and non-poor households have higher levels of assets (Sebstad and Cohen,

26
1999),although the interaction of assets with risk is not very easy to measure the prosperity of a
community.

The mix of assets used to influence the capacity of the household to manage their risks. Each
asset has its own importance.While the financial and physical assets provide monetary support,
human and social assets have also emerged as important variables in risk management. The
Education, skills, and information about particular risk give households to deal with risks in a
more favourable way. Social capital like ,Social community networks, their relations with
leaders and affluent people of society and participation in social organizations, play important
roles in responding to risks and crisis situations.An interaction with the community is the first
source for getting help and support which take place on the basis of expectations and
obligations(Sebstad and Cohen, 1999).

Disasters are often considered as a social phenomenon which involves the interaction of physical
processes of hazards with the social and economic problems in the societal structure. They are
the convergence of hazards and vulnerable conditions which tend to reveal underlying social,
economic, political and environmental problems, and unfortunately contributing to worsening
them (Disaster Management –The Role of Local Self Government and the Community
Participation in Kerala).

3.2 Level of asset and their interaction-

If we integrate the Professor Sen, Idea of capability and entitlement approach with disaster and
vulnerabilities then it suggests that the “individual ability to reduce risk and vulnerability
depends not only upon the initial assets and endowments, but also by the ability to transform
such assets into income, food, or other basic necessities in an effective manner”.The acces of
asset is not only limited to the household own capability and ability but its cover wider
dimensions than that and the role of external network become more important at the time of
disaster risk..At the time of disaster and crisis of resources communities need government’s help
for strengthening their sources and access to asset.The literature on importance of government
organisation at the time of disaster(Yogyakarta earthquake)suggest that is the Governments
which provide financial support to the households for increasing the seismic strength of
household and it is not only limited to this disaster but a diverse range of disaster.(Moser, 1997).

3.3 Development of Gurugram City and Slums-

Gurugram is known as India’s “millennium city”.It is an example of India’s privatised modes of
urban development (Gururani 2013; Searle 2016).It is well known example of privatised
development where due to continuous development of Agriculture land into big flat and
multinational companies.In New Gurugram,Where in one place affluent one used to buy these
flat and work in the multinational companies, migrate peoples from the states of UP,Bihar,West
Bengal settles nearby congested area which known as slum colony as per the Municipal
corporation of Gurgaon.Slums in indian cities are not a new phenomenon as they had started
emerging when industrialization had started and, hence, become part of the all cities,going
through the period of urbanization and industrialization(Srivastava, A.and Singh, R.C.2007). The

27
major reason for slum expansion is the migration of rural people towards the urban areas which
creates a noninclusive pattern and rapid growth in urbanization.

Urban expansion is an increase in the size of the city with an increase in population.If we talk
about the properties of Gurugram Slum than unlike in Delhi, the slums in Gurugram city have
not come up on the government land but on the private land. Hence, the basic services are partly
arranged by the owner of the land by liaising with the municipal corporation(Angad, A. 2016,
August 01).The study done by Agrasar (2013) has highlighted that low-income migrant workers
in Gurgaon are unskilled (53 per cent).They used to perform jobs, like contract labourers,
cleaners and security guards and doing more entrepreneurial work, such as, domestic work,
rickshaw pulling and street vending. Another 43 per cent are semi-skilled, mostly doing
entrepreneurial work as auto/tempo drivers, shopkeepers, electricians and plumbers but also
working in offices performing low-level sales, accounting and human resources roles. The below
image shows the distribution of informal tenants in different parts of Gurugram.

Figure.3Distribution of MIgrants Tenants across city Source:(Agrasar,2013)

3.4 Slum Population and their existing marginalisation-

The number of migrant workers in the Gurgaon urban agglomeration is around 1 million
(Agrasar, 2013 addition to the 1.5 million officially data through the Census of 2011. UNESCO
has highlighted that official census figures do not properly and distinctly enumerate migrant
populations (UNESCO, 2012).According to the Census of 2011 there are seventy identified
slums in Gurugram.The existing vulnerability present here like same as the others slums in

28
India.Peoples are living in congested place. Some of the newly developed slums have tarpaulin
and tent houses.It has been informed by the people that even though they are living here for more
than 7-8 years they are not able to make their identity card of Haryana. They said that locals
Sarpanch doesn't listen to them and does not forward their request to upper authority. Although
they used to work in the nearby posh localities and used to work for them but the residents of
surrounding posh localities looked at these slum dwellers as land encroachers and blamed them
for polluting the surrounding environment.Below tables represent the study done by Agrasar
which could be gain through this table is that most of the migrants of West Bengal are working
in labour housekeeping and drivers which show their informal nature of work.

Figure.4. Features of Migrant Populations in the Main Clusters of Informal Housing

Source-Agrasar

A Telephonic survey conducted between 13 April and 23 May by Azim Premji University in
collaboration with civil society organisations, for 5,000 self-employed, casual, and regular wage
workers across 12 states of India, have highlighted that there was a massive increase in
unemployment and an equally dramatic fall in earnings.The study done by The Stranded Workers
Action Network (SWAN) has highlighted that especially vulnerable migrants have not received
food ration or cash relief from the government, while around 90% had not been paid for the
period by their employers either (SWAN Report 2020).

3.5 Gap in Literature

29
The existing literature on exclusion,marginalisation of slum population during disaster situations
has been more focused on their coping capacity and existing vulnerabilities.There is a lack of
analysis in the field of understanding exclusion in the post-disaster phase for pandemic like
COVID-19.The COVID-19 has created a completely new situation which is different from
hazard like Flood and Tsunami.The Gurugram is rapidly going through a phase of Urbanization
and has sufficient slum populations.The Lockdown has not only limited their social capital but
also physical and economical.The requirement of government support and programme was more
in that time comparable to others.The study aims at understanding the importance of asset
through centering government program.It also aim to assess the role exclusion played in post-
disaster response and recovery.

4.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Research Design-
The Aim of the research is to analyze the vulnerability of a community through perspective of
their exclusion in government welfare programmes regarding COVID 19. It is important to
understand the government program during that time and understand them through the
perspective of Slum Population inclusion in it or not. The implementation of scheme in ground is
real challenge and determine the efficiency of any programme so it is also necessary to get the
live view and experience of people for whom programme has been made, By keeping these thing
in mind a qualitative method has been used.A Qualitative research design is a procedure for
collecting, analyzing, both primary and secondary data in the format of description to understand
a research problem.To know about the different features of the scheme it is important to analysis
the data available like government official report, scholar research paper, and data from the
official website and to know about the implementation of programme and it benefit at ground
level, it is important to collect qualitative data like personal interview and focused group
discussion.

Qualitative research design has been used in this study as a means for exploring and
understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem (Creswell,
2009). The process involved in a qualitative research study involves “emerging questions and
procedures, data collection by personally going to the participant’s setting, data analysis
inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher making
interpretations of the meaning of the data'' (Creswell, 2009). This research study describes the
interaction between disaster risk generated through COVID-19 and preoccupied vulnerabilities
of the Slum Population of Gururam.

