“SIHAY” MEDICAL HOSPITAL

PLATE NO. 2
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 6

SUBMITTED BY:
LAYLO, ROCHELLE MAE V.
TAPNIO, CHARLES DOMINIC R.

SUBMITTED TO:
ARCH. MERCEDITA L. BALBERO
I. ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES

➢ To design a Medical Hospital that can help to lessen the load of the overcrowded hospitals.
➢ To design a Medical Hospital that follows the principles of Green Architecture.
➢ To propose a design of a Medical Health Center that has purpose even if the pandemic
ends.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research would benefit the following entities in relation to establishing hospitals and
other healthcare facilities in Municipality of Marikina, in order to resolve the issue of
overcrowding of hospitals in the city and also give attention to other health problems in the
community.

TO THE HOSPITALS AND OTHER HEALTHCARE ESTABLISHMENTS

The result of the study could be used as their reference in planning to build a medical center
or other healthcare facilities. they could plan better strategy to attract more people.

TO THE STAFF OF HOSPITALS AND OTHER HEALTHCARE ESTABLISHMENTS

For they could use this study for their reference in how to improve the service to the patient
of the hospital.

TO THE PATIENTS.

The results of this study that they continue to trust the hospital in their health.

TO THE FUTURE RESEARCHERS.

The findings can help other studies that are related to self-concept and academic
performance.
THESIS STATEMENT

The thesis was conducted to provide sufficient information and demonstrating the
feasibility of accommodating Persons Under Investigation (PUI) and patients that needs to be
treated within the community, especially in the cities where cases are rapidly increasing and
overcrowd with patients resulting to rejecting incoming patients. By proposing SIHAY Medical
Hospital based on the guidelines of the Department of Health, Principles of Green Architecture
and Laws that adheres the modern safety protocols

RESEARCH QUESTION

The research questions are the issues regarding the proposed design wherein it aims to
answer these problems:

o How is it possible to overcome the overcrowding of hospitals in NCR?

o What is the purpose of the proposed Medical Hospital?
o What is COVID-19?
o How can the design benefit the community?
o What factors affect the length of stay in medical facilities?
o How can the design solve other issues?

METHODS OF RESEARCH

The methods used by the designers are very limited due to the pandemic. The designers get
the data through direct and secondary communication, by researching to the responds of other
people in the community, to other researches that are found in the articles and through internet.

FINDINGS

This research involved correlation analysis of the results obtained. The findings show that
there is a strong significant relationship among the building performance criteria and the
importance of POE guidelines in functional and technical performance criteria. POE guidelines
enable to address the problem and issues and enhance the satisfaction level of the public teaching
health care and hospital organization. The results gained from the study firstly can assist in
portraying the general review of current state of facilities performance level on public health care
medical health center.
 After the designers conducted the research the designed is situated in Tumana, Marikina
wherein there is space for strategically establish a Medical Hospital for the surrounding
community. After the data is collected the designers come up with the idea of how the design can
benefit the community and solve the issue regarding the overcrowding of hospitals in NCR. The
designers thought the design should follow the criteria of the Department of Health and the
Principles of the Green Architecture.

II. INTRODUCTION

The Corona Virus pandemic has bought us to think and analyze from a different point of
view. Different social issues that would require a different approach. Even the design of a simple
house, is no longer simple. Local government units are becoming stricter on the implementation
of the National Building Code Requirement particularly on open spaces. Hospitals are one of the
main elements of social services, and a cornerstone of response to disasters in an acute phase,
especially in countless mass casualty incidents. Social service delivery has its roots in the time
when humans began living together as a community to meet their needs. But due to the rapid
growth of the infections of COVID-19, hospitals are now full and out of vacancy.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered

coronavirus. Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate
symptoms and recover without special treatment. As we all know the cases of COVID 19 increases
as the days passes on and some of the barangays inside the provinces as well as the barangays
inside the cities need medical services and attention. The rapid growth of cases are the result of
lacking medical awareness, assistance and facilities of each barangays. Some of the barangays has
medical clinics but it is not adequate or not enough for applying necessary precautionary measures
and procedures for giving medical awareness such as instructing the citizens to maintain the
quarantine policies and also make them knowledgeable about the vaccine that is now given in
some places across the country.
 Approximately the 600 new cases of COVID-19 variants every day. According to recent
news there are overcrowded hospitals in Manila, and also there are some cases that people are
dying without receiving any treatment due to the lack of existing facilities that can cater the new
additional cases. Some families are selecting of which family member is given the chance of
having treatment due to lack of existing facilities, according to the interviewee on the article’ “it
feels like it’s a lottery because patients can rest in bed because someone has died”. This is what it
has been like for many families in Metro Manila and nearby provinces – the heart of the
Philippines’ pandemic – where, more than a year into the health crisis, cities were on lockdown
again. Daily infections were at their highest levels, while hospitals were overwhelmed, at times
beyond capacity.

III. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Mayor Marcelino Teodoro shared Marikina City's response and challenges in its fight
against COVID-19. He highlighted how their molecular and diagnostic laboratory, which was
accredited by the DOH last April 20, helped increase their testing capacity. He also shared how
the city established their contact tracing measures, including the different ordinances and
resolutions which the city council passed in conjunction with the national government-imposed
community quarantine. Duque, Garcia and DOH officials recommended ramp up efforts to
mitigate localized transmission and expand their testing capacity. They also explained the
protocols on patient admission and classification to assist the local response team in monitoring
and handling cases. As of August 6, 2020, Marikina City has 1,100 active cases; 512 of which are
mild, 52 are asymptomatic, 9 are severe, and 6 are critical. It has two (2) accredited RT-PCR
hospitals, the Marikina Molecular and Diagnostic Laboratory and Amang Rodriguez Medical
Center.

“It is critical that our efforts against COVID-19 are aligned and in accordance with our
existing policies. With these coordination meetings, we can check on the responses of our LGUs
and provide the necessary technical assistance to ramp up theirlocaleffortsagainstCOVID-19,”the
Health Chief said. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread to almost every region and
country in the world, leading to widespread travel restrictions and national lockdowns. Currently,
there are limited epidemiological and clinical data on COVID-19 patients from low and middle-
income countries.
 The hospital provides qualitative healthcare services but maintains that they do not just
heal mere physical illness which attacks the human body, but a much deeper and holistic healing
of the entire human person. These service areas include all the wards and quarantine facilities as
well as testing facility and with their respective departments. The roles of these departments are
complementary and depict what they call teamwork in patient management, the patients always
being at the center.

The designers were inspired to design SIHAY Medical Hospital based on the current health
centers in the barangays near the household of the designers. As well as the recent news of
overcrowding of hospitals in NCR due to the rapid increase of cases in these past few months. The
design is also based on the status of different barangays in Metro Manila, in sense that it needs
attention because of the community that surrounds or inhabits in the barangays.

The designers are inspired to solve the problem of overcrowding of hospitals and what is
its purpose after the pandemic. The designers thought that the design to be effective the designers
need to consider the things prescribed by the Department of Health and The National Building
Code of the Philippines.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• Overcrowding of hospitals and other medical facilities

• Insufficient resources for conducting evaluations of the built environment.
• Financial challenges and medical center productivity
• Maintaining patient safety
• Regulatory standards and emerging energy mandates
• Hospital security
• Length of stay in the facility

These are the problems that the designers would like to resolve by designing SIHAY
Medical Hospital where the main problem is the overcrowding of hospitals and other medical
facilities.
IV. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

LOCAL LITERATURE

According to the Department of Health these are the guidelines in designing a hospital and other
healthcare facilities:

GUIDELINES IN THE PLANNING AND DESIGN

OF A HOSPITAL AND OTHER HEALTH FACILITIES

A hospital and other healthcare facilities shall be planned and designed to observe
appropriate architectural practices, to meet prescribed functional programs, and to conform to
applicable codes as part of normal professional practice. References shall be made to the
following:

Laws- there are laws and codes that are needed to be following when designing a Hospital
and any other healthcare facilities.

