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Chu de 2 - Phu Gia Bao Quan - Phan 1.
Chu de 2 - Phu Gia Bao Quan - Phan 1.
PHẦN 1:
PHỤ GIA CHỐNG VI SINH VẬT
1. KHÁI QUÁT CHUNG
• Sự hư hỏng của thực phẩm
• Cách thức hạn chế sự hư hỏng của thực
phẩm
1.1 TÁC NHÂN GÂY HƯ HỎNG THỰC PHẨM
– The lower the value for pKa, the stronger the acid.
– The higher the value for pKa, the weaker the acid.
-5
benzoic acid C6H5CO2H 6.4 10
+ -
H + C6H5CO2
-4
lactic acid CH3CH(OH)CO2H 1.38 10
+ -
H + CH3CH(OH)CO2
-5
propionic acid CH3CH2CO2H 1.3 10
+ -
H + CH3CH2CO2
SỬ DỤNG PEROXYT
• 928 Benzoyl peroxide • Có tác dụng kháng
khuẩn nhờ:
– Tham gia vào quá
trinh kích hoạt hệ
thống Lactoperoxidase
system (cùng với
thiocyanate)
– Phá hủy DNA
• Có hiệu quả đối với vi
khuẩn và nấm
NITRITES
• Kháng khuẩn: ức chế • 251 Sodium nitrate
sự phát triển và sinh • 250 Sodium nitrite
độc tố của Clostridium • 252 Potassium nitrate
botulinum
• 249 Potassium nitrite
• Tạo màu
• Tạo mùi
• Cải thiện cấu trúc
PHOSPHATES
• Tác dụng kháng • 339(iii) Trisodium
khuẩn chủ yếu nhờ: phosphate
– Khả năng tạo phức với
ion kim loại
– Phá hỏng màng tế
bào
• Bên cạnh đó còn có
tác dụng chống oxy
hóa, tăng khả năng
liên kết với nước và
giữ ẩm.
SỬ DỤNG CHẤT TẠO PHỨC
(CHELATOR/SEQUESTRANTS)
• 385 Calcium disodium
ethylenediaminetetraacetate
• 386 Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate
SỬ DỤNG SULFITES
• Làm chậm quá trình phát • 227 Calcium hydrogen
triển của VSV sulfite
• Có tác dụng trong môi • 228 Potassium bisulfite
trường có pH thấp • 224 Potassium
• Bên cạnh đó, còn có tác metabisulfite
dụng hạn chế phản ứng • 225 Potassium sulfite
nâu hóa nhờ có tác dụng • 222 Sodium hydrogen
ức chế sự hoạt động của sulfite
polyphenol oxidase.
• 223 Sodium metabisulfite
• 221 Sodium sulfite
• 539 Sodium thiosulfate
• 220 Sulfur dioxide
SỬ DỤNG PHENOL
• 232 Sodium ortho-phenylphenol
• 231 ortho-Phenylphenol
• 230 Diphenyl
SỬ DỤNG LYSOZYME (INS/E 1105)
• Lysozyme (1,4-β-N-acetylmuramidase; EC
3.2.1.17) is a 14,600-Da enzyme present in avian
eggs, mammalian milk, tears and other secretions,
insects, and fish.
• The enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of the β-1,4
glycosidic bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid
and N-acetylglucosamine of the peptidoglycan of
bacterial cell walls. This causes cell wall
degradation and lysis in hypotonic solutions.
• Lysozyme is stable to heat (80°C for 2 min). It is
inactivated at lower temperatures when the pH is
increased. It has an optimum temperature for
activity of 55–60°C but has ca. 50% activity at
10–25°C (Inovatech, 2000).
SỬ DỤNG BACTERIOCINS
• Bacteriocin are compounds which can be used to
kill bacterial cells of other closely related
bacterial species (bactericidal) or inhibit their
growth (bacteriostatic).
• The mode of action of these bactericidal
compounds involves rupturing the cell
membrane of the microbe, thus destroying the
lipid bilayer structure and forcing some
cytoplasmic contents out.