4.1.1 Case Study Approach

There are different types of qualitative research methods like ethnographic,Ground based theory,
content analysis, case study research that are usually used.In this Dissertation Case Study
approach has been used.Case study approach has been used as the research strategy to study the

30
issue exploring through one or more bounded systems through “detailed in-depth data collection
involving multiple sources of information” (Creswell, 2009).For example, several programs (a
multi-site study) or a single program (a within-site study) may be selected for study (Creswell,
2007). Here the case or issue refers to Vulnerability and social exclusion.Case study is used to
describe an intervention or phenomenon and the real-life context in which it occurred (Yin,
2003). Like in this research the phenomena is Exclusion and the real life context in this study is
marginalisation of the Slum community in COVID 19.

4.1.2Challenges in Using the Qualitative Design-

There are some of the challenges of Qualitative Design as well
•It required much effort and expertise is required,for the collection of primary data
•There is a possibility of contradiction between results from primary and secondary data.These
differences can be difficult to resolve and may require the collection of additional data.

4.1.3 Challenge in using Case Study approach-

➢ There may be some researcher bias because it largely deals with qualitative data.
➢ Since case study deals with only one person/event/group, It could get hard to generalise
the thing to the wider body of "similar" instances. This explains that the conclusions
drawn from a particular case may not be transferable to other settings.

4.2 Relevance of Selection of the Study Area.

Gurugram district of Haryana is located in the southwest of Delhi.It was very less developed in
1979 when it was administratively split from the more populous and developed area of
Faridabad.The improper land regulation and absence of municipalities has developed a wave of
economic growth and becoming an IT hub and one of the fastest growing urban centers in India.
The rapid urbanisation has also promoted a large number of migrants to move into the city and as
per informal estimates the number of migrant workers in the Gurgaon urban agglomeration at 1
million people (Agrasar, 2013).

31
Map of Gurugram Source Gurgaon Development Plan 2031 Fig-5

The movement of migrants workers to city also promoted the development of slums and
according to the census of of India, 2011 there are 70 Slums has been identified.The reason for
choosing slums of sec-53A is that because it has contains higher population of bengali migrants
who are generally more excluded to other slums population due to their language,regularly
moving nature and higher number of informal works categories of peoples(Table .

4.2.1Location of the Area-

Gurugram administration has divided the area in four different zones. The area selected for the
case study is situated in Ward 31 in Zone 3.The site selected comes under Wazirabad.It is
situated between the junction of sec 52 A and sec 53 as per the zone division of the municipality
of Gurugram.The site is beside the drain.It comes under Sohna Tehsil. According to the peoples
who are living in slum, they are living here from more than 20 years, but information from
nearby local peoples indicates that most of the houses are not more than 10- years.The area
where population is living is owned by private dealers and they have given them on rent.The site
is closed to Tau Devilal Park, and near home to many multinational and national companies.

32
Map of selected study area of Gurugram Source -Gurgaon Development Plan 2031 Fig-5

4.3 Community Profile-

The community which students have chosen are mainly migrant people from Westbengal. The
location is Wazirabad Dhani near sec 52.They are living on rent.Private dealers have given them
their land and are charging an amount from 1000 to 4000. Water facilities are provided by
dealers themselves.Most of the people used to work in the nearby society as maid, Helper and
security guard, some of them are also used to work in different shops. No one has constructed a
pakka house and all of them are living on the tarpaulin sheet. There are around 300 houses and
the population is around 1700(Table-.)The nature of work has been mentioned in the table

The population has not been included in the census of 2011 so as per The data observed during
field work suggest that the difference between the population of both Hindu and Muslim
religious person is very narrow.Peoples used to celebrate different function with mutually respect
and coordination.The number of working man and women is more than children and old
peoples.Some of them had small grocery,haircutting, vegetable shop at the nearby village of
Wazirabad. They also used to work with the municipal corporation of Gurugram and Privately
for the cleaning of Dump and garbage collection.

33
4.4 Data Collection Sources-

Primary data are considered those data which researchers gather first hand, while secondary data
are the information gathered through primary sources.It mainly include published or unpublished
articles that relied on primary sources of material other than the primary sources used to prepare
a written work (Rabianski, Joseph S.2003).Both primary and secondary data will be collected for
the Dissertation.Secondary data will be collected from the research paper, government report and
government official website regarding knowing the features of the scheme, for dealing with
covid 19 and then try to get information regarding Vulnerability and exclusion of the slum
community of Gurgaon.Data from official site like, National health mission Haryana,COVID
India.org,Haryana.health.nic.in,Haraadesh.nic.in,Gurugram.gov.in,Pmay-urban.gov.in
will be used for understanding and analysing the planning and process centering to slum
population.COVID- 19 Mitigation Plan, District Gurugram,different report and research paper
dealing with the slum population and vulnerabilities will be analysed.

Primary Data-like Focused group discussion,Observation, Key informants interview will be used
for in depth understanding of their experience.

4.5 Tools and Methods for Data Collection

4.5.1 key informants Interview-

UCLA Center for health policy and research has defined key informants interview as”qualitative
in-depth interviews with people who know what is going on in the community” Seeing the
present circumstance and the spread of COVID 19 it is not really feasible or dependent
completely on household surveys for data collection because such methods require considerable
investments of time and resources and tend to generate data that are often too elaborate.There are
certain techniques which are more feasible, require less time and provide more detail like Key
informant interview.

The Center for Development Information and Evaluation has identified key informant
interviews, and rapid direct observation as best and less time consuming method.They are
conducted using interview guides that list the topics and issues to be covered during a session.
The actual question has been framed by the interviewer to get the required data from the key
informants.The interviewer tries to get desired information from the informants and takes
elaborate notes, which are developed later.

Key informants interviewed are generally unstructured in nature and researchers do not prepare a
set of pre-planned interviews and any interview sequence.Although in the present research some

34
questions have been formed in the advance to guide the researchers. Unstructured interviews
make use of open-ended questions, predominantly.Open-ended questions give opportunities to
the respondent to explore the questions from multiple perspectives and this allows the
“interviewer to gather a variety of information about the research subject”(Rabianski, Joseph
S,2013).

Key informants interview generally involves consultation and discussion with key informants
and stakeholders necessary for the research like in the present thesis key informants are the
health department, municipal politicians representing local areas, and civil society professionals
with experience in urban slum programming. There are some questions which students will ask
for getting community view and different key informants experience and view regarding the state
and central government response during COVID-19 for them. Due to restriction of time and
seeing the present scenario only a limited number of key informants interviews will be collected.
Selection of key informants could be done through their importance in covid 19 for example
officer of municipalities of gurugram has been selected because they have played a key role for
dealing with the population of study area.Local leader as key informant due to their approach to
higher order,rapport and knowledge of different programme.There are some question which
could be asked during data collection from differents key informants.Total 5 key informants
interview will be taken.

Advantages and Limitations of Key Informant Interviews

Advantages-
key informants sometimes provide data and insight that could not be easily accessible through
other methods,because information comes directly from knowledgeable people. Key informants
may offer confidential information that would not be revealed in other settings.Key informant
interviews are among the least expensive of the social science research methods.An investigator
can carry out two or three interviews a day, needing only transportation support and possibly a
translator.