• P. D. 1096 – National Building Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules
and Regulations
• P. D. 1185 – Fire Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations
• P. D. 856 – Code on Sanitation of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and
Regulations
• B. P. 344 – Accessibility Law and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations
• R. A. 1378 – National Plumbing Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules
and Regulations
• R. A. 184 – Philippine Electrical Code
• Manual on Technical Guidelines for Hospitals and Health Facilities Planning and
Design. Department of Health, Manila. 1994
• Signage Systems Manual for Hospitals and Offices. Department of Health, Manila.
1994
• Health Facilities Maintenance Manual. Department of Health, Manila. 1995
• Manual on Hospital Waste Management. Department of Health, Manila. 1997
 • District Hospitals: Guidelines for Development. World Health Organization Regional
Publications, Western Pacific Series. 1992
• Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and Medical Facilities.
American Institute of Architects, Committee on Architecture for Health. 1992
• De Chiara, Joseph. Time-Saver Standards for Building Types. McGraw-Hill Book
Company. 1980
1 Environment: A hospital and other health facilities shall be so located that it is readily
accessible to the community and reasonably free from undue noise, smoke, dust, foul odor,
flood, and shall not be located adjacent to railroads, freight yards, children's playgrounds,
airports, industrial plants, disposal plants.
2 Occupancy: A building designed for other purpose shall not be converted into a hospital.
The location of a hospital shall comply with all local zoning ordinances.
3 Safety: A hospital and other health facilities shall provide and maintain a safe environment
for patients, personnel and public. The building shall be of such construction so that no
hazards to the life and safety of patients, personnel and public exist. It shall be capable of
withstanding weight and elements to which they may be subjected.
3.1 Exits shall be restricted to the following types: door leading directly outside the building,
interior stair, ramp, and exterior stair.

3.2 A minimum of two (2) exits, remote from each other, shall be provided for each floor of
the building.

3.3 Exits shall terminate directly at an open space to the outside of the building.

4 Security: A hospital and other health facilities shall ensure the security of person and
property within the facility.
5 Patient Movement: Spaces shall be wide enough for free movement of patients, whether
they are on beds, stretchers, or wheelchairs. Circulation routes for transferring patients from
one area to another shall be available and free at all times.
5.1 Corridors for access by patient and equipment shall have a minimum width of 2.44
meters.
 5.2 Corridors in areas not commonly used for bed, stretcher and equipment transport may
be reduced in width to 1.83 meters.

5.3 A ramp or elevator shall be provided for ancillary, clinical and nursing areas located on
the upper floor.

5.4 A ramp shall be provided as access to the entrance of the hospital not on the same level
of the site.

6 Lighting: All areas in a hospital and other health facilities shall be provided with sufficient
illumination to promote comfort, healing and recovery of patients and to enable personnel
in the performance of work.
7 Ventilation: Adequate ventilation shall be provided to ensure comfort of patients, personnel
and public.
8 Auditory and Visual Privacy: A hospital and other health facilities shall observe acceptable
sound level and adequate visual seclusion to achieve the acoustical and privacy requirements
in designated areas allowing the unhampered conduct of activities.
9 Water Supply: A hospital and other health facilities shall use an approved public water
supply system whenever available. The water supply shall be potable, safe for drinking and
adequate, and shall be brought into the building free of cross connections.
10 Waste Disposal: Liquid waste shall be discharged into an approved public sewerage system
whenever available, and solid waste shall be collected, treated and disposed of in accordance
with applicable codes, laws or ordinances.
11 Sanitation: Utilities for the maintenance of sanitary system, including approved water
supply and sewerage system, shall be provided through the buildings and premises to ensure
a clean and healthy environment.
Housekeeping: A hospital and other health facilities shall provide and maintain a healthy and
aesthetic environment for patients, personnel and public.

13 Maintenance: There shall be an effective building maintenance program in place. The

buildings and equipment shall be kept in a state of good repair. Proper maintenance shall
be provided to prevent untimely breakdown of buildings and equipment.
14 Material Specification: Floors, walls and ceilings shall be of sturdy materials that shall
allow durability, ease of cleaning and fire resistance.
15 Segregation: Wards shall observe segregation of sexes. Separate toilet shall be maintained
for patients and personnel, male and female, with a ratio of one (1) toilet for every eight
(8) patients or personnel.
16 Fire Protection: There shall be measures for detecting fire such as fire alarms in walls,
peepholes in doors or smoke detectors in ceilings. There shall be devices for quenching
fire such as fire extinguishers or fire hoses that are easily visible and accessible in strategic
areas.
17 Signage. There shall be an effective graphic system composed of a number of individual
visual aids and devices arranged to provide information, orientation, direction,
identification, prohibition, warning and official notice considered essential to the
optimum operation of a hospital and other health facilities.
18 Parking. A hospital and other health facilities shall provide a minimum of one (1) parking
space for every twenty-five (25) beds.
19 Zoning: The different areas of a hospital shall be grouped according to zones as follows:
19.1 Outer Zone – areas that are immediately accessible to the public: emergency service,
outpatient service, and administrative service. They shall be located near the entrance
of the hospital.

19.2 Second Zone – areas that receive workload from the outer zone: laboratory, pharmacy,
and radiology. They shall be located near the outer zone.

19.3 Inner Zone – areas that provide nursing care and management of patients: nursing
service. They shall be located in private areas but accessible to guests.

19.4 Deep Zone – areas that require asepsis to perform the prescribed services: surgical
service, delivery service, nursery, and intensive care. They shall be segregated from
the public areas but accessible to the outer, second and inner zones.

Service Zone – areas that provide support to hospital activities: dietary service,
housekeeping service, maintenance and motor pool service, and mortuary. They
shall be located in areas away from normal traffic.

20 Function: The different areas of a hospital shall be functionally related with each other.
20.1 The emergency service shall be located in the ground floor to ensure immediate access.
A separate entrance to the emergency room shall be provided.

20.2 The administrative service, particularly admitting office and business office, shall be
located near the main entrance of the hospital. Offices for hospital management can
be located in private areas.

20.3 The surgical service shall be located and arranged to prevent non-related traffic. The
operating room shall be as remote as practicable from the entrance to provide asepsis.
The dressing room shall be located to avoid exposure to dirty areas after changing to
surgical garments. The nurse station shall be located to permit visual observation of
patient movement.

20.4 The delivery service shall be located and arranged to prevent non-related traffic. The
delivery room shall be as remote as practicable from the entrance to provide asepsis.
The dressing room shall be located to avoid exposure to dirty areas after changing to
surgical garments. The nurse station shall be located to permit visual observation of
patient movement. The nursery shall be separate but immediately accessible from
the delivery room.

20.5 The nursing service shall be segregated from public areas. The nurse station shall be
located to permit visual observation of patients. Nurse stations shall be provided in
all inpatient units of the hospital with a ratio of at least one (1) nurse station for every
thirty-five (35) beds. Rooms and wards shall be of sufficient size to allow for
workflow and patient movement. Toilets shall be immediately accessible from
rooms and wards.

20.6 The dietary service shall be away from morgue with at least 25-meter distance.
21 Space: Adequate area shall be provided for the people, activity, furniture, equipment and
utility.

➢ Administrative Service
o Lobby
o Waiting Area
o Information and Reception Area
o Toilet
o Business Office
o Medical Records
o Office of the Chief of Hospital
o Laundry and Linen Area
o Maintenance and Housekeeping Area
o Parking Area for Transport Vehicle
o Supply Room
o Waste Holding Room
➢ Dietary
o Dietitian Area
o Supply Receiving Area
o Cold and Dry Storage Area
o Food Preparation Area
o Cooking and Baking Area
o Serving and Food Assembly Area
o Washing Area
o Garbage Disposal Area
o Dining Area
o Toilet
➢ Cadaver Holding Room
➢ Clinical Service
➢ Emergency Room
o Waiting Area
o Toilet
o Nurse Station
o Examination and Treatment Area with Lavatory/Sink
o Observation Area
o Equipment and Supply Storage Area
o Wheeled Stretcher Area
➢ Outpatient Department
o Waiting Area
o Toilet
o Admitting and Records Area
o Examination and Treatment Area with Lavatory/Sink
o Consultation Area
➢ Surgical and Obstetrical Service
o Major Operating Room
o Delivery Room
o Sub-sterilizing Area
o Sterile Instrument, Supply and Storage Area
o Scrub-up Area
o Clean-up Area
o Dressing Room
o Toilet
o Nurse Station
o Wheeled Stretcher Area
o Janitor’s Closet
o Nurse Station
o Examination and Treatment Area with Lavatory/Sink
➢ Nursing Service
o Office of the Chief Nurse
 ➢ Ancillary Service
o Primary Clinical Laboratory
o Clinical Work Area with Lavatory/Sink
o Pathologist Area
o Toilet
➢ Radiology
o X – Ray Room with Control Booth, Dressing Area and
o Toilet
o Dark Room
o Film File and Storage Area
o Radiologist Area
➢ Pharmacy

