Words in this section describe what is happening in the melody or “tune! The melody can move ina variety of ways: ASCENDING DESCENDING STEPWISE LEAPING ‘Moving in an upward direction Moving ina downward direction Moving by step to the note directly above or below Jumping between high notes and low notes The melody can move in patterns:~ REPETITION IMITATION SEQUENCE PHRASE THEME QUESTION ANSWER Musical idea heard more than once in exactly The same way by exactly that same Instrument / voice Musical idea played by one instrument / voice And then repeated exactly the same way by another instrument / voice A pattern of notes repeated higher or lower Short musical idea, part of the melody A clear recognisable melody which is the main idea for a composition ‘An opening phrase in a melody Reply to an opening phrase or musical answer Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG PageThe melody can be measured in distance:- INTERVAL SEMITONE TONE BROKEN CHORD MICROTONE * TRITONE * The distance between 2 notes b 1 = = SSS The shortest distance in music - half a tone C to C# or B to Bb, etc An interval of 2 semitones, eg from CtoDorF toGete Notes of the chord played separately An interval smaller than a semitone. Used in Eastern European music and also Indian Music, Sometimes found in music of the 20" Century. Interval made up from three whole tones Eg: F-B The melody can be decorated in order to make it more interesting: VARIATION ORNAMENT GRACE-NOTE When the main theme is developed by adding extra notes or changing the speed or tonality A decoration added to the melody using different or additional notes ‘A type of ornament played quickly before the note. Used mainly as a decoration Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DME Page |TRILL TURN * MORDENT * ACCLACCATURA * APPOGGIATURA * A rapid repeated movement between 2 notes Page | An ornament - 4 notes turn around the main Note. Played as: the note above - the main note - the note below - the main note again. An ornament. Played as : the main note - the note above ~ the main note again, (inverted mordent * oO mordent) An ornament which sounds like a ‘crushed note’, The note is played very quickly oO on or before the note. 7 An ornament which sounds like a ‘leaning note’. It takes on half the value of the main note that follows it, | Eg-1 minim becomes 2 crotchets Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMEMelodies can be played using different scales:- MODE * MAJOR SCALE MINOR SCALE HARMONIC MINOR * MELODIC MINOR * CHROMATIC PENTATONIC Usually refers to an early form of scale or in reference to a major mode (major key) or minor mode (minor key) Page | = f= 3 f= A row of notes built on an order of tones and semitones. Major scales can be described as bright and happy A row of notes built on an order of tones and semitones. Two main types ~ Melodic Minor and Harmonic Minor. Minor scales can be described as sad and dull. Scale sharing the same key signature as its relative major but raises the 7 note by one. semitone. Scale sharing the same key signature as its relative major but raises the 6" and 7" notes by one semitone ascending and similarly lowers them when descending. A scale built entirely on semitones al tow ow A scale based on 5 notes. Very popular in folk Music Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG = OoWHOLE TONE SCALE BLUES SCALE TONAL ATONAL MODULATING RELATIVE MAJOR RELATIVE MINOR A scale built entirely on tones. Popular in 20°" Century music and sometimes sounds strange to the ear. t ia f= A scale used in BLUES music, In the scale of € the main blues scale uses the notes C, Eb, F, 6b, G, Bb, and high C. O ra SS ot Music based on a Major or Minor key. ‘Music based on no particular key. Sounds dissonant and is hard to listen to Very popular in 20" Cent. Moving from a higher key to a lower key and vice versa A change from a minor key to the major key with the same signature. The major key is found 3 semitones higher ~ eg, D Minor to F Major A change from the major key to the minor key with the same key signature. The minor key is found 3 semitones lower ~ eg, C Major to A Minor Higher Music Concepts (Ent2 / Higher) + 2009 OME S == = | Page | 5‘TONE ROW* The 12 notes found in a chromatic octave are arranged ina particular order = appearing -~) once only in the row. Each note is as important as the other. Found in Serialism. == j a he 4.5 6 7 $ G MB In vocal music we can describe the word setting of melodies as follows:- SYLLABIC MELISMATIC WORD PAINTING SCAT SINGING One note for each syllable. Several notes sung to one syllable £23 fe Pt eteetest,e| ea ES The music can illustrate the word or the phrase, eg the words ‘running down the hill may be sung as a descending scale Nonsense words and sounds made up bya > singer usually found in JAZZ music. u Higher Musie Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMGWords in this section describe what is happening in the harmony Harmony can be split into two areas of TONALITY:- MAJOR MINOR POLYTONALITY * The music sounds in a major key - bright and happy sounding The music sounds in a minor key ~ sad and dull sounding Two or more keys played at the same time. Eg: 1 part in € Major / 1 part in F Major. Sounds strange to the ear! Harmony is built in the following way:- CHORD CHORD CHANGE DISCORD CONSONANCE DISSONANCE INTERVAL, Two or more notes sounding together Moving from 1 chord to a different chord A chord in which certain notes clash producing ‘an unpleasant sound, Popular in 20" Century music Notes which sound well together, pleasant on the ear Notes which do not sound pleasant when played together The distance between 2 notes Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMESUSPENSION PASSING NOTE VAMP Chords :- DOMINANT 7*** DIMINISHED CHORD * DIMINISHED 7” * AUGMENTED CHORD * An effect created when a note from 1chordis __ held over to the next chord creating a discord The note is then resolved A note moving between 2 notes from the same chord, eg Dis the passing note between € and E Arrhythmic accompaniment with a bass note played on the strong beat and a chord played off the beat Chord built upon the dominant (5") note of the key which adds the 7" note above the root (the 7" note of the scale). Eq - In the scale of F Major (C-E-G-Bb) A chord built from two Minor 3" intervals. Sometimes used as a scary effect! Eg - C-Eb-Gb A chord built from three Minor 3™ intervals one on top of the other. The interval between the lower note and the top note is a diminished 7" | Chord formed from the Major chord where the 5" is raised a semitone. Sometimes used as a suspence ef fect! Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG Page |ADDED 6" * Chord made up from a Major chord with the 6" note added to the top. C Sometimes gives a ‘jazzy’ ef fect! Harmony changes in the following way:- MODULATION A change of key MODULATION TO THE A change from the major key to the minor RELATIVE MINOR key with the same key signature. The minor key will be 3 semitones lower eg C Major to A Minor Concepts affecting harmony are:~ PERFECT CADENCE 2 chords at the end of a phrase. Chord V to chord I - the dominant to the tonic. PLAGAL CADENCE * 2 chords at the end of a phrase. Chord TV to chord I. Sounds finished and is {__] known as the ‘Amen’ effect. Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMGIMPERFECT CADENCE INTERRUPTED CADENCE * TIERCE DE PICARDIE DRONE 2 chords at the end of a phrase. Chord I to chord V - the tonic to the dominant. This cadence has an unfinished feel Page | 10 2 chords at the end of a phrase. Chord V to chord VI (minor chord). Known as the ‘surprise’ cadence as it interrupts the flow |_| of the music. (always ends in a minor chord!) 1 The final chord in a piece of music played in -— the minor key is changed to major One note held on or repeated in the bass. Commonly found on a bagpipe. Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMGWords in this section describe what is happening in the rhythm and tempo Rhythm falls into 2 areas: SIMPLE TIME COMPOUND TIME Music with 2,3 or 4 beats in the bar, Each beat is usually 1 crotchet Each beat is divided into groups of 3 pulses Speed changes are described in the following way:- ACCELERANDO RALLENTANDO RUBATO Music gets gradually faster ‘Music gets gradually slower The performer plays ina very free way and is able to pull the music about to suit the situation Rhythm effects can be described in the following way:- ON THE BEAT OFF THE BEAT SYNCOPATION SCOTCH SNAP ‘The main accents are on the beat The main accents are on the weak beat or against the beat Accented notes playing off or against The beat. Same as above A chythmie figure with a short accented note followed by a longer note. Mostly found in a Strathspey Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG OCROSS RHYTHMS DOTTED RHYTHMS ‘TRIPLETS DOWN BEAT uP BEAT ANACRUSIS THREE AGAINST TWO * Concepts affecting the rhythm:- DRUM FILL BEAT/PULSE Effect where 2 notes are played against 3 Long notes followed by short notes and vice versa giving a jolty effect Group of three notes played in the space of 1 beat The first beat of each bar, which The conductor would show with a downward stroke The last beat in the bar, which the conductor would show with an upward beat Notes which appear before the first strong beat of the bar. Almost like avery short lead-in. One