Some disadvantages -
There may be a chance when findings from a key informants interview could be biased if the
informants are not carefully selected.For example,it may be possible that government officer will
never say anything negative about the work done by government and even the local leader who
has chosen for key informants interview would be biased.When only a few people (fewer than
15) are interviewed, which is present with this dissertation also due to time,finance and lack of
experience then it could be difficult to demonstrate the validity of the findings.It is very hard for
the interviewer who has lack of experience in the data collection to get to know that, background
the knowledge capacity of interviewees and that they are representative of their peers in their
information and recommendations.

35
4.5.2 Observation
The other method which has been used for the data collection is observation.It is used in the
social sciences as a method for collecting data about people, processes, and cultures.Observation
is the systematic description of the events, behaviors, and artifacts of a social setting (Marshall
& Rossman, 1989, p. 79).There are two major types of observations. Participant observation
which involves both observer and participant and the other one is Direct observation which
involves observing without interacting with the objects or people under study in the setting.In
observation human beings, objects and environments being observed through the perspective of
dissertation. The observation is used to link with the research question and objective.A field
notes has been prepared for the record which researchers have observed.

Tools for observation-

The following tool will be used for observation.
● Map of the setting
● Field Notes
● Checklist
● Anecdotes

The scholars (Merriam 1998) have provided a good description of how to conduct observations
with the usage of different necessary tools in different phases of data collection.

For making field notes, there are some procedure which has been highlighted by scholars
(Merriam 1998) like dividing the pages into three columns.The left-hand column is for details
about time and place, the middle column is for the field notes themselves, and the third column is
for analytical memos and comments about the field notes which are usually made after.The
analytical memos and Comments part will include the short description of different event and
activities which have been noticed during the initial and later observation in the field, But for this
thesis, the model which has been suggest by Spradley (1980), has been used. He has identified
nine key dimensions that an observer might wish to focus on.The description of each dimension
and thing which need to be focused has been given in appendix 1.

The advantage of observation method -

Observation technique is more feasible at this present time due to less interaction or no
interaction with people.Observation provides the certain detail which is missed by the key
informants or hidden by them.Observation technique is also simple and less time consuming.

There are also certain disadvantages attached with observation for example there may be a
chance that particular items and activities are not visible when researchers are doing
observation.There may be certain cases where the bias of researchers could be visible because
the same thing could be seen through different perspectives by different people.The other
disadvantage of this method is lack of reliability. It was mentioned by P.V. Young that “in

36
observation, no attempt is made to use instruments of precision to check the accuracy of the
phenomenon”.

4.5.3 Focus Group Discussion-

The Focused Group Discussions helped in identifying information on a range of group norms
and opinions, and discovering a variety within the population by stimulating conversations and
reactions within the group (Mack, et al, 2005).It is a good way to gather people from similar
backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest.The group of participants was
guided by a moderator (or group facilitator).Topic was introduced by the researcher for
discussion. The Moderator was chosen within the communities due to lack of Human resources
and proper instruction have been given to him by the researchers.Moderators have helped the
group to participate in a lively and promoted natural discussion between themselves.

There were total 3 focused interviews have been conducted to get more depth of the required
data and to know more about peoples experience.Peoples selected for the FGD were mainly
working age population and head of household if possible.Two or three question had been asked
from the researchers related to the objective and research question of the thesis.

Tools for Focus Group Discussion-

The following tool will be used for conducting focused group discussion.
❖ Focus Group note taking form
❖ Focus Group consent Form
❖ Audio Recorder
❖ Focus Group checklist.

(a)Focus Group taking form-

The aim of using these tools is to note down the highlight of each question.The note taking form
have been used by the researcher to down the topic of the thesis a.Then important aspects would
be written down as per the question and then final conclusion have been explained.The format
which will be used for note taking form has been mentioned in appendix 3.

(b)Audio Recorder-
Audio recorders have also been used for the recording of the discussion.Due to unavailability of
an extra moderator and the inexperience of the students, it was important to record the session. It
was also helpful for anything which has not been included in the note making process. Before
using an audio recorder the consent of participation was taken and explanation was given why
the Researcher was using it.The audio recorder has been analysed during the time of data
interpretation.

(c)Focus Group participant checklist-

37
 The reason for using a checklist to include some detail of participants like their profession, their
involvement during the focus discussion.The format which has been used for this checklist has
been mentioned in the appendix 5.

The strength of FGD

It allows the participants to agree or disagree with each other so that it provides an insight into
how a group thinks about an issue, about the range of opinion and ideas.In bridging research and
policy, FGD can be useful in providing an insight into different opinions among different parties
involved in the change process, thus enabling the process to be managed more smoothly.

The Challenge of using focus group discussion

During Focus groups it has been seen that,though moderators were able to control the discussion,
but there were many times where participants started their own discussion and forget to talk
about the given questions.The Inexperience of moderators also shown that time when he was not
enough control on some participants who were trying to dominate the group.Respondents were
also reluctant to share some sensitive ideas and concerns publicly.

Precautions taken during Focused group Discussion form

It was very important to follow the principle of research ethics.To take care of that each
individual must agree to participate in the focused group discussion of their own free will so a
written consent is required.It was also make sure during FGD that participants had understand
that their participation is voluntary and there were no consequences,If they want to refuse further
participation at any stage.It should be taking care into consideration that the participant are
understanding the nature of the thesis, the purposes of the research, and the fact that they may
withdraw from participation at any time. To keep these things into consideration a consent form
has been provided to each individual.The format of consent form is given in Appendix 4.

Table 2 Research Methods Used for Data Collection

Research Objective Sources of Information Method of collection
Research Question of Data

Secondary data from Focused group

To identify the relationship
between Exclusion and
hence Vulnerability of slum
communities towards Covid
-19
How do their existing vulnerabilities literature,Government Discussion,Key
get exaggregiate during the times of reports. Informants interview
COVID 19? with Community
Focused Group Discussion Thekedar,
How do their exclusion from the with communities,
mainstream population has affected

38

To study the exclusion of
the slum population of
Gurgaon in government
Welfare programmes
regarding COVID 19
To study the
discriminatory mechanism
if there is any in the
availability and
accessibility of public
facilities in the context of
COVID-19.
their vulnerabilities
Focused Group Discussion Focused group
How is the implementation of the with communities,Key Discussion,Observati
scheme at ground level influencing Informants Interview with on
the exclusion of slum population thekedar.
beneficiaries regarding COVID-19?
Research Paper,Scheme Key Informants
What are the process and methods information from interview.
through which COVID-19 relief government site
entitlements, announced by the
Central Government, under the
Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana,
were reaching the poor and the
marginalised one of Gurgaon slum.
National health mission
What were the different schemes and Haryana,Haryana.health.nic.
steps taken by states and District in,Haraadesh.nic.in,Gurugra
government to reduce the m.gov.in,COVID- 19
vulnerabilities and increase the access Mitigation Plan, District
to resources for the Slum Population? Disaster Management Plan
2020 Gurugram,government
report,Key Informants
interview with the District
revenue officer,City Project
Officer,COVID-19 Control
room staff,District Personal
Relation Officer.
Focused Group Discussion Community
How does the availability and with Communities,Official Profiling,Observation
accessibility of public facilities like Website and Twitter ,Focused Group
PDS shop,Primary health center,or Account of Discussion,Key
sub center,COVID-19 test center for @DC_Gurugram and Informants Interview
in their basti is impacting their @MunCorpGurugram
vulnerabilities from the COVID-19
39
4.6 Data Analysis Method-

It has been mentioned by Yin that the result in the Case study approach depends on the
researchers capabilities to interpret the evidence through careful consideration of case(Yin, 2003,
p. 110).For effective evaluation of different data sources which has been used in thesis,the
analysis of both primary and secondary data related to dissertation are arranged as per the
common themes.

