HUMAN

SETTLEMENTS
DEFINITION
Human Settlement means cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings to live.
Settlements could be small and sparsely spaced; they may also be large and closely spaced. The sparsely
located small settlements are called villages, specializing in agriculture or other primary activities. Human
settlements should satisfy MAN.

The human settlement consists of:

• THE CONTENT: Man, alone and in societies;
• THE CONTAINER: The physical settlement, which consists of both natural and man-made or artificial
elements.

Nature alone, without Man, cannot be said to form a settlement or even a CONTAINER, since it has no
human CONTENT. Even a man-made settlement, if no longer inhabited by Man, cannot be considered a
human settlement.

The two basic elements of human settlements, the CONTENT and the CONTAINER, can be
further subdivided into five ELEMENTS:
• NATURE: Providing the foundation upon which the settlement is created and the frame within which it can function.
• MAN: The CONTENT itself, alone and in societies.
• SOCIETY: Social groups that formed by Man- the CONTENT.
• SHELLS: The structures within which Man lives and carries out his different functions.
• NETWORKS: The natural and man-made systems, which facilitate the functioning of the settlement, as for example: roads,
water supply, electricity, etc.
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND ITS ASPECTS
Winston Churchill (prime minister of United Kingdom ) expressed it very well when he said: We shape our buildings and they shape us.

The only way of understanding the human settlements properly is, perhaps, by looking at their different aspects separately and then by
studying their interconnections in forming a whole. To achieve this, FUNCTION should be separated from STRUCTURE. Even though
man starts out with FUNCTIONS, which are expressed by STRUCTURES, man gradually find themselves with STRUCTURES, which
have created so many communities that they necessarily define the FUNCTIONS. In time man cannot separate one from the other and
becomes confused.

HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND ITS PARTS

Composite human settlements of all sizes consist of four
categories of basic PARTS as shown in the figure. They are:
• The Homogeneous Part
• The Central Part
• The Circulatory Part
• The Special Part
TIMELINE OF HUMEN SETTLEMENT

This timeline of human prehistory comprises the time from the first appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa 200,000 years ago to the invention
of writing and the beginning of history approximately 5,500 years ago. From Darwin’s (The theory of evolution) time on there can be no excuse
whatsoever for underestimating the great understanding of phenomena and situations that a correct theory of evolution can offer.

https://newsofthenewage.wordpress.com/2017/04/01/timeline-of-human-prehistory/
The
period of
non-
organized
settlemen
ts is a
long
period of
the pre-
history of
Man,
covering
several
hundreds
of years.
PALEOLITHIC
AGE
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic or Palæolithic also called the Old
Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the
original development of stone tools that covers c. 99% of the time
period of human technological prehistory.
• Hunters, nomads
• There was no permanent home (trees, cave)
• As they haunted and gathered according to their need and food , home was
temporary
• Climate was cold
• Humans were wearing fur clothing by this date
• Made tools of stone, bone (primarily deer), and wood, cutters, scrapers, hand
axes.
• They used spare tips and sticks.
• Animistic religion
• Ceremonial burial
• Musical instrument
• Low population density
MESOLITHIC
AGE
The Mesolithic (Greek: μέσος, mesos "middle";
λίθος, lithos "stone") is the Old World archaeological period
between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

• Backed blade, core, point, triangle, lunate and trapeze are the main Mesolithic tools
• The people of this age practiced painting.
• Their paintings depicted birds, animals, and human beings.
• They used to wear clothes made up of bark and leaves in the summers and in the winters they used to wear animal skins
• These houses are more like our houses than any others in the Stone Age. They had foundations and they were built of wood and wattle and
daub (a mixture of manure, clay, mud and hay stuck to sticks). They were sometimes made of stones. The roofs were made of straw.
NEOLITHIC
AGE
The Neolithic also known as the "New Stone Age"), the final division of the Stone Age, began about 12,000 years ago when
the first developments of farming appeared in the Epipalaeolithic Near East, and later in other parts of the world. The
Neolithic Revolution, also called the Agricultural Revolution started around 10,000 B.C.

• More advanced shaped tools like bow, arrow, harpoons

• Antlers, wooden plows ends with metal ends
• Use of statues, monuments and temples for religion
• Monumental burial mounds
• Trading goods
• Town/cities-center of population
• Elites and lower class
• Surpluses have to protected
• People learn how to grow crops
• Domesticated animals, fish and insects for skin, milk and meat.
• Use of natural dyes
• Fabric using linen and wool
The Earth entered a warming trend around 14,000 years ago at the end of the last
Ice Age. Some scientists theorize that climate changes drove the Agricultural
Revolution.

Effects of the Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution led to masses of people establishing permanent
settlements supported by farming and agriculture. It paved the way for the
innovations of the ensuing Bronze Age and Iron Age, when advancements in
creating tools for farming, wars and art swept the world and brought civilizations
together through trade and conquest.

Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, two miles (3 km) west

of Amesbury. It consists of a ring of standing stones, each around 13 feet (4.0 m)
high, seven feet (2.1 m) wide, and weighing around 25 tons. The stones are set
within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze
Age monuments in England, including several hundred tumuli (burial mounds).

https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/neolithic-revolution