According to the studies of ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA, the increasing usage of the
Emergency Department (ED) has become apparent worldwide. It was consistently stated that ED
would remain as the safety net for decades that may lead to the escalation of the number of ED
visits on all types of healthcare situations. Reports also concluded that the increasing ED visits
could be a reflection of a declining primary healthcare access, an increasing healthcare costs and
vulnerable cases. On a local scale, it was estimated that 96,141 beds were available nationwide for
the Filipino population. In 2011, the hospital bed density was estimated at 1.2 beds in every 1,000
population, which was short from the WHO recommendation of 20 beds in every 10,000
population.4 In 2009, the Philippines had a total of 1,796 hospitals where the following areas
ranked highest respectively:

• CALABARZON
• Central Luzon
• National Capital Region (NCR)
 While Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) had the lowest. Around 60%
of the Hospitals were privately owned and concentrated in the urbanized area. It was also estimated
that about half (48%) of those who were deemed for hospital confinement were admitted in private
hospitals. In general, there are four main financing sources of local healthcare:

1) National and local government,

2) Insurance (i.e. Government and private),
3) Out of pocket (OOP)
4) Donors.

Local studies also showed variability in hospital payment schemes for hospitalization had
a high proportion of OOP (i.e. thru salary, income, loan or savings) payments were utilized for
public and private and sectors. In 2010, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth)
declared that the National Health Insurance Program covered 85% of the national population while
in 2005, Philippine National Health Insurance reported a 6.3% of healthcare spending were
financed by private insurance or third party payer (i.e. Health Management Organization
<HMO>). Evidently, the utilization of Philhealth and a third-party payer were noticeably higher
in private sectors.

The Tertiary Private Hospital has a 516-bed capacity and has been classified with a level
four service capability with an annual hospital occupancy rate of 70-75% and a mean hospital
average length of stay of four days for in hospital admissions. In 2015, there were 113,596 patients
served in the ED of which 18% were subjected for hospital confinement and about 70% of the total
ED consultations were financed thru a third-party payer. Based from the midyear comparative
2016 Emergency Department report, amongst other private hospital institutions, it holds 18% of
the monthly competitive shares which measures the market percentage shares of ED consultations
within Metro Manila from that period and was subsequently ranked to have one of the top ED
consultations nationwide.
 This report was consistent with the annual comparative report of the Admitting Section
where it garnered the highest number of bed occupancy from year 2014-2015 among surveyed
hospitals. Determining the different characteristics affecting the complexity of the daily ED
operations allows us to know the variations on the type of population we have in relation with the
kind of service we render. Our ability to understand this will help us manage variations since it is
considered as the root of all quality issues. Length of stay (LOS) is a key measure of Emergency
Department (ED) throughput and a marker of overcrowding. Studies correlate LOS with patient’s
satisfaction, perceptions of care compromise, Left Without Being Seen and direct costs.12-15
Upon review, majority of the related published studies were conducted in large university hospitals
of an international setting.

Until now, there are no local studies of a tertiary private center which captures the extent
of the analysis of the ED population considering the trends of visits, financial schemes and
demographics in relation to their length of stay. Due to our distinct local healthcare system where
majority of our hospitals belong to the private sector, the analysis of the different characteristics
of our ED patients can be a reflection of the majority of the private hospitals and may explain the
local healthcare situation specifically the needs of our population.

According to Architect Felino A. Palafox Jr. on article in Manila Times entitled

“Philanthropic Architecture for Vaccination and COVID Centers”, Covered basketball courts
converted to Covid centersOur hospitals are simply overwhelmed and are having difficulty
accommodating even those with severe cases. In 2006, the Department of Health provided the
standard of one hospital bed per 1,000 population. However, the World Health Organization
(WHO) recommends five hospital beds per 1,000 population. With our population of 110 million,
to meet WHO standards, we should have 550,000 hospital beds. With the minimum standard of at
least 100 beds for a provincial or general hospital, we should have a total of 5,250 hospitals. Sadly,
based on data from the 2018 National Health Facility Registry of the Department of Health (DoH),
the Philippines only has 1,456 hospitals.
 In contrast, a report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
presented data for other countries’ allotment of hospital beds per 1,000 population: 13 for Japan,
11 for South Korea, 8 for Germany, 6 for France, 4 for the Netherlands, 3 for the US, and 2.4 for
Singapore. Given that the Philippines will have a population of 148.3 million in 2050, it should
have 148,300 hospital beds by that time based on DoH’s standards. Applying the WHO’s
recommendation, the Philippines should have 741,500 hospital beds by 2050.

Last April 2020, Palafox Associates and Palafox Architecture Group donated our
architectural designs for “Covid Ligtas Centers” that convert basketball courts into community-
based medical facilities to decongest overcrowded hospitals. We even received an award for our
philanthropic architecture. The number of hospitals in our country is way below the standard, and
we thought of covered courts because these are readily available in 44,000 barangays in 1,600
towns and cities. The designers created these designs in collaboration with hospital managers,
health systems professionals from the Philippine Society of Public Health Physicians and the
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, emergency and disasters experts, and graduate students
from the Asian Institute of Management Masters in Innovation and Business. For our proposed
design, a basketball court or a 392 sqm (14 meters by 28 meters) semi-covered facility can be
retrofitted and converted into a community-based isolation unit that can provide basic
accommodation and valuable health care.

The floor plan can accommodate 32 patients who will be provided with individual personal
space and in-house support from a team of health care assistants and barangay health workers. The
flow of patient movement of staff is clearly presented in the design manual. The centers will
include facilities and spaces like an entrance lobby and swabbing area, admission triage,
partitioned patients’ area with 32 beds, nursing units, working area, toilets, hand washing areas
and a supplies/pantry room, among others.

According to the article “Building safer and more resilient cities in the Philippines” by
Madhu Raghunath What struck me immediately upon moving to Manila eight months ago was the
cultural diversity and the warmth of its citizens. As an urban planner, I could not help but think of
the large opportunities but also unused potential the city offers in terms of jobs, education, access
to welfare services, among others. Manila is a gateway for many people to improve their family’s
quality of life.
 As vibrant and dynamic as it is, there is much the city could improve through better urban
planning to address visible issues of congestion, lack of affordable housing, and more broadly,
providing a livable and healthy urban environment so that citizens can thrive. Now more than ever,
the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgency of integrating various considerations in
urban planning, including infrastructure, environment, economic activities, and spaces to bring
communities together in our cities.

COVID-19 is a pandemic and threatens all of us. Hotspots in one barangay increases the
threat to the whole metropolitan area. This pandemic has highlighted the need for a more equitable
management of our cities. Urban management is fundamental for efficient and effective service
delivery, especially for ensuring that all citizens have equal access to quick and coordinated
response efforts in times of crises and disasters.

1. EQUAL SERVICE DELIVERY FOR ALL

There is a glaring disparity in level and quality of service delivery between informal mostly
poor neighborhoods and wealthier areas. According to the 2017 World Bank report on
Urbanization in the Philippines, close to 11% of Metro Manila’s population live in informal
settlements. Not all informal settlers are income poor, but many are vulnerable to external shocks
that can easily push them below the poverty line. Many families that live in informal settlements
rely on minimum wage earnings and contractual work. These incomes are seasonal with no job
security, no social protection measures such as paid sick leave or family leave benefits. Those
engaged in small businesses suffer from unsteady levels of income. Many of them have limited
savings that are exhausted in the event of any external shocks. Their situation is exacerbated by
poor living conditions including a lack in reliable water supply and sanitation, overcrowding in
living tenements, and weak healthcare systems. Under these circumstances, how can social
distancing be practiced? How can households afford basic services like water supply and sanitation
to follow protective hygiene practices like handwashing? Or even afford a doctor visit? Local
governments are best placed to step-up through increased coordination across jurisdictions and
meet the promise of inclusive high-quality services for all but this requires proactive approach to
urban management that spans beyond election cycles.
2. URBAN TRANSPORTATION MATTERS

When Metro Manila was placed under Enhanced Community Quarantine, public
transportation grounded to a halt. Jeepneys, tricycles, buses and trains were prohibited from
operating. Commuters and even essential medical personnel walked long distances or borrowed
bikes to get to the hospital. Public transport could not restart because social distancing measures
present a serious challenge, especially for small public operators like jeepneys. The lack of
mobility options impacts vulnerable sections of society like the poor, elderly and disabled.