The basic steps of data analysis included identifying codes in the transcribed data, identifying
patterns in codes, the occurrence of codes and locating codes into categories. After developing
the codes of all the transcribed data, certain codes have been clubbed together to develop a core
theme or concept. Since the research is qualitative in nature, the data analysis has been done
through thematic analysis. The data findings have been analysed under three major themes.The
themes for analysis include broadly,Disaster Risk And marginalisation,Existing Vulnerabilities
and Exclusion in programme,Availability and accessibility of Asset.This has helped in
understanding the influence of exclusion on marginalised slum population,the impact of post-
disaster government responses for reducing the disaster risk. The qualitative data has been
analysed through discourse and content analysis.

Asset based approach has been used as the basic theoretical framework for the analysis of data
findings. The analysis has helped in looking into the role asset in the post disaster risk and how
the exclusion of these resources had impact on vulnerabilities of communities.

(i) Focus Group Interview-

The approach for analysing data from the Focused group mainly contains the categorization of
data in different key themes,known as descriptive or topic codes (Cope, 2010).Descriptive
coding process is the organization of the data for the description, categorization and reflection
(Richards, 2002).Descriptive codes were generated from the questions asked to the group and the
themes related to their vulnerabilities and government response(Warren,2010, p. 218).The
recurrent themes which come out from the FGD has linked with the research questions to find
out the answer of Objective.

(ii)Observation-
It has been tried to For example in present dissertation the location of water facilities, bathing
and sanitation facilities, primary health center, covid isolation center, location of testing center,
location of any public facilities constructed after the covid 19 times by the government could be
used to describe within the field note.This will help student to remember what the field area
looked like, during the analysis of data at later times.

(iii)Key Informants Interview-

40
The Key informants interviews used to provide important information for the overall
understanding of the characteristics and decision-making processes.It has COVID-helpd to give
the better understanding of the administrative work for the COVID-19 response and planning at
the initial stage.The responses from officers and key informants has provided an opportunity to
know the perspective of administration.The analysis of data from the key informants interview
has been done same as FGD.

(iv)Official Twitter handle -

The literature about the disasters have explained that Twitter used to offer a decisive channel of
communication between government, emergency responders and the public during crises
(Cameron, Leykin, & Adini, 2014).Since there were daily update of the work of MCG and
Deputy Commissioner of Gurugaon on the official twitter account so information related to
twitter account like,beneficiary of programme, scope of programme,coverage of different
facilities in areas has been embedded in the result section.

4.7 Ethical Considerations

❖ The respondents had been informed that data would only be for the academic purposes.
❖ The researcher has also taken great care that no false hope was given in the process of
data collection.
❖ The researcher’s personal opinion has not influenced the response of the interviewee.
❖ The identity of the respondents remained confidential..

4.8 Limitations
The data collected from the community members’ stand a chance to be biased and not really
representative of the entire population because it recounts their own personal experiences. The
data from government officials regarding the implementation process and exclusion of the slum
population can also be subjected to the fact that they were not giving the full details to avoid any
accusations.During initial visit peoples have think that the community would benefit the outcome
of the interview and the research would result in schemes and benefit for the slum
population.Since data were collected during COVID- 19 so people were not comfortable to share
their experience with the stranger one. Since the student was not accompanied with some other
one so there may be a chance of some data missing.

41
 5. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

The field level data was gathered through interactions with the communities and government
officials. The focus of this dissertation is more towards analyzing the response action and
experience rather than long term strategy of the government and communities.

5.1 Slum Population Vulnerabilities During Covid-19

It has been highlighted by scholars that the vulnerabilities of different populations form the same
hazard is not the same for all. Talking about the vulnerabilities of slum population during
COVID-19 it has been seen that, due to the highest level of poverty and congestion nature of
living it was difficult for them to take decisions about whether to follow containment measures
prescribed by government leaders or to continue on with daily work activities. The
Vulnerabilities of slums population could be understood through analysing the type of
vulnerabilities.

Physical Vulnerabilities-

People at the study were living in the approximate 10*10 room. There were around 4-5 people
living in each room. The rooms were made with the tarpaulin houses and the Tin. Due to
lockdown people were not able to move to their hometown and have to live all the time in their
room. It has been mentioned by the people that they were living in fear at the beginning. The
location of bathing places, bathroom and drinking water facilities at outside of their house
increase their vulnerabilities more, Explaining their problem Parvez(30) has mentioned during
the group discussion that.

“Government is saying regularly that keep proper sanitation, and social distancing but how could
we do it?. There is a proper time when we get water and all of them want it, that was not possible
for around 100 household to make a line and do all thing in just one and half hour and if police
see more than 2-3 peoples than they used to come and directed us to go inside”

People used to bathe in groups outside before the lockdown but after the lockdown they were not
allowed to do the same. They were more concerned towards collecting water for domestic and
drinking purposes rather than washing due to fear of spread of COVID virus and police.

Social Vulnerabilities-

42
During field work experience it could be say that In the name of social distancing for COVID-
19, it was more towards the official distancing from the slums communities having higher
number of Bengali Muslim Population. During interaction with local peoples, It has come to
know that some of them used to think of them as Rohingya from Myanmar although the same
was not reported by the slum communities. Explaining about the discrimination they have faced
earlier one of them narrated that

“When you are poor than everybody see you as criminal, thief and disease spreader, although no
one from our communities get infected from the COVID-19,but most of them has faced certain
types of discrimination. It was not earlier present and we were happily living here and no one
were even used to say anything to us, but after the lockdown situation were changed and local
peoples used to see us as Muslim migrants and even till June they used to boycott us for their
work ”.This was not noted between the group and they were living happily.