line or part playing quavers in groups of two while another part plays triplets. Aaa ars A rhythmic decoration played on the deumkit The basic pulse you hear in music. The pulse may be in groups of 2, 3 or 4 with an accent or stress on the first beat of each bar Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMGPAUSE ACCENTED HEMIOLA * AUGMENTATION * DIMINUTION * TIME CHANGES * IRREGULAR METRES * The musical flow / rhythm is held ~ up by a long note or silence Notes that are slightly stressed sounding louder than others. O Often appears in Baroque music where music which has three beats ina bar moves to two beats and creates across |_| rhythm over a bar line. This often happens to emphasise a cadence. Almost gives a Rallentando effect. The note values are increased affecting the length of the notes. The music sounds slower when repeated. The note values are decreased. The nm music sounds faster when repeated, LI Changes in time signature. nm LJ Regular time changes. Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DME Page | 13Words in this section describe how a piece of music is put together or constructed All music falls into one of 3 categories MONOPHONIC One single line or part LJ POLYPHONY Texture consisting of two or more melodic lines which weave independently of each other CONTRAPUNTAL Similar to above ‘ HOMOPHONY Texture where all the parts move together -—) rhythmically These categories are either ACCOMPANIED One or more instruments / voices support the [_] main melody UNACCOMPANIED The melody is not supported by any other [| instruments or voices Music is constructed in the following ways = SINGLE LINE One musical part ul sOLo Single line / performer LI UNISON / OCTAVE Two or more parts performing the same named note at the same pitch or 8 notes on apart Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMGHARMONY ENSEMBLE CLUSTER DESCANT COUNTERMELODY OBBLIGATO CONTRARY MOTION PEDAL INVERTED PEDAL CHORD ARPEGGIO ANTIPHONAL * INVERSION * RETROGRADE * Two or more parts performing different notes at the same time Group of musicians performing together A group of notes played on a keyboard instrument with the palm of the hand. A 20" Century technique - harsh on the ear Another melody above the main tune, mainly in vocal music ‘A melody played against the main melody A prominent solo instrument part in a piece of vocal music. Almost like an instrumental descant Two parts moving in opposite directions Eg one ascending, one descending A note which is held or repeated continuously in the bass part while the harmony changes over it A note which is held or repeated continuously in the upper part while the harmony changes below it Two or more notes sounding together Notes of the chord played one after the other ~ can be spread beyond an octave One group of voices or instruments answers another. Like an ehco effect ‘The music is mirrored or turned upside down To go backwards - a musical section is played from the end to the beginning Higher Music Concepts (Znt2 / Higher) : 2009 DME Page |SUBJECT * COUNTERSUBJECT * REAL ANSWER * TONAL ANSWER * EPISODE * STRETTO * The main theme in a composition or the main themes in Sonata Form or the main theme on which a Fugue is based Found ina Fugue. After the subject or answer has been played, the continuation on that same voice or instrument is called the countersubject Found in a Fugue after the subject is played, the same tune appears in another voice or part in the dominant key. This is called the answer. Tf the intervals are exactly the same as the subject then this is called a Real Answer. Found in a Fugue. If the intervals in the answer are not exactly the same as the subject then this is a Tonal Answer. A section linking two appearances of the same material, In a fugue, an episode can be used as a modulating link between entries of the subject Where the voices or parts enter very quickly one after another as in a Fugue. Music is also constructed using different sections REPETITION OSTINATO / RIFF BINARY TERNARY A section repeated in exactly the same way by exactly the same instrument A short musical pattern repeated many times A form where the music is made up from 2 sections - A &B ‘A form where the music is made up from 3 sections- AB A Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG Page |RONDO THEME AND VARIATIONS ROUND CANON MINUET & TRIO PROGRAMME MIDDLE 8 STROPHIC THROUGH - COMPOSED CODA CADENZA LEITMOTIV * A form in music where the first section comes back after each contrasting section ABACADAEAetc A form in music where each section changes the main theme through speed, | tonality, time signature or rhythm Each part sings or plays the melody