Weak urban transport is hampering the economic productivity of the cities as people’s
choice of mobility is very limited in Philippines. For example, the development of urban transport
directly competes with the increase of private cars in Manila’s congested road network. With
COVID-19, it is time to rethink urban mobility solutions. In the short-term, the focus would be on
demand management including social distancing measures, fleet sanitation, enforcement of safety
protocols in informal modes of transport and management of public’s travel expectations. In the
medium-term, there needs to be a focus on public transport reform including interjurisdictional
coordination of public transit and better management of informal transport providers. This can be
achieved by bringing in multi-modal solutions such as mass transit systems like Metro and, Bus
Rapid Transit and start thinking of non-motorized solutions like bicycles, e-vehicles alongside
main corridors to offer diverse mobility solutions for people.

3. REDESIGNING OUR CITIES

Cities across the world are rethinking urban design, from hardscapes of concrete and glass
to more green solutions such as vertical gardens. Public parks are being designed to serve as
multipurpose infrastructure, for example using a watershed approach to capture storm water during
the rainy season and simultaneously use if for recreational purpose. Similarly, iconic design in
open spaces allow for people of all ages to enjoy amenities like we see in Medellin, Colombia,
where libraries are being designed as safe spaces for people without the fear of drugs or crime.
Future planning will also need to take into account access to health services during epidemics and
integrate it with mobility solutions.
 We are advancing rapidly with digital solutions like internet of things or artificial
intelligence for evidence-based planning. As part of its COVID economic recovery efforts, greater
emphasis could be given to use of geospatial tools for planning and implementation of
infrastructure. This a fantastic opportunity for cities in the Philippines to interconnect with the rest
of its peers and also use these solutions in proactive urban planning.

Cities attract talent, innovation and creativity. As people are pulled into increasingly dense
and dynamic urban centers around the world, a secure high-quality life and sustainable
environment is becoming imperative in the planning discourse. COVID-19 has reminded us of the
urgency to accelerate and adapt our cities to an emerging pandemic. With mayors and local
governments who are at the frontline of response and recovery, it is a stark reality that our cities
will no longer remain the same.

The Philippines has recently passed its first Mental Health Act (Republic Act no. 11036).
The Act seeks to establish access to comprehensive and integrated mental health services, while
protecting the rights of people with mental disorders and their family members (Lally et al, 2019).
However, mental health remains poorly resourced: only 3–5% of the total health budget is spent
on mental health, and 70% of this is spent on hospital care (WHO & Department of Health, 2006).

Accordingly, the majority of mental healthcare is provided in hospital settings and there
are underdeveloped community mental health services. The National Center for Mental Health
was previously estimated to account for 67% of the available psychiatric beds nationally (Conde,
2004). More recent data indicate that there are 1.08 mental health beds in general hospitals and
4.95 beds in psychiatric hospitals per 100 000 of the population (WHO, 2014). There are 46 out-
patient facilities (0.05/100 000 population) and 4 community residential facilities (0.02/100 000)
(WHO, 2014). There are only two tertiary care psychiatric hospitals: the National Center for
Mental Health in Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila (4200 beds) and the Mariveles Mental Hospital
in Bataan, Luzon (500 beds). There are 12 smaller satellite hospitals affiliated with the National
Center for Mental Health which are located throughout the country. Overcrowding, poorly
functioning units, chronic staff shortages and funding constraints are ongoing problems,
particularly in peripheral facilities. There are no dedicated forensic hospitals, although forensic
beds are located at the National Center for Mental Health.
 The Philippines has recently passed its first Mental Health Act (Republic Act no. 11036).
The Act seeks to establish access to comprehensive and integrated mental health services, while
protecting the rights of people with mental disorders and their family members (Lally et al, 2019).
However, mental health remains poorly resourced: only 3–5% of the total health budget is spent
on mental health, and 70% of this is spent on hospital care (WHO & Department of Health, 2006).

Accordingly, most of the mental healthcare is provided in hospital settings and there are
underdeveloped community mental health services. The National Center for Mental Health was
previously estimated to account for 67% of the available psychiatric beds nationally (Conde,
2004). More recent data indicate that there are 1.08 mental health beds in general hospitals and
4.95 beds in psychiatric hospitals per 100 000 of the population (WHO, 2014). There are 46 out-
patient facilities (0.05/100 000 population) and 4 community residential facilities (0.02/100 000)
(WHO, 2014). There are only two tertiary care psychiatric hospitals: the National Center for
Mental Health in Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila (4200 beds) and the Mariveles Mental Hospital
in Bataan, Luzon (500 beds). There are 12 smaller satellite hospitals affiliated with the National
Center for Mental Health which are located throughout the country. Overcrowding, poorly
functioning units, chronic staff shortages and funding constraints are ongoing problems,
particularly in peripheral facilities. There are no dedicated forensic hospitals, although forensic
beds are located at the National Center for Mental Health.
FOREIGN LITERATURE

According to the article “FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN HOSPITAL DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION” posted by Boyd Philippi, because hospitals provide a wide range of services
and are made up of many functional units, they are the most complex of building types. Hospitals
have diagnostic and treatment functions, such as clinical laboratories, imaging, emergency rooms,
and surgery; hospitality functions, such as food service and housekeeping; and inpatient care or
bed-related functions. Good hospital design integrates functional requirements with the human
needs of its varied users. This need for diverse functions is reflected in the breadth and specificity
of regulations, codes, and oversight that govern hospital construction and operations. Each of the
wide-ranging and constantly evolving functions of a hospital, including highly complicated
mechanical, electrical, and telecommunications systems, requires specialized knowledge and
expertise. Hospital design is also influenced by site restraints and opportunities, climate,
surrounding facilities, budget, and available technology. All hospitals should have certain
common attributes, regardless of their location, size or budget.

EFFICIENCY AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS

An efficient hospital layout should promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of

necessary travel between frequently used spaces; allow visual supervision of patients; provide an
efficient logistics system for supplies and food (and removal of waste); make efficient use of multi-
purpose spaces and consolidate spaces when possible.

FLEXIBILITY AND EXPANDABILITY

Medical needs and modes of treatment will continue to change. Therefore, hospitals should
follow modular concepts of space planning and layout; use generic room sizes and plans as much
as possible; use modular, easily accessed, and easily modified mechanical and electrical systems;
and be open-ended, with well-planned directions for future expansion.
THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENT

Patients and visitors should perceive a hospital as unthreatening, comfortable, and stress-
free. The interior designer plays a major role in this effort to create a therapeutic environment. For
example, this can be accomplished by using cheerful and varied colors and textures, by allowing
ample natural light wherever feasible, by providing views of the outdoors from every patient bed,
and by designing a “way-finding” process into every environment.

CLEANLINESS AND SANITATION

Hospitals must be easy to clean and maintain. This is facilitated by appropriate, durable
finishes for each functional space; careful detailing of such features as doorframes, casework, and
finish transitions to avoid dirt-catching and hard-to-clean crevices and joints; and adequate and
appropriately located housekeeping spaces.

ACCESSIBILITY

All areas, both inside and out, should comply with all standards and minimum requirements
of Americans with Disability Act, and ensure grades are flat enough to allow easy movement and
sidewalks and corridors are wide enough for two wheelchairs to pass easily.

SECURITY AND SAFETY

Hospitals have several particular security concerns, such as protection of patients and staff,
hospital property and assets (including drugs), and also vulnerability to terrorism because of high
visibility. Security and safety must be built into the design with these things in mind.