Economic Vulnerabilities-

Past research and even during the field it has been found that the residents of the selected slum
are mainly daily wage earners, who used to work in the informal economy. The informal nature
of work suggests that if they do not work, they do not eat. They don't have enough savings which
will help them to sustain some days without work. It has been found during the fieldwork that
Some of them are taxi and autorickshaw drivers, vegetable vendors, carpenters, scrap collectors,
waste pickers, delivery boys, domestic labourers. During focused group discussion it was
mentioned by the one of the female members name Devadita (35) that

“Only those maid were allowed to work with their owner who were ready to live the owner
houses, some of them ready to live others husband has not allowed to do that so some them had
left the job although they get support from their owner but that was not enough to sustain so they
started to doing vegetable and fruit shop”

Explaining about the economic vulnerabilities A Scrap shop owner has mentioned that “There
business were completely stopped, they have waited some day to end the lockdown but when
they had realised that it will continue more day, so some of them started moving to their village
by paying 5000-5000 in a truck”

Although in the case of the shop owner he has some land and support in their village but that was
not applicable for all and they have not migrated to their village. Saying about their inability to
earn in village one of the member during Focused group discussion has mentioned that

“At least here we are getting some food from the NGO and nearby flat owners so we are
surviving here, but I am not sure whether I will get food to eat in our village. Our Ration card
has been blocked due to non-usage in the village, we don’t have land and even no option to
work, so it is better to live here and wait for the lockdown to end and even from where we will
arrange 5000 for reaching our village”.

The focused group discussion with communities has highlighted their diverse range of
vulnerabilities as explained above.

43
5.2 Central,State and District government response and its coverage
Financial asset mainly cash, security of employment,food and stability of income play an
important role for addressing the vulnerabilities and providing additional support.Financial
assistance whether it is from government side or their employer could be act as an important
factor,So,In this section the overview of different programme which has been announced by the
central and state government for COVID-19 response and recovery measures has been taken into
account.Letter in the conclusion section the result from this section has been analysis through
taking communities experience during field work.

5.2.1 Cash Support,Employment and Food Security-

All kinds of economic activities came to a halt after the nationwide lockdown was announced on
25 March 2020. As highlighted in the above table that Residents of slum were engaged in
informal jobs and According to the ILO report, the impact of job loss was worst among informal
workers, who are least protected among all types of workers (ILO, 2020).It was also confirmed
during the Focused group Discussion.It has been highlighted in above part that Domestic help
workers were at the mercy of their employers regarding payments for lockdown days, and most
of them have lost their jobs as well. This has disturbed their means of livelihood.As working
from home is a solution in the formal economy, it can not become a standard procedure for all
kinds of jobs in different sectors of the economy, especially for people belonging to the informal
sector or engaged as contract workers or daily wage earners.

The Indian central government has announced different packages for the relief,response and
recovery for example On 26 March, relief package respectively of INR 20 trillion (~USD 260
billion) and then on 15 May Prime Minister has declared a COVID INR 2.65 lakh crore
comprehensive Recovery plan.Talking about central level assistance for the employment there
were two provision has made which could potentially reached to the slum population. First one
was only for some salaried employee who were working mainly guard with the private limited
company form many years while informal workers were completely left out.According to one of
the provision in PMGKY that employer which employ up to 100 employees and if 90 percent of
them earn below or equal to INR 15,000 per month, than the government will pay the EPF
contribution both of the employer and the employee (12 per cent each) for March 2020 to May
2020. This support was extended for another 3 months i.e. June to August 2020.Talkng
about,while researcher has not got any type of programme same as after digging at state and
district by government.
During Group discussion one of the participants was working with one of the reputed security
guard company and he has said that they were provided him full salary,While other has
struggled.Some of the people who used to work as garbage collector on contract basis and some
of them has provided some type of help from their contractor while the new one were
ignored.Pitty shop owners like saloon shop,Tea shop,Grocery stores they all have to close their

44
shop for initial month but later in April last according to them they had started their shop but
have to pay money to police if they did not want any restriction other wise they were beaten by
them.So the role of central government in this aspect was minimal or completely absent rather
than their relationship with their owner has provided some stability.The reason could be
explained through the basis of their non registration and informal nature of work,even the
capping of 100 workers were also another reason for exclusion of some people.

The state government was asked to provide financial support to registered workers through the
Building and Other Construction Workers’ Cess funds(accumulated to Rs. 52,000 crore) and
expected to cover 3.5 crore registered workers. According to the official website of
Haryanacmoffice.gov.in/Garibkalyan around 3,50,621 workers registered under Haryana
Building and other Construction Workers Welfare Board given a financial help of Rs. 175.31
crore at the rate of Rs.1000 per week in five weekly installments. The beneficiary list at district
level could not be accessed.Asking about the same with the communities whether they had got
that money or not.Response of peoples show that they were not aware about the same and even
no one of them has registered anywhere except those who used to work in companies.

The cash support for the senior citizens, widows, disabled were given amount of INR 1,000 in
two instalments over the next 3 months.Women who have Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan account has
given ex-gratia amount of INR 500 per month for the next 3 months, for their household expense
and around 200 Million get benefited from it.Talking about overall benefit PMGKY Jan Dhan
Yojana statement has been issued by the finance ministers that overall 42 crore people vulnerable
and poor people have benefitted from it through ₹68,820-crore financial assistance .(The
Hindu,September 08, 2020, New Delhi Edition).According to the official website of the Chief
Ministers of Haryana Office A package of 1200 crore has been announced by Government to
help the poor persons during COVID-19 Pandemic and As many as 6,23,108 families covered
under the ‘Mukhya Mantri Parivar Samriddhi Yojana (MMPSY) and given a financial assistance
of Rs. 4000 per family and around Rs. 211.62 crore has been given total.The implementation
level data for both the MMPSY for the slum population could not get.

During Focused group Discussion it came to know that most of the women beneficiaries has
received the sum under the Jan Dhan Yojana, but some of them get difficulty to access to their
account due to closure of bank and lack of literacy regarding withdrawal from ATM.It has been
mentioned by some that they had opened new account with different bank and even some of
them has not anything currently to withdraw money.The usage of PM-KISAN was very limited
because most of the slum population in study area are land less. Speaking to one of the questions
regarding the usefulness of these schemes during FGD one of the participants has highlighted
that “Why they would come here if they have some land and even if some of them had than they
will not get money because their land is take care by their brother or family members, so they
will take them”

45
Talking about the Food security; the economic shutdown has deprived slum dwellers of their
daily wages and hence their source of acquiring food.Due to the closedown of schools, children
in slums can no longer depend on their access to only consistent meals and essential
nutrition.The Central Finance Minister has announced 1.7 trillion rupees (USD 22.6 billion)
relief package to take care of food security measures for the poor. It was funded by the Prime
Minister’s Garib Kalyan Scheme. The aim of announcing this programme was to help the
poorest of the poor so that they cope with the hardship faced due to lockdown and stoppage of
activities.In order to tackle food insecurity in the country, the minister announced the distribution
of free provision of 5kg of rice or wheat per person, 1 kg of pulse per household along with free
cooking gas monthly for the next three months.These interventions was very necessary at that
time and the government has taken into the consideration of vulnerable groups such as farmers,
daily wage earners, women, self-help groups and poor senior citizen the support necessary in this
unprecedented times.