entering one after the other Strict imitation where one part sings or plays the melody with another part entering sho afterwards with exactly the same melody A dance with 3 beats in the bar. The trio is a contrasting minuet after which the first minuet returns Music which tells a story or describes a scene or picture O Modulating 8 bars connecting 2 related sections Music / song with a recurring verse and Chorus ‘Music / song that does not have a chorus or repeat The concluding section at the end of a movement or section to give a final effect A show-off passage in a Concerto where the soloist performs a solo passage showing how well they play the instrument recurring theme throughout a work which represents a person, event or idea. Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) + 2009 DME Page |RITORNELLO * SONATA FORM * EXPOSITION * BRIDGE * TRANSITION * Returning passage. In a Concerto Grosso it is the main theme played by the orchestra Often describes the form of the first movements of sonatas, symphonies and overtures, Falls into 3 sections : Exposition - Development - Recapitulation, The first section of a movement in Sonata Form or the first section of a Fugue. A link between 2 themes. In sonata form the transition or bridge passage links the first subject group to the second subject group and also modulates to the key of the second. Similar to above. Bass lines can be constructed in different ways WALKING BASS. GROUND BASS ALBERTI BASS ‘A moving bass line with notes of the same value. They usually move in step A theme repeated in the bass many times while the upper parts are varied Broken chords played in the left hand while the right hand plays the melody Usually found only on piano Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG Page |BASSO CONTINUO * Found in Baroque Music. Consists of a Bass Line usually played by cello, bass, viola or bassoon in addition to a keyboard part - CO harpsichord or organ. The players would fill in missing harmonies. Page | Higher Music Concepts (Tat2 / Higher) : 2009 DMEWords in this section describe instruments, ensembles and how they are used Voices are as follows:~ SOPRANO MEZZO-SOPRANO ALTO COUNTERTENOR TENOR BARITONE BASS The highest range of female voice Female voice range lying between a soprano and alto The lowest female voice Male adult voice range higher than a tenor. Can sometimes sound like a female. Sound is produced by singing in what is called the ‘head voice’ Ahhigh adult male voice Male voice range lying between a tenor and a bass The lowest male voice Concepts describing vocals are:- A CAPPELLA LEAD VOCALS BACKING VOCALS Unaccompanied singing The main singers in a group Singers who support the main singer usually by singing in harmony in the background Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DME OCHORAL Music for voices with more than one singer on each part COLORATURA * Term used to describe highly decorative, florid, vocal singing involving scales and ornaments, The singer would sometimes exceed their vocal range. SPRECHGESANG * Technique used in vocal music where the singer is required to use the voice in an expressive manner half way between singing and speaking. 20° C. technique. Sections of the Orchestra:- STRINGS Consisting : Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass and Harp WooDWIND Consisting: Piccolo, Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, Saxophone and Bassoon BRASS Consisting: Trumpet, Trombone, Horn and Tuba PERCUSSION Consisting: Tuned ~ Glockenspiel, Xylophone, Marimba, Metalophone etc Consisting : Untuned ~ Drumkit, Timpani, Triangle, Cymbals, Tambourine ete Each section has concepts associated with them:- STRINGS:~ BOWING When strings are played with a bow ARCO Another word for Bowing PLUCKING Using fingers to pick the strings Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DME =) Page |PIZZICATO STRUMMING SLAPPING DOUBLE STOPPING COL LEGNO TREMOLANDO TREMOLO VIBRATO HARMONICS * WOODWIND:- BLOWING FLUTTER TONGUING Sound made by plucking the strings with fingers Sound produced by drawing fingers or a plectrum across the strings Method of playing a bass guitar where the thumb is used to hit the strings Sound produced by bowing more than one string at a time Sound produced by bouncing the wooden side of the bow on the strings - gives a clicking sound Trembling, quivering effect Rapid up and down movement on the strings creating an agitated effect. Can also be produced by playing different notes at least a 3“ apart on piano or wind instruments A rapid but minute fluctuation in pitch to give an expressive quality to a note. The high eerie like sounds produced on a bowed string instrument