SUSTAINABILITY

Hospitals are large public buildings that have a significant impact on the environment and
economy of the surrounding community. They are heavy users of energy and water and produce
large amounts of waste. Because of this, sustainable design must be considered when designing
and building hospitals.
 According to the research of John Reiling; Ronda G. Hughes; Mike R. Murphy entitled
“The Impact of Facility Design on Patient Safety”, cognitive psychologists have identified the
physical environment as having a significant impact on safety and human performance.1, 2
Understanding “the interrelationships between humans, the tools they use, and the environment in
which they live and work”3 is basic to any study of the design a health care facility and its effect
on the performance of the nurses and other caregivers who interface with the facility and its fixed
(e.g., oxygen and suctioning ports on the wall of a patient room) and moveable (e.g., a patient bed)
equipment and technology. Humans do not always behave clumsily, and humans do not always
err, but they are more likely to do so when they work in a badly conceived and designed4 health
care setting.

Organizational/system factors that can potentially create the conditions conducive for
errors are called latent conditions. According to Reason, latent condition are the inevitable
“resident pathogens” that “may lie dormant within the system for a long time, only becoming
evident when they combine with other factors to breach the system’s defenses. Latent conditions
can be identified and remedied before an adverse event occurs.” Examples of latent conditions are
poorly designed facilities, including the location of technology and equipment; confusing
procedures; training gaps; staff shortages or improper staffing patterns; and poor safety culture.

A specific example of a latent condition effecting patient safety would be the impact of
low lighting levels in the medication dispensing areas that are associated with some medication
errors but not others. These and other conditions occur at what Reason describes as the “blunt
end,” where administrators, the work environment, and resources determine the processes of care
delivery. Latent conditions are present in all organizations and can be unintentionally created by
those who are responsible for designing systems, ensuring adequate staffing, creating and
enforcing policies, and so on.
 The design of a facility/structure with its fixed and moveable components can have a
significant impact on human performance, especially on the health and safety of employees,
patients, and families. In a review of more than 600 articles, researchers found that there was a
link between the physical environment (i.e., single-bed or multiple-bed patient rooms) and patient
(e.g., fewer adverse events and better health care quality) and staff outcomes (e.g., reduced stress
and fatigue and increased effectiveness in delivering care). Efforts to improve patient and staff
outcomes can target latent conditions for clinicians by using evidence-based designs to decrease
distractions, standardize locations of equipment and supplies, and ensure adequate space for
documentation and work areas.

The research done by Reason1 and Leape describes the value of practices based on
principles designed to compensate for human cognitive failings. Thus, when applied to the health
care field, human factors research (i.e., an area of research that includes human performance,
technology design, and human-computer interaction; this topic is covered in chapter 5, “A Human
Factors Framework,” by Henriksen and colleagues), which has emphasized the need for
standardization, simplification, and use of protocols and checklists, can be used to improve health
care outcomes.

By targeting human factors through facility design and ensuring that latent conditions and
cognitive failures that lead to adverse events are minimized, patient safety will improve. This
requires a multifaceted approach, including developing a strong safety culture, redesigning
systems or facilities with their equipment and technology, focusing on eliminating the conditions
of cognitive errors, and helping caregivers correct/stop an error before it leads to harm or mitigate
it if it occurs.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

With human factors in mind, there are several aspects of the built environment that should
be considered. In a review of the literature by Henriksen and colleagues,8 the following design
elements were identified as critical in ensuring patient safety and quality care, based on the six
quality aims of the Institute of Medicine’s report, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health
System for the 21st Century:9

Patient-centeredness, including

• using variable-acuity rooms and single-bed rooms

• ensuring sufficient space to accommodate family members
• enabling access to health care information
• having clearly marked signs to navigate the hospital

Safety, including

• applying the design and improving the availability of assistive devices to avert patient falls
• using ventilation and filtration systems to control and prevent the spread of infections
• using surfaces that can be easily decontaminated
• facilitating hand washing with the availability of sinks and alcohol hand rubs
• preventing patient and provider injury
• addressing the sensitivities associated with the interdependencies of care, including
workspaces and work processes

Effectiveness, including

• use of lighting to enable visual performance

• use of natural lighting
• controlling the effects of noise

Efficiency, including

• standardizing room layout, location of supplies and medical equipment

• minimizing potential safety threats and improving patient satisfaction by minimizing
patient transfers with variable-acuity rooms
Timeliness, by

• ensuring rapid response to patient needs

• eliminating inefficiencies in the processes of care delivery
• facilitating the clinical work of nurses

Equity, by

• ensuring the size, layout, and functions of the structure meet the diverse care needs of
patients

According to the article ‘Humanizing’ healthcare environments: architecture, art and

design in modern hospitals by Victoria Bates, in recent decades, hospital design literature has
paid increasing attention to an apparent need to ‘humanize’ hospital environments. Despite the
prevalence of this design goal, the concept of ‘humanizing’ a space has rarely been defined or
interrogated in depth. This article focuses on the meaning of humanization, as a necessary step
towards understanding its implementation in practice. It explores the recent history of humanistic
design as a goal in healthcare contexts, focusing on the UK in the late twentieth century. It shows
that many features of humanistic design were not revolutionary, but that they were thought to serve
a new purpose in counterbalancing high-technology, scientific and institutional medical practice.
The humanistic hospital, as an ideal, operated as a symbol for wider social concerns about the loss
– or decentering – of patients in modern medical practice. Overall, this article indicates a need to
interrogate further the language of ‘humanization’ and its history. The term is not value free; it
carries with it assumptions about the dehumanization of modern medicine, and has often been built
on implicit binaries between the human and the technological.
V. METHODOLOGY

Medical Centers and other healthcare facilities are the most complex of building types. Each
hospital is comprised of a wide range of services and functional units. This diversity is reflected in the
breadth and specificity of regulations, codes, and oversight that govern hospital construction and operations.
Comprised of a wide range of services and functional units. The functional units within the design can have
competing needs and priorities. Idealized scenarios must be balanced against mandatory requirements,
safety protocols as well as the budget of the community.

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

Medical Hospitals and other healthcare facilities should have certain common attributes,
An efficient layout, medical needs and modes of treatment will continue to change, healthcare
facilities must be easy to clean and maintain, area access inside and out particularly to those who
are in the quarantine facilities, a complex system of interrelated functions requiring constant
movement of people and goods, general safety concerns of all buildings, significant impact on the
environment and economy of the surrounding.
DATA GATHERING

The designers conducted an evaluation and research with the two main objectives of:

• Improving the collection, management, and handling efficiency of the data gathered, to
reduce data management burdens where possible and to encourage participation in
accountability reforms; and
• Identifying ways to have an accurate location of a hospital.

DIRECT COMMUNICATION

This involves oral interviews conducted with various personnel in the hospital, review and
sharing their experience about the difficulties they undergo in using file methods.

SECONDARY COMMUNICATION

This includes the use of textbooks, dictionaries, journals, news articles, electronic books
and data from the researches conducted by other researchers to collect data.

DATA ANALYSIS

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF PROJECT

The first step in Healthcare Facility planning to freeze the project concept in terms of:

• Identifying the needs of the community

• Finalization of the facility
• Deriving of the appropriate size of the project
• Determining possible risks in construction

The factors listed have a bearing on the project costs and viability in future. This process
helps understand the need of the community that will be served by the hospital in the given
location. For doing this, one needs to undertake a detailed market survey by collecting data from
various sources. Unfortunately, it doesn’t have a reliable mechanism for capturing health related
data especially in the private sector.
VI. DESIGN CONCEPT

SIHAY MEDICAL HOSPITAL

The title of the design is “SIHAY” a filipino word meaning “Cell”, wherein the proposed
medical health center will focus on providing physical and mental health care in the community.
The SIHAY Medical Health Hospital is designed to provide enough space to cater persons under
investigation (PUI’s) and provide services that can help decongest overcrowded hospitals.

SIHAY Medical Hospital is a modern medical center designed to cater all the suspected
patients and help to solve the overcrowding of hospitals in the region of NCR. The design can
accommodate the front liners and workers on a dorm so that it also prevents the spreading of the
virus outside the medical center. The design is also equipped with different facilities that caters
mental healthcare and quarantine facilities.

The form of the design is derived from the part of the cell, which is the endoplasmic
reticulum that synthesizes, folds, modifies and transfer protein. The design also aims that the
facilities inside the design are can be used even after the pandemic.