As per the official website of Chief Ministers office of Haryana the Free ration costing Rs. 154
crore distributed under ‘Antyodaya Anna Yojana’ and ration was also given separately to BPL
and other poor families for three consecutive month’s i.e April, May and June, 2020. Families
covered under ‘Antyodaya Anna Yojana’, got 35 kg wheat, 2 liters mustard oil, and 1 kg sugar, 1
kg pulses and 1 kg salt.During the COVID-19 pandemic, because of lockdown, migrant
labourers stranded in Haryana and poor families of the State, who do not have a valid ration card,
were issued Distress Ration Tokens. Likewise, 13 lakh members of 4.86 lakh families were
issued Distress Ration Tokens after which they got free of cost ration in which 5 kg wheat per
person and one kg pulses per family was given for two months.food packets were also made
available to the poor and needy. Talking about the food security and these provisions, it has been
informed by the District Personal Relation officer that they have contacted the NGO, If they
want to provide some food relief to the marginalised population.By going through the official
twitter account of Municipal corporation of Gurugram it has been noticed that they had provided
initial food relief to migrants workers and slum population.It has also confirmed by Revenue
officer that money has been allotted by the government to catering the food security of these
people , But the accurate date of how much day they have provided did not received.

Talking about the Distress ration token and initial food security provisions by the district
government it has been informed by the respondents that Distress ration system was only
available for initial tw days , and even money has been collected by some peoples to provide
them relief. They have mentioned thatNGO and Nearby Flat Owners have helped them more
than the District government.

5.2.2 Public Facilities-

Public facilities covered in this section are mainly taken care by the Municipal Corporation of
Gururam so the State and Central level provision has not been discussed here.

46
(a) Sanitation Facilities-
There are community places for bathing and around 4 washrooms for 20 houses have been
built.Inquiring about the problem off water at the time peoples have been informed that they had
enough water for doing their daily activities before the lockdown due to availability of
Sumerseebal.The staff from the Municipalities has came one time for checking the facilities
there.There were presence of one hand washing machine was also there which was installed by
the district government the help of NGO. Although it was not working at the time of
interview.Per person water availability was around 150L at that time although they don't have a
problem with the sufficient water but due to social distancing they used to face difficulty in
different purposes. Around 20-25 households were dependent on one water source. There were 5
toilet facilities per 50-60 people and some of them also used to prefer outside near to the
drainage system.The colonies were connected to the nearby drain so their all solid waste used to
go there.District government has also installed some moving toilet in the beginning but later they
were moved away from there.

(b)Antigen Testing Center-

The availability of antigen testing center was in the primary school of Wazirabad and anyone
who want to test COVID-19 could go there and ask for a check up, Generally asking about the
facilities whether peoples have used it or not most of the peoples has said that they were not
aware about the same and some female and male people who used to work in the society were
gone through daily screening and temperature testing.

(c) Public Fair Shop-

The availability of ration distribution shops is near to one kilometer in the Wazirabad
Village,But according to the people that they don't have the ration card here so they never use
them. They even try not to transfer the card from their hometown to Haryana because their
family is also living there and due to some time administrative hurdle which takes so much time.
Due to unavailability of ration cards with them they had to depend on the external help from the
NGO and private companies owner who were distributing ration there. The Distance of the fair
ration shop was not a problem for them but the availability of ration cards with them was an
issue.The Drawback of Distress ration token has already explained they were helpful to some
extent but not more than five or six days after the lockdown.

(d) Housing Facilities

According to the 2011 Census in Gurugram close to 20,000 houses are made of grass, thatch,
bamboo, plastic, polythene, mud, unburnt brick, stone not packed with mortar and sheet. These
are type A buildings and are extremely prone to building collapse, earthquake and extreme
weather conditions.They were living in rent to these houses and used to pays rent from 1000 to

47
1500.The owners of those jhuggis were private players and the thekedar from their communities
used to take care of them. It has been informed by the Community thekedar that he has requested
the owner to waive off the rent for three month so owne waive off it by seeing the situation.
People have also been informed that they had not paid the rent for three month.During focused
group discussion it has been informed by the respondents that some of their relatives who were
earlier living in nearby colonies moved with them for saving rent.Going through the official
website and twitter account it has come to notice that district government has started a special
helpline for migrants workers and if they had any complain than they could call them but in
comment section of official post people were raising issue that it was not working properly.

(e)Cooking facilities
People used to cook outside on their jhuggis on chulhas.They also have small 5kg cylinders
which they only used for a certain time.Some of them also have LPG connection for big
cylinders but they prefer to cook outside because it also provide them time to socialise with
neighbour.They had faced problem during COVID-19 times for getting desired wood. Earlier
they used to collect it nearby and by purchasing but lockdown has restricted their
movement.People started using small and big cylinders for cooking purposes.Only few of them
have LPG cylinder under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, most of them were using in Black
in higher prices. According to some people they had paid 1000 for a 14 Kg cylinder gas. People
who have small cylinders faced initial problems for getting the required fuel and even very high
rate but later it was available. The importance of PMUY is more for those people who were
selling Cylinders to them on price rather than them because they are paying money for their fuel
and not getting it free.

5.2.3 Awereness and Health

48
Awareness of disaster risk and good health enable people to pursue their livelihood strategies and
achieve their livelihood objectives” (DFID, 1999, p. 7).The central government has taken many
steps to increase the awareness about COVID-19,from the Aarogya Setu aap to inclusion of
awareness message before ringtone. Advertisements on TV Channel,social media sites were
some strategies which were adopted and people were also trying to follow them initially.

At the central orders on date 4 april 2020 the government has issue notice to make the testing and
treatment for COVID-19 available under Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
(AB-PM JAY).The government has started this to strengthen the country’s response to COVID
-19 pandemic.The testing and treatment of COVID -19 was already available for free in the
public facilities.According to the Gurgaon Administration(Key informants interview with
District Personal Relation Officers, and COVID-19 Control room staff) they had taken many
measures to increase the awareness of people from COVID-19 in the beginning. They had pasted
posters at many places Contacted with Volunteers And NGO to do the same in different parts of
the city.To increase the protection of peoples for the COVID-19 Contamination district
government has started decontaminating different areas. They have also arranged special
sanitation drives in busy places like markets and temples.The availability of sanitizers in the
buses and public vehicles could be seen till now.According to them they have also contacted
NGO if they want to work towards sanitization and clearance drive.

The peoples were about the risk of Coronavirus and they were taking precautions but it was also
mentioned by one of the respondents that
“COVID-19 only effect to rich peoples or peoples who have done some types of sin earlier”
When asking about whether they will use the vaccination programmes by the Government some
have responded that it would be very good if they get these facilities in future while some were
saying that they don't need vaccination because they will not suffer from the Coronavirus.

Taking about the coverage of Pradhan Mantri Aayush yojana through the perspective of slum
population than it come to notice that during three Focused group discussion with around 30
peoples only one has been mentioned that they have this card but he was not aware how he could
use it or which hospital should he go to get the benefit if by God Grace he met with any accident
or disease.They were aware about the location of nearest government hospital and have visited
many times earlier.Some of them also know about the benefit of ESI who were working in
formal sector.

