Pharmaco Go Nosy

Author: Krishna B.
Bhansali
Co-authors : Dhiraj Sikwal
Rashmi Yadav
PHARMACOGNOSY
AT GLANCE
PHAMACOGNOSY AT GLANCE
The Pharmacognosy at glance has envisaged for students appearing for GPAT, NIPPER, Drug control officer
and universities examinations. It has been designed with short and precise information in form of tables,
flow charts and tree diagrams. This book extracts all valuable information to small pocket sized format for
easy and quick revision for students.
Salient features:
 First time precise & short pharmacognosy book available in mobile application.
 All classification with supreme enlightenment.
 Harmonized all pharmacognostic drug with their chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and microscopy
and chemical tests in simple format.
 All data with easy reminding tricks and rapid learning
 Explains by diagrammatic presentation, flow charts and tree diagrams.
 Covers complete syllabus of pharmacognosy.
 It is a unique book provides all accessible information at glance for students for quick and easy revision.
 First time chapter wise hyperlinking in pharmacy mobile app.
PHARMACOGNOSY AT GLANCE
Table of Content
Table of Content
A. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE,CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT ANDPHARMACEUTICAL USES ...................................................................................................6
1.Glycosides..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Anthracene/Anthraquinone glycosides....................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2 Phenol glycosides....................................................................................................................................................................................................9
1.3 Steroid glycosides/Cardiac glycosides....................................................................................................................................................................9
1.4 Flavonoid glycosides.............................................................................................................................................................................................11
1.5 Flavanone glycosides.............................................................................................................................................................................................12
1.6 Furanocoumarin glycosides...................................................................................................................................................................................12
1.7 Cyanogenetic/cyanophoric glycosides..................................................................................................................................................................13
1.8 Thioglycosides/Isothiocynate glycosides..............................................................................................................................................................14
1.9 Steroidal saponin...................................................................................................................................................................................................14
1.10 Triterpenoid saponin............................................................................................................................................................................................15
1.11 Aldehyde glycosides............................................................................................................................................................................................17
1.12 Bitter glycosides/others.......................................................................................................................................................................................17
2. Alkaloids..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
2.1 Indole alkaloids-....................................................................................................................................................................................................18
2.2 Isoquinoline alkaloids-..........................................................................................................................................................................................19
2.3 Tropane alkaloids-.................................................................................................................................................................................................20
2.4 Quinoline alkaloids-..............................................................................................................................................................................................21
2.5 Pyridine alkaloids-.................................................................................................................................................................................................22
2.6 Imidazole alkaloids-..............................................................................................................................................................................................22
2.7 Quinazoline alkaloids-...........................................................................................................................................................................................23
2.8 Purine alkaloids-....................................................................................................................................................................................................23