The proposed project is the solution towards the issue of overcrowding of hospitals, which
is establishing health in the barangays that do not have health centers and other barangays that has
health center but cannot cater the needs of the people during this pandemic. By researching and
analyzing the certain needs of the people the designer come up with the solution of proposing a
Health Center that do not only cater medical health care but also addresses mental health care for
the people.

MODERN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

The design concept of the design is Modern Sustainable Architecture. Modern

Architecture, or Modernist Architecture, was an architectural movement or architectural style
based upon new and innovative technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel,
and reinforced concrete; the idea that form should follow function (functionalism); an embrace of
minimalism; and a rejection of ornament.
 Sustainable architecture is a form of architecture that incorporates a design that is
environmentally friendly and built to be sustainable. The buildings are created to help decrease the
impact that they have on the landscape and the environment and the materials that are used to build
them are also derived from economically friendly sources. The idea of these properties is that they
are sustainable, energy efficient and make the most of the space in which they are built. They are
considered to be homes of the future and are becoming increasingly popular.

The energy efficiency of a modern sustainable architect build is more than likely the most
important issue that architects will face, and in a struggling economy people want to save money
in areas where they have large expenditures. The design will need cost effective and efficient
heating and ventilation. For an efficient medical center, it will require less heating which will save
energy. There are many off the shelf recycling technologies available that can re-use energy wasted
from waste hot water that can be transferred into the energy required for incoming cold water.
Buildings will use solar panels in order to harness the energy of the sun. The solar energy can be
used to heat water as well as heat the home, this can be enhanced using solar shading by means of
awnings, blinds, or shutters. Windows are fitted to maximize the capture of heat creating light
while stopping heat escape. Windows may be fitted so that they mostly face south so that they can
collect the most amount of direct sun and the windows may contain gasses and special coatings in
order to help insulate the house.

The materials from which the property is built will consist of mainly sustainable materials
and they can come in many types. Recycled materials will often be used and it has been known
that the outer walls of house have been built with hollow polystyrene and then filled with concrete
therefore minimizing the amount of bricks used, which has an environmental knock effect as this
limits the amount of travel and production of these materials. Glass will be re-used, and sustainably
harvested wood included in the build. Materials may be used from the immediate environment,
maybe the ground upon which the development was built. All pipework within the design could
consist of mainly reclaimed copper and insulation could be derived from low volatile organic
compounds.
VII. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

“Green Healthcare Facility for the benefit of the Community”

The Philosophy of the design is to design the proposed project in accordance to the
principles of the Green Architecture. To design a hospital wherein all the benefits goes to the
community. The design will cater all the needs of the community from physical, medical,
nutritional, and mental healthcare will be catered by the proposed design, to design the medical
center to be cost and energy efficient.

“The layout can affect the life and death circumstances of a patient because time is often a critical
factor in a patient’s care,” -GeneKlow

VIII. DESIGN GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

DESIGN GOALS

➢ To provide a structure that will only cater the cases during the pandemic but also can be
used after the pandemic.
➢ Formulate a proper way of designing a Medical Hospital that can cater the suspected cases
outside the vicinity of the community to avoid the spreading of the virus by following the
guidelines issued by the Department of Health.
➢ The design will be well-planned and to be designed carefully.
➢ To design a Medical Health Hospital that can help to lessen the load of the overcrowded
hospitals.
➢ To design a Medical Health Hospital that follows the principles of Green Architecture.
➢ To propose a design of a Medical Health Hospital that has purpose even if the pandemic
ends.

The designers’ goals are to provide a structure or facility that will not only cater the issues
during the pandemic but also can be used after the pandemic. And propose a design that can
gradually help to solve the issue on the pandemic. By following the guidelines of the Department
of Health which also states laws needed to be followed, the proposed design will be planned and
designed carefully.
DESIGN OBJECTIVES

➢ To Promote staff efficiency by minimizing distance of necessary travel between

frequently used spaces
➢ To Include all needed spaces, but no redundant ones. This requires careful pre-design
programming.
➢ To Provide an efficient logistics system, which might include elevators, pneumatic
tubes, box conveyors, manual or automated carts, and gravity or pneumatic chutes,
for the efficient handling of food and clean supplies and the removal of waste,
recyclables, and soiled material
➢ To Group or combine functional areas with similar system requirements
➢ To Provide optimal functional adjacencies, such as locating the surgical intensive care
unit adjacent to the operating suite. These adjacencies should be based on a detailed
functional program which describes the hospital's intended operations from the
standpoint of patients, staff, and supplies.

The designers’ objectives are to design the SIHAY Medical Hospital into a structure that
will help to lessen the volume of patients accommodated by the overcrowded hospitals. To make
sure that the design follows the principles of Green Architecture. And making sure that the design
has a purpose even if the pandemic ends.
IX. SITE ANALYSIS

SITE INVENTORY

LOCATION

The Location of the site is at Tumana Marikina, Metro Manila.

LOT AREA

The lot area of the site is approximately 200 sqm.

HISTORY

A former sitio of Concepcion Uno, Barangay Tumana was created on April 10, 2007, under
Republic Act No. 9432. It is the youngest among the sub-territories in the city. The place has been
geologically shaped by soil buildup resulting from flooding, erosion, and landslide. Part of the
barangay was a component of the riverbank, but it has been converted into a fertile land. Over the
centuries, the accretion has been cultivated as rice fields and fruit farms.and the owner of this land
is Don Vicente Cruz.
GEOLOGICAL FACTOR

The total land area of Marikina is approximately 21.5 km2 (2,150 ha: 5,300 acres). This
represents about 3.42% of the total land area of Metro Manila. At present, the city is composed of
16 barangays. Barangays Fortune, Concepcion Uno, and Marikina Heights are among the largest
in terms of land area.
TOPOGRAHPY OF THE SITE

The topography of the selected site is sloping downwards, that is why the proposed design
is based on the topography of the site. The designer designed the areas in accordance to the
topography of the site so that the design will adjust along the slope of the site so that it will not
greatly impact on the site’s environment.
HYDROLOGICAL FACTOR

The body of water found near the site is the Marikina River.
SOIL TYPES
VEGETATION
CLIMATE FACTORS

SUN ANGLES AND SUN SHADOWS

• Humidity – 39%
• Cloud Cover – 25%

Sun Angles

• Sunrise – North East

• Sunset – North West

Sun Shadows

• Sunrise – North West

• Sunset – North East
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION

The "mean daily maximum" (solid red line) shows the maximum temperature of an average
day for every month for Marikina. Likewise, "mean daily minimum" (solid blue line) shows the
average minimum temperature. Hot days and cold nights (dashed red and blue lines) show the
average of the hottest day and coldest night of each month of the last 30 years.
CLOUDY, SUNNY, AND PRECIPITATION DAYS

The graph shows the monthly number of sunny, partly cloudy, overcast and precipitation
days. Days with less than 20% cloud cover are considered as sunny, with 20-80% cloud cover as
partly cloudy and with more than 80% as overcast.
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES

The maximum temperature diagram for Marikina displays how many days per month reach
certain temperatures.
PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS

The precipitation diagram for Marikina Valley Subdivision shows on how many days per
month, certain precipitation amounts are reached. In tropical and monsoon climates, the amounts
may be underestimated.
WIND SPEED

The diagram for Marikina shows the days per month, during which the wind reaches a
certain speed.
WIND ROSE

The wind rose for Marikina shows how many hours per year the wind blows from the
indicated direction.
LAND USE

LAND AREA

Marikina has a total land area of 21.50 sq.kms. as certified by the Land Management
Bureau (LMB) which constitutes about 3.42% of the land area of Metro Manila.

Land Area and Percentage Distribution per Barangay in Marikina City

Barangay Land Area Percent (%) Share

District I 850.53 39.56
Kalumpang 72.24 3.36
Barangka 116.96 5.44
Tañong 77.83 3.62
Jesus dela Peña 82.34 3.83
I.V.C. 64.50 3.00
San Roque 108.79 5.06
Sta. Elena 44.29 2.06
Sto. Niño 145.55 6.77
Malanday 138.03 6.42
District II 1299.47 60.44
Concepcion I 344.22 16.01
Marikina Heights 205.76 9.57
Parang 383.56 17.84
Nangka 181.68 8.45
Concepcion II 184.25 8.57
TOTAL 2,150 100
SITE SELECTION

The property is situated in Tumana, Marikina City. The Site is located in between Sultan
Kudarat St. and Marikina River.