BACTERIOCINS ĐƯỢC PHÉP SỬ
DỤNG LÀM PHỤ GIA THỰC PHẨM
• Nisin (E234): a stable polypeptide compound produced by
some strains of Lactobacillus lactis and is quite effective
against many Gram-positive bacteria
– It works mainly by damaging the cell membrane.
– It is used in a number of applications, but is particularly
useful for preventing the spoilage of cheese by the
bacteria Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Cl. butyricum,
which cause ‘late blowing’ during ripening. Nisin has
other applications in canned foods, dressings, bakery
products and cooked sausages, but is somewhat limited
by its comparatively narrow spectrum of activity – it is
not effective against Gram-negative bacteria or fungi –
and by the fact that it is most effective at low pH.
– The effectiveness of nisin against Gram-negative bacteria
can be improved if chelating agents, such as EDTA, are
present.
PHÂN BIỆT
Prebiotics/probiotics/antibiotics/bacteriocins
• Prebiotics are ‘non‐living’ food ingredients that reach the
large intestine unaffected by digestion, and ‘feed’ the
good bacteria in our gut helping them to grow and
flourish. Prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS)
and galacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS) are naturally found in
many foods including:
– Legumes
– Whole wheat products
– Rye based foods
– Artichokes
– Onions
– Cabbage
– Garlic and
– Chicory root which contains inulin
• Probiotics: Probiotics are types of ‘living’ friendly
bacteria similar to those that inhabit our digestive
tract. Probiotics help to maintain healthy levels of
good bacteria in the intestines, they support our
immune defences, are useful for anyone suffering
from the uncomfortable symptoms of bloating, gas or
flatulence and may assist in decreasing the duration of
diarrhoea in kids. They may also help to restore good
bacteria after a course of antibiotics. There are many
different types of probiotics and each behaves a little
differently. You might be familiar with lactobacillus
acidophilus and bifidibacterium lactis, which are often
found in yoghurt.
• An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the
growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are one class of
antimicrobials. Antibiotics are chemicals produced
by or derived from microorganisms. Some
antibiotics are bactericidal, meaning that they
work by killing bacteria. Other antibiotics
are bacteriostatic, meaning that they work by
stopping bacteria multiplying.
• Bacteriocins are proteinaceous toxins produced
by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or
closely related bacterial strain(s). They are
typically considered to be narrow spectrum
antibiotics, though this has been debated
• Organisms which might be resistant for
antibiotic, might not be resistant for
bacteriocins.
• Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial infections,
probiotics are most commonly utilized to
repopulate helpful bacteria in the human body.
Natamycin (Piramicin)
• Natamycin (C33H47NO13; MW, 665.7 Da) is a
polyene macrolide antibiotic
• Natamycin is active against nearly all molds and
yeasts, but has no effect on bacteria or viruses.
• Several factors affect the stability and resulting
antimycotic activity of natamycin,including pH,
temperature, light, oxidants, and heavy metals.
• While pH has no apparent effect on antifungal
activity, it does influence stability of the
compound.
XU HƯỚNG SỬ DỤNG PHỤ GIA KIỂM
SOÁT SỰ HOẠT ĐỘNG CỦA VSV
• Sử dụng phối hợp nhiều phương
pháp/cách thức bảo quản khác nhau -
Công nghệ Hurdle
• Kết hợp với các chất bảo quản có nguồn
gốc tự nhiên, có tính chọn lọc cao
CÔNG NGHỆ HURDLE
(Hurdle technology)
Principal hurdles used for food preservation (Leistner, 1995)
Parameter Symbol Application
High temperature F Heating
Low temperature T Chilling, freezing
Reduced water activity aw Drying, curing, conserving
Carbon dioxide, ethanol, lactic acid, lactoperoxidase, low pH, low redox
potential, low water activity, Maillard reaction products, organic acids,
Physicochemical oxygen, ozone, phenols,
phosphates, salt, smoking, sodium nitrite/nitrate, sodium or potassium
sulphite, spices and herbs, surface treatment agents