The district government work on the sanitation and awareness was mentioned by people.daily
update on Covid-19 related issue were updated on the official twitter account and peoples queries
has also been solved,but it is hard to say that slum peoples had use twitter for these
information.Asking about the screening and testing of people it has been mentioned by them they

49
had came only one time when there was death of one person not from covid but from other
disease.It has been mentioned by the Covid-19 Control staff and the officers in Chief Medical
officer's office that Screening was started in the may to detect more cases.It was also mentioned
by them that they had also plan to start a awareness drive regarding vaccination and their usages
to all over the gurugram.

5.2.4 Social support and Self help Group

Social Support comes under the social asset part and it maniny includes the network of peoples
within their locality and outside their community with the leaders,official,owners and other
peoples.

(a) Self help group -

The importance of self help groups has been seen in the times of COVID-19 where women self
help groups were created a large number of Mask,awareness campaign,community kitchen in
different parts of India.The central government has issued the order to provide finance help to the
self help group and also get assistance from the world bank to strengthen the same. The state
government has mentioned that districts and NGO should try to use Self help groups for their
work like mask making and other services.In the case of study site peoples were not aware of any
self help group and the reason for this would be that most of them used to migrate from one city
to another,so the presence and importance of self help group for them was negligible.

(b)Local Leader-
People have just one thekedar who used to raise their concern with the owner and the higher
authority.Since they are mainly excluded by the making of any identity proof by the local
peoples so even they could not vote and even select leaders from their own peoples.

(c)Network with owner-

Private donations from friends, family members and private companies provided a number of
households with more than enough assistance.In these instances, the aid was shared with
neighbours and others within the community.It has been mentioned by some responders that their
owner has helped them at the time of need through financially and with food, So the peoples who
get some type of financial help from the owner were less vulnerable comparable to others who
had not received.

(d)Network with town and city leaders-

A good Network with town and city leaders helps people to raise their concern.During the group
discussion it has been found that although they are living here from many years but their
relationship with local leaders are not good , for example it has been mentioned by the
participants that whenever they approach to the local leaders for Ration Card and Identity card
they used to denied.Even at the time of COVID-19 no leaders has came to their locality except
some NGO and Police Officials.

50
(e)Network with NGO-.
According to the people, some time in three or four month some NGO used to come and start
some programmes for them like teaching their small children,women and then they disappear
without telling them so they aren't used to trusting anyone.

5.3 Thematic Analysis of Data Findings

The results from the data collected show how the vulnerabilities of slum communities were
increased due to their exclusion.Numerous instances of exclusion have been observed.The pre-
existing vulnerabilities of communities were get exacerbated during COVID-19 Times,

5.3.1Disaster Risk And marginalisation-

As earlier it was supported through literature that Disaster Risk is not the same for all
people.People who are marginalised comparable to others were the first one to target by disaster
risk and social structure.The slums population were marginalised one in the case study.They
have no resident proof,Ration card and social network which has helped them to reduce their
vulnerabilities. They were exploited by the policeman in the name of social distancing,ignored
by the administration when bus groceries were running for the residents welfare association
colonies but never visited their place.The mobility of Mobile Atm was only limited to the Posh
Colonies.In the name of screening only one few families were chosen. Most of the Housemaid
who were working in the flat have lost jobs due to their association with slums.A survey
conducted by Azim Premji University in collaboration with civil society organisations, have
highlighted that there was a massive increase in unemployment and an equally dramatic fall in
earnings. Even during the fieldwork interview it has been mentioned by the responder that most
of them had not any job even after one month of lockdown and informal workers who were still
employed during the lockdown were getting money even less than half.The Survey had also
mentioned that the impact of job losses and food insecurity has been higher for certain groups of
people: Muslims, Dalits, women, and those with lower levels of education. So as in the case of
the study area where around 50 percent populations were muslims and since their connection
with west bengal and not the native one they had suffered most which could be observed during
FGD.

The propagation of them as COVID spreaders has also marginalised their situation in the
communities.Although the marginalisation of each one in the slum communities were not same.
People who were working in the private or private limited companies were getting their salaries
and even those who had better network with their owners enjoyed considerable freedom to
earn.People who were working as driver also earn huge profit by providing facilities of
transportation to the needy one for their village and one of the respondents in FGD pointed out to
one person that, “He is the only person who thinks that lockdown come again so that he earn
more” and according to people present there he has earned more than one lakh within one month.

51
5.2.2 Existing Vulnerabilities and Exclusion in programme

Slum Communities were more affected by their existing vulnerabilities rather than the risk of
Virus.Due to migrant from other state they were not eligible for the Haryana Residents
Certificate because they are not living here more than 16 years.Even if some of them are settled
here than without their self electricity bill and signature from the local sarpanch could not get
access to this certificate.There families were also used to live in their hometown so that's the
other reason they had not tried earlier to transfer their card.Due to absence of these facilities they
were not eligible for the mukhyamantri parivar samriddhi yojana and cash support through this
scheme.Due to their existing literacy they were not able to access online transfer of rupees. Their
location near to the police chauki could be considered a positive point here in the case study its
negative effect is more visible.

Due to unskilled nature of work and lack of computer literacy they were forced to take help to
the cyber cafe for their day to day operation which required documentation at that time.If we talk
about the drawback of programmes which were initiated by the central government then it was
that outdated data of 2011 has been used by the GOI to distribute food under the National Food
Security Act,(Dreze 2020, April 9). The PMJDY list for cash transfers would exclude poorer
women. As the majority of the population are landless or marginal farmers, they had benefited
from the grant to landholders under schemes such as PM-KISAN through which the central
government provides an income support of `6,000 (USD 79) a year to farmers in three equal cash
transfers of `2,000 (USD 26) every 4 months. If we talk about the benefits under the Building
and Other Construction Workers Welfare Board (BOCWWB) then the Registration under the
statutes requires 90 days of work in the previous year. Also,it has been highlighted by the
newspaper's report that most states do not register migrants, and registration is not portable.
Further, the number of BOCWWB-registered workers is only 35 million in the whole country
(The Economic Times, 2020, March 27).

5.2.3 Availability and accessibility of Asset

During field work it has been realized that both availability and accessibility is important for the
use of asset for themselves.People who have availability of money at their account could not
access it due to lockdown restriction.The Distress ration Token system were started to provide
them food security but the availability it for some time was not there.There were helpline
numbers were arranged if anyone needs food at the distress time,but the availability of
information was not there with the communities.Availability of water was not problem but their
access with social distancing norm were problems.The availability of different program whether
it was started by the central government or state government but the accessibility and entering
them with beneficiaries point out issue for example a study conducted by pande, Schaner, Moore

52
and Stacy (2020) estimate that of the 326 million women living below the poverty line, more
than half are likely to be excluded from PMJDY linked cash transfers.

6.CONCLUSION
6.1 Responding to research Question and Objective

The focus of the research study was to understand the exclusion and marginalisation of slum
communities in the post-COVID-19.The data findings and analysis show that pre-existing
vulnerabilities of the slum population were further enhanced in the post-disaster reconstruction
and exclusion of them in government programme has play an important role for increasing their
disaster risk.The Asset Based Approach which has been used in this research clearly suggest that
access of resources play an important role for reducing the marginalisation of communities .Sen
Entitlement approach and exclusion theory which has been used to give better understanding of
the programmes and exclusion of communities within.The data findings from this research study
can be analysed using this theoretical framework of Asset Based approach and the combination
of Sen entitlement approach.