SITE CRITERIA

Major Criteria

o The stated site has a great opportunity for land use for a more future expansion as the
hospital and users growing needs
o The hospital would also be a good site landmark in the area.

Minor Criteria

o The site has a great opportunity through its neighboring establishments such as schools,
hotels, restaurants, and village,
o The property location is situated near Marikina river that will greatly give good view and
scenery for the patients and users of the hospital.
o This might be a good help in its neighbor villages for its medical needs.
Physical/Natural Factors
CRITERIA 1 2
Lot Lot size is inadequate to
Area/Lot meet the suggested
Size minimum lot size
requirement set in the
National Building Code
Topography Site contains major
topography irregularity
with steep slopes and
cannot hold possible
uses for a buildable area
3 4 5 EVALUATION
Lot size is adequate Lot size exceeds Lot size exceeds Lot size exceeds 4
to meet the 50% of the 75% of the 100% of the
suggested minimum suggested minimum suggested suggested
lot size requirement lot size requirement minimum lot size minimum lot
set in the National set in the National requirement set in size requirement
Building Code Building Code and the National set in the
provides area for Building Code and National
expansion of another provides area for Building Code
adjacent amenities expansion of and provides
and activities another adjacent area for
amenities and expansion of
activities another adjacent
amenities and
activities
Site is not even, with Site is not even, but Site is chiefly even Site is relatively 3
some sloping area on have fewer sloping and can hold all even and can
most part and can areas and possible uses for a hold all possible
only hold certain topographic high-rise buildable uses for a high-
possible uses irregularity and can area rise buildable
hold certain possible area
uses
Hydrology There are many water The site has some The site has some The site has a very The site has no 3
bodies near and within water bodies present water bodies present few water bodies water bodies
the site that cannot hold and near the area and near in the area present and near in present and near
possible uses and can with no relative use and can hold the area that can in the area that
only pose difficulties but the remaining possible uses hold possible uses can pose site
for the buildable area land can hold together with the together with the difficulties.
possible uses land land

Geology - Soil is unstable all over Soil is unstable for Some remote area of Most area of the Soils are stable 4
Soil and soil is mostly most parts of the site the site have site have stable and mostly
consisting of made and is mostly unstable soils and is soils and is mostly consists of rocks
ground fill and no area consists of peat and mostly consist of consists of non- (igneous,
is suitable for organic soil and cohesive soil cohesive soil (hard gneissic,
planting/gardening some area is suitable (hard,firm, and soft clay,gravel and sandstone, shist,
for clay) sand) and most slate, mustone)
planting/gardening area is suitable for and a portion of
planting/gardening the area is
suitable for
planting/gardeni
ng

Existing The site has no existing The site has 100% The site has 70% The site has 50% The site has 4
Vegetation vegetation existing vegetation existing vegetation existing vegetation 40% existing
vegetation

Orientation The site does not have The site has The site has good The site has both The site has 4
good sun and wind satisfactory sun and sun orientation but good sun and wind both excellent
orientation. It has no wind orientation, satisfactory wind orientation, with sun and wind
sunlight and cool wind with poor sunlight orientation, slightly good orientation, with
exposure and cool wind Fairly sunlight and sunlight and cool good sunlight
exposure cool wind exposure wind exposure and wind
exposure
Climate The site irregular The site has little The site has no to The site has an The site has no 3
Factors humidity and irregularity in some irregularity in unnoticed irregularity in
precipitation condition humidity and humidity and irregularity in humidity and
and extreme weather precipitation precipitation humidity and precipitation
changes on dry and wet condition and have condition and have precipitation condition and
season. weather changes weather changes condition and has has good
where the where the site fair climate and climate and
site experiences experiences greater weather condition weather
greater wet season dry season than wet condition
than dry season season

Legal and Cultural Factors

CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5 EVALUATION
Public Accessibility The site can only be The site can be The site can be The site can be The site can be 5
Mobile Access accessed by private accessed by taxis accessed by accessed by accessed by public
vehicles and private PUV’s, taxis and jeepney, PUV’s, bus, jeepney,
vehicles private vehicle taxis and private PUV’s, taxis and
vehicle private vehicle

Pedestrian Access There is a difficulty There is There is There is existing There is existing 4
or no existing pedestrian access pedestrian access pedestrian access pedestrian access
access that are thru the site, but to the site that within the site but within the site and
available for the require heavy road can be is far from the is near the
people thru the site construction for constructed but secondary or main secondary or main
pathways and no major road road with public road with public
traffic control work is needed. transportation transportation
system should be
provided
Existing Land Use The site’s location’s The site’s The site’s Land is currently Land is within a 3
and Zoning present/future location’s present location’s current within a C-3 zone C-3 zoning
zoning and land use zoning and land zoning and land but will probably classification set
does not allow the use does not allow use does allow change in the National
use of mid-rise the use of mid-rise the use of mid- Building Code or
residential building residential rise residential within a Central
with vertical building with building with Business District
farming vertical farming vertical farming and present/future
but exemption can only with zoning permits
be applied provision of the mid rise
usage residential
building with
vertical farming or
no zoning
restriction exist

Accessibility to No existing utilities No existing No existing Existing utilities Existing utilities 4

Utility and Services and services and utilities and utilities and and services are and services are
has known services and is far services but is available, adjacent available within
difficulties of from the site accessible near or near the site the site
access on site the site

Accessibility to Site is more than Site is within 4 Site is within 3 Site is within 2 Site is within 4
Main Road 5km away or 1 hour km away or 1- km away or 30 km away or 10 reasonable
vehicle ride hour vehicle ride minutes vehicle minutes vehicle walking distance
ride ride or 1km and less
Existing Building If there are many If there are a few If there are few If there are no If there are no 3
and Facilities Near buildings and buildings and to no buildings buildings and buildings and
the site facilities near the facilities near the and facilities facilities near the facilities near the
site that can affect site that can affect near the site that site that can affect site that can affect
its accessibility its accessibility can affect its its accessibility its accessibility
factors and there are factors and there accessibility factors and there factors and there
no necessary are a few or no factors and there are some are necessary
existing facilities necessary existing are some necessary existing existing facilities
and establishments facilities and necessary facilities and and establishment
within a 5km and establishments existing facilities establishment within a 1km or
above around the within a 4km and within a 2km less around the
site. around the site. establishments around the site. site.
within a 3km
around the site.

Traffic and If there are no or If there is a slow If there are a If there are is a If there are is a an 4
Circulations have a difficult flow flow of vehicle medium flow of good flow of excellence flow of
of vehicle and and pedestrian vehicle and vehicle and vehicle and
pedestrian circulation within pedestrian pedestrian pedestrian
circulation within the secondary and circulation circulation within circulation within
the secondary and main roads, within the the secondary and the secondary and
main roads, creating creating heavy secondary and main roads, main roads,
heavy traffic around traffic around the main roads, creating less creating few or no
the site site creating slow traffic around the traffic around the
traffic around the site site.
site
Historical Factors The site has no The site has some The site has The site has some The site has a 3
particular history related history some related related history complete
factors factors but only history factors factors with important
having general but only having general and some historical
information general and some important information.
specified specified
information information

Must be within the Site is not within an Site is withing an Site is withing an Site is a Site is within a 4
Urban Area urban area urbanizing area urbanized area progressive highly developed
urbanized area urbanized area

Aesthetic Factors
CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5 EVALUATION
Natural and Man If there are no If there are many If there are some If there are some If there are few 3
Made Features natural and man man made feature natural and man natural feature and natural features
made feature and a few to no made feature few man made and no man
present from the natural feature in present from the feature present from made feature
site the site site the site from the site.