by lightly touching the string at certain points. On a guitar this will sound “bell like" Sound produced by blowing into or across the mouth piece ‘A method of tonguing in which the player rolls the letter 'r’. It is particularly effective on flute but also used on brass Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 OMG Oo Page |BRASS:- BLOWING Sound produced by blowing into or across the mouth piece MUTED Using a device which reduces the volume or alters the sound of an instrument CON SORDINO Musical term for muted PERCUSSION:- STRIKING Sound is produced by hitting an instrument ORCHESTRA SECTIONS:~ CONSORT * An old English word, from the Renaissance and early Baroque periods for a group of instruments or chamber ensemble. A Whole consort applies to one family of instruments such as Viols or Recorders, while a Broken consort applies to mixed families. RIPIENO * The main, larger group of instruments ina Concerto Grosso. CONCERTINO * The smaller, solo, group of players ina Concerto Grosso Scottish Instruments:- ACCORDION Instrument with a keyboard in which the sounds are produced by squeezing bellows with the arms FIDDLE Another name for the violin PIPES Short for Bagpipes Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) + 2009 DMG O Oo Page 23Instrumental effects:- BENDING Changing the pitch of a note - for example By pushing a guitar string upwards. ROLLS A very fast repetition of a note ona percussion instrument like snare drum or timpani. DISTORTION An electronic effect used in rock music to colour the sound of the electric guitar REVERB An electronic effect which can give the impression of different hall acoustics DELAY An electronic effect which repeats a note or a phrase General instrumental concepts: GLISSANDO Rapid sliding up or down the notes Popular on piano, harp and trombone SUSTAINED When the sound is held on STACCATO Short, crisp, detached notes LEGATO Notes played smoothly CRESCENDO Getting louder DIMINUENDO Getting quieter Individual instruments:- ELECTRIC GUITAR Guitar which requires an amplifier to produce sound ACOUSTIC GUITAR A guitar which does not require an amplifier to produce the sound Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DME Page |12-STRING GUITAR SLIDE GUITAR FRETLESS BASS GUITAR DRUMKIT ELECTRONIC DRUMS PIANO ORGAN SYNTHESISER RECORDER PAN PIPES SITAR TABLA A guitar that is double strung having 2 notes per pitch A method of playing a guitar whereby the player uses « metal tube or bottleneck around his finger and slides it across the frets to change the pitch A bass guitar with no frets - closer in tone to a double bass Percussion instrument were tuned skins are hit with sticks Drumkit where the sounds are electronically recreated along with other percussion sounds Keyboard instrument where the sound is produced by hammers hitting sticks A keyboard instrument usually found in churches - often more than 1 keyboard Keyboard instrument capable of making new and unusual electronic sounds Early woodwind instrument sound produced by blowing - four types, descant, treble, tenor and bass Pipes which are graded in size and bound together with the sound produced by blowing across the top of the pipes A string instrument from India, In addition to melody strings it has a drone and strings which vibrate with each other Two Indian drums tuned to different pitches and often used to accompany a sitar Higher Music Concepts (Ent2 / Higher) : 2009 DME O Page |Bands and ensembles:- BRASS BAND CEILIDH BAND MILITARY BAND PIPE BAND ROCK BAND STEEL BAND SCOTTISH DANCE BAND WIND BAND FOLK GROUP JAZZ GROUP POP GROUP GHANATAN DRUM ENSEMBLE LATIN PERCUSSION ENSEMBLE nm A band containing brass instruments u and percussion A band containing fiddles, drums and accordion. Mainly used to accompany dancing A band containing woodwind, brass and percussion ‘A band containing Bagpipes and drums A band containing guitars, bass guitars, drums and vocals A West Indian band containing instruments made out of oil drums Each drum is hammered into panels to make different pitches A band containing fiddle, accordion, piano and drums A band containing woodwind, brass and percussion instruments, Usually intended for performance in a Concert Hall A group of instrumentalists and singer's performing songs from a particular country |_] A group which performs jazz containing, drumkit, piano and trumpet A group of instrumentalists and singers performing modern day popular music es West African percussion instruments drums, bells and shakes which are played together A set of percussion instruments playing music from Latin America, Brazil and Cuba = L_I Higher Musie Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG Page |CHAMBER MUSIC Music written for a small instrumental ensemble with one player to a part . Higher Musie Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMESTYLES / FORMS Page | 28 Words in this section describe the original form /style of the music in relation to the history of music Musical periods: BAROQUE Music written between 1600-1750. Popular composers were Bach and Handel CLASSICAL Music written between 1750-1810. Popular composers were Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven ROMANTIC Music written between 1810-1900. Popular composers were Chopin, Schubert and Tchaikovsky LATE ROMANTIC * Music of the late 19* Century and early 20" Century which retains the dramatic al intensity of the earlier 19" C. Music contains | vast instrumental forces and large scale compositions, NATIONALIST * A term used to describe music which incorporates elements of folk music of = the composers’ country. It emerged around the second half of the 19" Century. Vocal styles/forms:- HYMN TUNE A simple melody used in the church OPERA A secular drama set to music featuring vocals with orchestral accompaniment mq Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMGORATORIO RECITATIVE ARTA DA CAPO ARTA * CHORUS PLAINCHANT * CHANT * MASS * A musical setting of a biblical story featuring vocals and orchestra. No acting or staging Vocal writing found in Opera, Oratorio and Cantata following the rhythm or speech Tt is often half sung / half spoken in order to move on the story or plot A song found in an Opera, Oratorio and Cantata usually with orchestral accompaniment An aria in ternary form. The 3% section is not written out but the instruction Da Capo (from the beginning) is given instead. The first section is repeated ina highly ornamented fashion. A group of singers with several voices to each part, Used in Opera, Oratorio and Cantata Also known as Plainsong. Unaccompanied melody set to words of the Roman Catholic liturgy such as the Mass. Plainchants are Modal and have no regular metre. ‘Sung in Latin. Unaccompanied vocal music to which the words of psalms are sung in the Church Of England. From Renaissance period, a large scale sacred choral work featuring a Latin text and polyphonic texture, Usually performed a cappella, Listen for eg, Kyrie, Benedictus, Gloria, etc. Higher Music Concepts (Znt2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG Page | 29MOTET * ANTHEM * MADRIGAL * BALLETT * CANTATA PASSION CHORALE MUSICAL. LIED * SONG CYCLE * From the Renaissance period, a religious choral composition, usually unaccompanied (a cappella ) for the Roman Catholic Church in Latin and is the equivalent of the Anthem of the reformed church Short sacred choral work sung in English Sometimes unaccompanied but sometimes accompanied by organ From the Renaissance period, a non-religious work, polyphonic in style and using imitation The text is sung in English. A madrigal easily recognised by it's ‘Fah-la-la’ chorus, A small scale Oratorio Type of Oratorio describing the Crucifixion. ‘Sung in German and features a Chorale German Hymn tune written in four parts for Soprano, Alto, Tenor and Bass Usually Homophonic in texture Popular musical play featuring vocals and orchestra From the Romantic period, music for solo voice and piano sung in German, A group of songs linked by a common theme or with a text written by the same author usually accompanied by piano or sometimes small ensembles or full orchestra. Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG OJ O Page |Instrumental styles/forms:- PAVAN * GALLIARD * OVERTURE * SONATA * SUITE * CONCERTO CONCERTO GROSSO * FUGUE * CHORALE PRELUDE * SYMPHONY A Renaissance court dance linked with the Galliard, The pavan is slow and stately with 2 beats in the bar. (Remember - PA-VAN - 2syllables) A Renaissance court dance which follows a Pavan. The Galliard is quick and lively and has 3 beats in the bar. (Remember - GALL-I-ARD - 3 syllables) A piece of orchestral music which introduces «a large-scale work such as an opera, oratorio or musical, A work for solo piano of solo instrument ‘and piano A set of dances or a collection of pieces that stand on their own or are part of a larger scale work. A work for solo instrument and orchestra From the Baroque period, a concerto in which a group of soloists (concertino) is combined and contrasted with a larger group (ripieno). A contrapuntal piece based ona theme (subject) announced in one part alone and then imitated by others in close succession. An extended work for organ based on a chorale melody. Usually found in the Baroque era. A large work for orchestra in four movements Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DE Page | 31FANFARE SCHERZO AIR * SYMPHONIC POEM * CHACONNE * PASSACAGLIA * Scottish styles/forms:- BOTHY BALLAD GAELIC PSALMS MOUTH MUSIC SCOTS BALLAD WAULKING SONG A short piece played on trumpets usually indicating an important occasion or event A lively movement in triple time often found ina symphony, sonata or chamber music A song or simple melody, sometimes the title of a movement or suite. A full symphonic work in one movement which tells a story in sound, often called a tone poern. 