2.9 Steroidal alkaloids-................................................................................................................................................................................................24
2.10 Amino alkaloids- Proto Alkaloids.......................................................................................................................................................................24
3. Terpenoids...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
3.1 Monoterpenoids containing drugs.........................................................................................................................................................................25
3.2 Sesquiterpenoids containing drugs........................................................................................................................................................................31
3.3 Diterpenoids containing drugs...............................................................................................................................................................................32
3.4 Triterpenoids containing drugs..............................................................................................................................................................................32
3.5 Tetraterpenoids and polyterpenoids containing drugs...........................................................................................................................................33
4. Resins and resins combination............................................................................................................................................................................................33
5. Tannins................................................................................................................................................................................................................................37
5.1 Hydrolysable Tannins............................................................................................................................................................................................37
5.2 Condensed Tannins................................................................................................................................................................................................38
6. CARBOHYDRATES AND PRODUCTS..........................................................................................................................................................................39
7. Lipids (fixed oil,fats, and waxes)........................................................................................................................................................................................44
8. Enzymes...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................47
9.0 Proteins drugs....................................................................................................................................................................................................................50
B. CLASSIFICATION OFPHARMACOGNOSTIC DRUGS ..........................................................................................................................................................52
1. Glycosides...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................53
2. Alkaloids..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................55
3. Terpenoids...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................59
4. Lipids (fixed oil, fats, and waxes).......................................................................................................................................................................................62
5. Resins..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................64
6.0 Classification of tannin......................................................................................................................................................................................................65
7.0 Colouring agents................................................................................................................................................................................................................66
8. Mineral drugs.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................67
9. Marine drugs........................................................................................................................................................................................................................68
C. CHEMICAL TEST FORALL PHARMACOGNOSTIC DRUGS ................................................................................................................................................70
1. Glycosides...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................71
2. Akaloids...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................75
3. Tannin..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................76
4. Resins..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................78
5. VOLATILE OILS................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
6. FLAVONOIDS....................................................................................................................................................................................................................79
8. FIXED OILS........................................................................................................................................................................................................................82
E. MICROSCOPY OF CRUDE DRUGS.........................................................................................................................................................................................108
1. Stomata..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................109
2. TRICHOME......................................................................................................................................................................................................................110
3. Calcium oxalate crystals or calciphytoliths.......................................................................................................................................................................111
4. EPIDERMIS......................................................................................................................................................................................................................112
5. VASCULAR BUNDLES..................................................................................................................................................................................................112
6. Microscopic evaluation by (Leaf constants)......................................................................................................................................................................113
7. Plant harmones..................................................................................................................................................................................................................114
8. Difference between organised and unorganised drugs......................................................................................................................................................116
F. PLANT AND its ACTIONS.........................................................................................................................................................................................................117
Drugs made from plants: Drug name, pharmacological action and species..........................................................................................................................118
G. STANDARDISATION OFHERBAL PRODUCTS ....................................................................................................................................................................124
H. DEFINATION OF MEDICINALTERM IN PHARMACOGNOSY ..........................................................................................................................................129
A. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE,
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT AND
PHARMACEUTICAL USES
1. Glycosides
1.1 Anthracene/Anthraquinone glycosides
Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

test
Dried latex of leaves of Aloeemodin(freebase),Emodin,aloi Purgative,External aid to

Aloe barbadensis (Curaca n(barbaloin), isobarbaloin, aloesin. painfulinflammation,
Aloe) important ingredient in
Aloe Aloe ferox (Cape Aloe) Positive for borax test,bromine benzoin tincture,relief in
test,modified borntragers test.
Aloe perryi (Socotrine Aloe) itching and pains,use
Special test: Nitrous acid test,Nitric acid
Aloe africana (Cape Aloe) test,cupraloin test(klunges) along with carminative
Family-Liliaceae
Rhizomes and roots of Anthraquinones with COOH Chronic

Rheum officinale moiety-rhein,Glucorhein; eczema,psoriasis,
Rhubarb/ R. palmatum Anthraquinones without COOH trichophytosis,keratolyti
Rheum, R. emodi moiety-Emodin,Aloe- c
Radix rhei R. webbiaum emodin,Chrysophanol;Palmidin- agent,bitter,stomachic,di
Family-Polygonaceae A,B,C,gallic acid, tannin,rheinolic arrhea,purgative
acid, pectin,calcium oxalate
Positive to modified borntrager test

Driedbark of Rhamanus Barbaloin,deoxybarbaloin
CascaraSagrada purshiana (chrysaloin),cascarosides A,B,C &D, Stimulant,laxative
/Chitten bark Family-Rhamnaceae emodin, casanthranol
Positive for Modified borntragers test

due to C-glycosides
Senna/ Dried leaflets of Cassia Sennosides A,B,C & D, dimeric Purgative