Visual Resources There are no good There are few The site have There are more There are 3
and positive view good and positive equal positive positive view around excellent views
around the site but view around the and negative the site that the around the site
has many negative site with many view around the negative view with no
view negative view site negative views
Compatibility with Incompatible with Considerable Certain Relatively fit with the Perfectly 4
Adjacent Land Use the adjacent land difference with the difference with adjacent land use and relates with the
use and the adjacent land use the adjacent land the surrounding adjacent land
surrounding context and the use and the context use and the
surrounding surrounding surrounding
context context context

Principles of Green Architecture as Site Factors

CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5 EVALUATION
Energy Efficiency The site highly The site The site normally The site fairly The site minimally 4
consumes energy moderately consumes energy consumes energy consumes energy
and does not have consumes energy and does have and does have and equipped with
any other source of and does have other sources of other sources of other sources of
renewable energy other source of renewable energy renewable energy renewable energy
renewable energy but is not but cannot be which makes the
but not enough to sufficient to be totally energy site energy
be energy energy efficient efficient efficient
efficient
Water Efficiency The site greatly The site The site normally The site fairly The site minimally 4
consumes water, moderately consumes water, consumes water, consumes energy,
does not conserve consumes water, conserve quality do conserve conserve quality
water quality and minimally and fairly wastes quality and and does not waste
wastes lots of water conserve quality water minimally waste water
and moderately water
wastes lots of
water
Land Use Efficiency The site is not The site is fairly The site is The site is The site is greatly 4
suitable for suitable for suitable for recommended for recommended for
development in development in development in development in development in
terms of terms of terms of terms of terms of
preservation of the preservation of preservation of preservation of preservation of the
surrounding the surrounding the surrounding the surrounding surrounding
environment environment environment environment environment
Low environmental The site greatly The site impacts The site The site The site does not 4
impact and impacts the the environment moderately minimally impact the
conservation of environment and and affect the impacts the impacts the environment and
natural affects the natural natural resources environment and environment and do not affect the
characteristics resources surrounding the moderately affect minimally affect natural resources
surrounding the site. the natural the natural surrounding the
site. resources resources site.
surrounding the surrounding the
site. site.

Material efficiency The site is not an The site is a fairly The site is a The site is The site is 5
energy efficient and energy efficient minimally energy moderately recommended in
does not conserve and fairly efficient and energy efficient terms energy
resources that are conserve minimally and moderately efficiency and
the aspects resources that are conserve conserve greatly conserve
incorporated in the the aspects resources that are resources that are resources that are
designs to guarantee incorporated in the aspects the aspects the aspects
overall material the designs to incorporated in incorporated in incorporated in the
efficiency. guarantee overall the designs to the designs to designs to
material guarantee overall guarantee overall guarantee overall
efficiency. material material material
efficiency. efficiency. efficiency.
Low maintenance The site is not using The site is fairly The site is The site is using The site is greatly 4
costs renewable plant using renewable moderately using renewable plant using renewable
products, recycled plant products, renewable plant products, recycled plant products,
metal and recycled recycled metal, products, metal and recycled metal and
stone among other and recycled recycled metal recycled stone recycled stone
non-toxic products. stone among and recycled among other non- among other non-
Renewable and other non-toxic stone among toxic products. toxic products.
reusable products products. other non-toxic Renewable and Renewable and
ensure high Renewable and products. reusable products reusable products
performance while reusable products Renewable and ensure high ensure high
at the same time ensure high reusable products performance performance while
reducing the long- performance ensure high while at the same at the same time
term maintenance while at the same performance time reducing the reducing the long-
costs. time reducing the while at the same long-term term maintenance
long-term time reducing the maintenance costs.
maintenance long-term costs.
costs. maintenance
costs.
Waste reduction The site is not The site is fairly The site is The site is The site greatly 5
equipped with equipped with moderately equipped with equipped with
waste disposal waste disposal equipped with waste disposal waste disposal
system like trash system like trash waste disposal system like trash system like trash
bins and compost bins and compost system like trash bins and compost bins and compost
bins as well as bins as well as bins and compost bins as well as bins as well as
waste segregation to waste segregation bins as well as waste segregation waste segregation
lessen the waste to lessen the waste segregation to lessen the to lessen the waste
produced by the site waste produced to lessen the waste produced produced by the
by the site waste produced by the site site
by the site
Use of renewable The site is not The site is lacking The site The site is The site is greatly 4
energy equipped with solar equipment like moderately is equipped with equipped with
panels or any other solar panels or equipped with solar panels or solar panels or any
sources of any other sources solar panels or any other sources other sources of
renewable energy. of renewable any other sources of renewable renewable energy.
Which makes the energy. Which of renewable energy. Which Which makes the
site not energy makes the site energy. Which makes the site site energy
efficient lacking on energy makes the site energy efficient efficient.
efficiency moderately
energy efficient.
Indoor The site is not The site is fairly The site is The site is The site is greatly 4
environmental equipped with equipped with moderately equipped with equipped with
quality comfortable interior comfortable equipped with comfortable comfortable
space with an interior space comfortable interior space interior space with
emphasis on natural with an emphasis interior space with an emphasis an emphasis on
temperature control, on natural with an emphasis on natural natural
proper ventilation temperature on natural temperature temperature
and the use of control, proper temperature control, proper control, proper
products that do not ventilation and control, proper ventilation and ventilation and the
give off toxic the use of ventilation and the use of use of products
compounds or products that do the use of products that do that do not give off
gases. not give off toxic products that do not give off toxic toxic compounds
compounds or not give off toxic compounds or or gases.
gases. compounds or gases.
gases.
CONCLUSION

The property has its good site location for it will give great opportunities and benefits through its neighboring establishments.
As its commonly known purpose of being a Medical Center, it will give aid and medical assistance and needs for the site area location
population. And also, the site is within the center of the city and possible for other cities to access the site. The site is appropriate for
the establishment of the proposed SIHAY Medical Center based on the Site Selection Criteria
X. SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH

➢ Central Location
➢ Transportation
➢ Cost efficient
➢ Energy Saving
➢ Proximity to the communities
➢ Contributes significantly in economic and social activity.

WEAKNESS

➢ Climatic conditions due to surroundings.

➢ Increasing passenger and pedestrian traffic.

OPPORTUNITY

➢ A future development and expansion on the site.

➢ Increasing establishment.

THREATS

➢ Security measures
➢ Limited public transportation.
I. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

FLOW DIAGRAM (Macro)

ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR STUDIES

1. HEALTH WORKERS
2. SERVICES
3. PATIENTS
INTERRELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

These are the factors that needs to be considered while making

the diagram for the services catered by the facility

• The number of scheduled appointments per doctor

• The number of emergency appointments per doctor
• Administrative workload per doctor
• The number of changes in scheduled appointments
• Equipment quality and reliability
• Nurse availability
• Availability of other support function

Diagram 1

The diagram has been formulated to improve

productivity rate of the workers inside the design. The diagram
ensures the availability of nurses and as well as other services
catered in facilities.
 PATIENT SATISFACTION

Customers are anyone who expects to receive the maximum

benefit of a service and complying their satisfaction in the health sector is a
very complex process. They are in more than one tier, and there are medical
and administration staffs, patients and visitors, government as a funding
party, and society in general. Each of these requiring the facility’s support
in different degrees based on their different values, beliefs, perceptions and
expectations.

Diagram 2

The diagram shows the movement and communication of people,

materials, and waste. The physical configuration of a healthcare facility, its
transportation, and logistics systems are inextricably intertwined. In a large
hospital complex, a typical nursing unit is a principal element of the overall
configuration. Nursing units today tend to be more compact shapes
compared to the past to shorten the distance between the nurse station and
the patient’s bed.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion based on the data gathered and data present on the selected site, which is a major factor on
designing the proposal. The SIHAY Medical Hospital will be designed base on the lands topography to embrace the
lands figure and to lessen the expense on leveling the land. The designers’ proposal is based on the findings on the
research. The concept of the design is based on the approach that the designer wants to emphasize which designing a
Healthcare Facility that can accommodate and be beneficial in the community near its vicinity.

Planning and Designing the Medical Hospital helps the designer learn more about its surrounding and
needs of its people. And to once again step foot outside to observe the site and its surrounding. By understanding the
guidelines of the Department of Health and following the Principles of Green Architecture the design will not only
be beneficial in terms of medical attention but as well as in energy, resources, and water consumption.

The design will be based on the data gathered and based on the findings on this paper, in order to design the
proposed structure with care. And make sure that the facility will solve the issue on overcrowding of hospitals as
well as its purpose even after the pandemic.
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