1. How many colors are natural light? Name them.

- Natural light consists of 7 colors namely; Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

2. Which color appear brighter to the eye?

- Yellow

3. What mixture of color to form black?

- Red, Blue, and Green

4. What mixture of color to form white?

- Cyan, Magenta, Yellow

5. What is the amount of lux or lumen/m2 (the unit of illuminance) for;

a. Summer, at noon, under a clear sky (equator)
- 100.000 lux
b. In the open under a heavily-overcast sky
- 5.000 lux
c. Artificial light, in a well-lit office
- 800 lux
d. Full moon, on a clear night
- 0.25 lux

6. What are factors required to be considered while designing the light scheme?

 Illumination level
 Quality of light
 Co efficient of utilization
 Depreciation factor
 Space height ratio

6. Give the type of work recommended illumination level.

BUILDING-------------RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION LEVEL
 Schools- 250-400 lumens/meter square
 Industry- 1000 lumens/ meter square
 Shops- 250-500 lumens/ meter square
 Offices- 100-400 lumens/ square meter
 Hotels- 80-100 lumens/ meter square
 Hospitals- 250-3500 lumens/ meter square
7. What is color rendering?
- Color rendering is an important aspect of artificial lighting. In some situations, colors should
be represented as naturally as possible as under daylight conditions, yet in other cases
lighting should highlight individual colors or create a specific ambience.

8. Give several measures of a light source (in Kelvin).

- A measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” of a light source
 ≤ 3200K = warm or red side spectrum
 ≥ 4000K = cool or blue side of spectrum
 3500K = neutral
 5000K = daylight

9. What is neon lighting?

- A neon lamp is a gas discharge lamp containing primarily neon gas at low pressure. The term
is sometimes used for similar devices filled with other noble gases, usually to produce
different colors.

10. What are the three (3) methods for illuminating a space? Describe each.
 - General/ Ambient Lighting: Illuminates the room in a fairly uniform, generally diffuse
manner. The dispersed quality of the illumination can effectively reduce the contrast
between task lighting can also be used to soften shadows, smooth out and expand the
corners of a room and provide a comfortable level of illumination for safe movement and
general maintenance.
- Local or Task Lighting: Illuminates specific areas of a space for the performance of visual
tasks or activities. The light sources are placed close to- either above or beside- the task
surface enabling available wattage to be used more efficiently than with general lighting.
The luminaries are normally of direct type and adjustably in terms of brightness and in
direction is always desirable. To minimize the risk of an unacceptable brightness ratio
between the task and surroundings task lighting is often combined with general lighting.
Depending on the types of luminaries used local lighting can also contribute to the general
lamination of space.
- Accent Lighting: Accent lighting is a form of local lighting which creates focal points or
rhythmic patterns of light and dark within a space. Instead of serving simply to illuminate a
task or activity, accent lighting can be used to relieve the monotony of general lighting,
emphasize a room features or high light art objects or prized possessions.

11. What is lighting fixtures?

- Lighting fixtures: Lighting fixtures are integral parts of a buildings electrical system,
transforming energy into usable illumination. Light fixtures require an electrical connection
or power supply, a house assembly, and a lamp. We are not only concerned with the shape
and form of the fixture but also with the form of illumination it provides. Point source give
focus to a space since the area of greatest brightness in a space tends to attract our
attention. They can be used to highlight an area or an object of interest. A number of point
sources can be arranged to describe rhythm and sequence. Small point sources, when
grouped, can provide glitter and sparkle.

12. What illumination level do we required as to with the age?

AGE---------------ILLUMINATION LEVEL
 20- 1 ½
 30- 2
 40- 3
 50- 6
 60- up to 15

13. Recommended lighting for the following

a. Living Room
- Living room The living room is the space where the family spends more time. It has
combined light fittings which has a strong light(for reading, sewing), decorative light fittings
(table lamp) give off an appropriate glow of light.

b. Dining

- Over the DINING TABLE a single or multiple pendant which should be able to take at
least a 100 watt lamp which will throw light directly on to the table. For the rest of the
room the light should have 25,40 or 60 watt bulbs. For general lighting a 100/150 watt
floor lamp is needed

c. Bedroom

- Bed room Bulb should not be stronger than 100 watt. Lamps for reading in bed should
provide direct concealed lighting for adequate light over the dressing table two lamps
mounted on either side or one above the mirror are best. Kitchen Kitchen lighting is
often neglected. Generally kitchen is a hot place. So cool lighting is recommended.
Phillips fluorescent lighting is best for the kitchen because of its high light output and
low heat radiation. Light fitting is easily accesible for regular cleaning. Staircase &
Verandah An attractive a single tube fitting housing a Phillips fluorescent lamp would be
adequate.

d. Kitchen
 - Kitchen lighting is often neglected. Generally, kitchen is a hot place. So cool lighting is
recommended. Phillips fluorescent lighting is best for the kitchen because of its high light output and
low heat radiation. Light fitting is easily accessible for regular cleaning.

e. Staircase

- Staircase & Verandah An attractive a single tube fitting housing a Phillips fluorescent lamp
would be adequate.

14. Give several light distribution classifications

 Direct
 Semi-direct
 General diffusing
 Indirect (up lighters)
 Semi-indirect
15. Give several components of lighting design.
 Lighting and Architectural Integration
 Lighting Costs
 Lighting for Visual Amenity
 Task/ Activity Lighting
 Lighting Maintenance
 Lighting and Energy Efficiency

16. What are the three (3) main types of materials used for solar cells?
 The first type is silicon, which can be used in various forms, including single-
crystalline, multicrystalline, and amorphous.
 The second type is polycrystalline thin films, with specific discussion of copper
indium di selenide (CIS) cadmium telluride (CdTe), and thin-film silicon.
 The third type of material is single-crystalline thin film, focusing especially on cells
made with gallium arsenide. 

17. What are the components of standard solar lighting system?

- A standard solar lighting system consists of following components: 1.Charge controller 2.
Photo-voltaic module 3. Battery 4.Inverter 5. Light output