20" Century. A vocal or instrumental composition in slow, stately three-beat time with a Ground Bass. Popular in the 17th Century in keyboard music Originally a slow stately dance of the 17th century, this term now applies to a piece with a theme which is continually repeated, but not necessarily in the bass like a Chaconne. Folk song with many verses telling a story of rural or farming / working life Unaccompanied songs sung in gaelic. One member of the congregation starts and the rest follow Gaelic nonsense words sung in imitation of the sound of bagpipes as an accompaniment to dancing A slow Scottish song telling a story Gaelic work song sung by women. One woman leads and the others follow. The sound of the tweed being 'waulked' or hit against the work surface is heard in the background Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG O Page |JIé MARCH STRATHSPEY REEL WALTZ, PIBROCH SLOW AIR * Jazz styles/forms:- BLUES BOOGIE-WOOGIE DIXIELAND IMPROVISATION RAGTIME A fast Scottish dance in compound time ‘Music with a strong steady pulse with two or four beats in the bar A Scottish dance with four beats in the bar featuring dotted rhythms and a Scotch Snap A fast Scottish dance in simple time with two or four beats in the bar. A dance in simple time with three beats in the bar Classical music for the solo bagpipe usually in variation form A slow traditional song usually played on the fiddle or the bagpipes Music written in 4/4 time and mostly patterned in a 12-bar structure and on a scale where some notes are flattened - the blues scale Blues style for the piano where the left had plays an Ostinato with the right hand improvising freely Performed by a small group of players where group improvisations and solos are popular ‘Music made up on the spot by the performer A style of dance music popular at the end of the 19"" Century. Often played on the piano and featuring a strongly syncopated melody in the right hand against a steady vamp in the left hand Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DME Page | 3SWING: JAZZ FUNK * A jaz style started in the 1930's usually performed by Big Bands A combination of Jazz improvisation and the amplified instruments and character of rock, Latin American styles/forms:- SAMBA SALSA Very lively, syncopated dance with 2 beats in the bar featuring a set of percussion instruments as the foundation ‘A musical style originating in Cuba ‘An important element is the rhythm provided by a large percussion section 20" Century styles/forms:- IMPRESSIONIST MINIMALIST ALEATORIC NEO-CLASSICAL * A term borrowed from painting in which musical ideas merge to create a rather blurred and vague outline, Debussy was an important composer of this style A 20" Century development where simple rhythmic and melodic figures are repeated very slight changes each time Chance music. Players have a free choice as to the rhythm and pitch of the music. No two performances will be exactly the same. Music written from 1929 onwards as a reaction to Romanticism. Composers returned to the structures and the styles of the earlier period but included dissonant, tonal and atonal harmonies. Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DMG O OSERIAL * MUSIQUE CONCRETE * General styles/forms:- COUNTRY GHANATAN INDIAN INDONESIAN GAMELAN POP ROCK SOUL Method of composition in which the twelve notes of the chromatic scale are organised into a series or tone row. The row can be transposed, inverted or played in retrograde. Recorded natural sounds which are transformed using simple editing techniques such as playing backwards, slowing or speeding. An American style of popular music featuring banjo, guitar, drums and sometimes vocals Music from West India Music from India using instruments such as the sitar and tabla Type of percussion instruments from Indonesia, The instruments are usually metal and tuned and the music is built up in layers Popular music performed by a group of musicians. Usually music that has been in the charts Popular music with a steady driving beat Afro-American popular music including elements of blues, gospel and conveying strong emotions. Higher Music Concepts (Int2 / Higher) : 2009 DME Page | 35