As one of the important objectives was to analyze the relationship between exclusion and
vulnerabilities of communities,This is achieved through the analysing the indicator of
vulnerabilities and how they get amplified when communities get excluded from the programme.

53
The other important objectives of the study was to analyse the discriminatory mechanism if there
is any in the availability and accessibility of public facilities in the context of COVID-19.Thsi
objectives was achieved through the getting field work experience from the communities and
interview from the key informants by comparing it with the provisions and facilities provided by
the government. From the study, it becomes clear that pre-existing vulnerabilities in the slum
communities force them to have limited access to financial resources,social network, decision
making structures and information.

The Study was helpful to achieve the objective to integrate the asset based approach with the
Amartya Sen Entitlement Approach.The Alternative commodity as suggested by Sen is taken as
resources and assets for the slum communities. The government programme has been linked with
the legal channel or method for accessing the asset.Both the Indicators which has been
mentioned in the conceptual framework has been tried to be achieved through both primary and
secondary data. One of the limitations of this study is that it has not provided the quantitative
assessment of the beneficiaries which could be further explored after availability of data.

6.2 Recommendation
By Going through both the Field work experience secondary data review it could be said
targeting of the scheme were narrow without recognising the hardship of millions of daily wage
workers, casual workers, landless agricultural labour, self employed like street vendors and
waste recyclers.Talking about the availability of data it could be say that Municipal Corporation
of Gurugram has not collected any special data of migrants population or slum population after
or before the COVID-19 so the required quantities could not be guessed.The integration of some
NGO with the Plan which has been made by the administration is also important and it should
not only limited to the inclusion of Corporate social responsibility.

During Key informants interview with officials it was mentioned by them that they were just
following the order from the state government which shows their attitude of doing their job only
without any innovation although it could also may be due to the reason of a very new type of
pandemic.The updation of Gurugram District Management plan and the inclusion of COVID like
pandemic and presence of proper guidelines is a excellent step although it could also become
more inclusive if the identification of hotspot area as per the experience of COVID-19 were
included in the plan to guide for future epidemic and actions.

54
 ANNEXURE
A. Key Dimension of observation

Dimension Descriptions

Space The physical place or places(Mainly description about the available

space)

Actors. The people involved

Activities A set of related acts people do(Description about the various activities
which will be helpful for determining the answer of research
questions).

Objects The physical things that are present(Description about the different
facilities and arrangement within the study area)

Acts Single actions that people do(Mainly focus on those people who have
tiny shops and other business within the study area)

Events A set of related activities that people carry out(Description about the
different types of community function and rituals)

55
 Time The sequencing that takes place over time

Goal The things that people are trying to accomplish(Description about the
things which people are trying to do for coping from adverse effects of
pandemic.

Feeling The emotions felt and expressed

Source: adapted from Spradley (1980, p. 78).

B: Key informants questionnaire.

Here are some questions which could be asked during data collection from different key
informants.(It is not limited and may include more on the field)
There are a total four key informants selected for the interviews.
● Community Thekedar
● Chief-Medical Officer Staff and COVID-19 Control Room Staff
● District Revenue officer as Disaster Management expert.
● District Personal Relation Officer.
● City Project Officer.

Interview Questions for Community Thekedar.

❖ How do you raise the issue of rent for the community?
❖ How have you approached the local leader and government for the welfare of the
community?
❖ What do you think about the government's work to deal with this crisis and what things
they missed?
Interview Questions for Chief-Medical Officer Staff and COVID Control Room.
❖ What were the district government planning before and after lockdown regarding
covid-19.
❖ What were the preparations regarding Decontamination of different areas and what
were the criteria for choosing these sites?Whether the Slum area has been included?
❖ What were the different steps taken by the government regarding awareness and testing
of people in different areas?
❖ Has there been any special drive started by the government for the identification and
reporting of cases in the Slum area ?
❖ What are the plans of the government for the vaccination of migrants and the slum
population?
❖ What are the plans of the government regarding awareness of people towards
vaccination programmes?
❖ Which site has been selected for a bio-medical waste and Dead body Management?

56
Interview Questions for District Personal Relation Officers.

❖ What were the different steps taken by the district government to cater the food security
and financial support for the slum population.
❖ What were the different step has been taken to facilitate the process of “One Nation and
One Ration Card”
❖ What was the process of registration of construction workers,hawkers,laboulers for the
financial support by the Haryana government?
❖ What were the different areas which had been covered by the Mobile ATM and Bus
carrying Groceries?
❖ Was there any arrangement regarding additional sanitation facilities for the congested
colonies in different parts of the Gurugram?
❖ How has the coordination between different NGO and governments been taken into
consideration while distribution of material by different NGO?

Interview Questions for District Revenue Officer as Disaster Management Expert-

❖ What were the different stakeholders in the formulation of Gurgaon Covid MItigation
Plan?
❖ What were the usefulness of the District Disaster management Department at the time
of COVID-19?
❖ What were the different proportions of funds from the Gurugram government that were
issued like funds for migrants,slum population,sanitation in public places?
❖ Is there any discussion going on to make a new comprehensive District Disaster
Management plan and if yes then could you please tell me which thing will be
considered while planning it?

C.Focus Group Note Taking Form

57
 FOCUS GROUP NOTE TAKING FORM

Topic: Date of Focus Group:

Location of Focus Group:

Name of Note Taker:

KEY AREA/Question 1

KEY AREA/Question 2

KEY AREA/Question 3

KEY AREA/Question 4

Conclusion -

D. Focus Group Consent Form

58
Consent to Participate in Focus Group Study as part of the thesis of Disaster and
Marginalisation

The purpose of the group discussion and the nature of the questions have been explained to
me.

I consent to take part in a focus group about my experiences, including some ways to improve
the services and resources available for Latinos in Summit County. I also consent to be tape-
recorded during this focus group discussion. My participation is voluntary. I understand that I
am free to leave the group at any time. If I decide not to participate at any time during the
discussion, my decision will in no way get affected by the researcher

None of my experiences or thoughts will be shared with anyone outside of research

purposes,unless all identifying information is removed first. The information that I provide
during the focus group will be grouped with answers from other people so that I cannot be
identified.

______________
Please Print Your Name _____________________
Date

___________________________________
Please Sign Your Name

_______________________________________
Witness Signature Date

E. Focus Group participant checklist.

59
Participant Male/Female/Other Profession Involvement and comment
No-

1. Female Maid Highly Involved, Age 40-45

2. Female Maid Not speak

3. Male Security Guard Involved

4. Female Maid Highly Involved,Age 40-45

5. Male Driver Involved

6. Male Scrap Dealer Most of the Time silent

7. Male Security Guard Involved

8. Female Garbage Collector Involved

9. Male Pitty Shop Owner Highly Involved,Age 30-35

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