Senna acutifolia (Alexandria glycosides-rhein,aloe emodin, Carminative
leaf,Tinnevelley senna),C. angustifolia Isorhamnetin,kampterol(phytoster
senna,Indian (Indian/ tinnevelley senna) ol),chrysaphanoc acid,caoxalate, Note: Allied drug;Dog senna
senna Family-Leguminoseae Salicylic (cassia obavata) leaf is
obovata shape
acid,mucilage.Anthraquinone ring at
Palthe senna(C. auriculata)
Microsco Indian Alexandri acidic group (COOH)-Sennosides A,B high
pic an senna crimson color obtained with
senna purgative property and ring at acidic
constant H SO
group (CH2OH)-Sennosides C,D low 2 4
vein islet 19-22 25-29 Adulterants: Argel leaves
purgative property
no. (about) (about) Coriario leaves
Stomatal 17-20 11-13 *Positive for Modified borntragers test
index (about) (about) Shows red color with ruthenium red
Palisade 7 or 5 9 or 7 solution
ratio (about) (about)
Dried aerial parts of Hypericin,hyperforin Antidepressant
Hypericum/ Hypericum perforatum
St.Jonhs wort Family-Hypericaceae
Colchineal Dried full grown female Carminic acid Colouring agent
insects enclosing young
larvae of Coccus cacti
Family-Coccidae
1.2 Phenol glycosides

test
Arbutin/ Dried leaves of Bergenia Arbutin,methyl Diuretic, antiseptic on
Bearberry leaves crassifolia arbutin,quercetin,gallic acid,ursolic urinarytract, astringent
Family-Saxifragaceae acid,tannin
Salicin/ It is obtain by Salicin,emulsin,saligenin,saliretin Analgesic,bitter

Willow bark bark,leaves,flower of Salix stomachic,antirheumatic
fragilis, agent
S. purpurea
Family-Saliaceae
1.3 Steroid glycosides/Cardiac glycosides

test
Digitalis/foxglove Dried leaves of Digitalis Primary glycoside-Purpurea Cardiotonic,controls of

purpurea glycosidesA,B,& C CHF,atrial flutter,atrial
Family-Scrophulariaceae Secondary glycoside- digitoxigenin, fibrillation,supraventrica
gitoxigenin,gitaloxigenin,tannin,gal lur tachycardia and
lic,benzoic premature extra systoles
Leaves dried at dark and acids,digitalin,diginin,gitin
temperature not exceeding 600C Substituents/Adulterants:
Great mullein leaves-leaves
of verbascum Thapsus
Primarose leaves- leaves of
primula vulgaris
Comfrey leaves- leaves of
symphytum officinale
Squill/Sea onion, Indian squill-dried slices of Cardiac glycosides(0.3%): scillaren Cardiotonic,stimulant,ex

Jangli pyaj the bulbs of Urginbea indica A,B alcohol soluble extractives(20- pectorant,
Europian or red squill- 40%),mucilages(40%)& calcium antiasthmatic, chronic
freshly slices of the inner oxalate bronchitis.
bulbs of Urginea maritime
Family-Liliaceae
Strophanthus Dried and ripe seeds of K-strophanthoside, K- Intravenously for

Strophanthus kombe strophanthride β,cymarin and main treating emergency
Strophanthus gratus(G- aglycone pat is strophanthidin cardiac conditions, orally
strophanthin,Ouabain) strophanthin is not
Family-Apocynaceae It shows positive for Baljet test,legal test active
and killer-killani
Thevetia Dried leaves of Thevetia Thevetin Cardiotonic
nerifolia
Family- Apocynaceae
1.4 Flavonoid glycosides

test
Rutin/Melin Dried plant part of Rutin,quercetin Decrease capillary
Fagopyrum esculentum fragility, retinal
(buckwheat plant) hemorrhages
Family-Polygonaceae
Quercetin Bark of Quercus tinctoria Quercetin upon hydrolysis yield Antioxidant,antiviral and
(3,3ʹ,4ʹ,5,7- Family-Hippocastanaceae rhamnose & Quercetin Hepatoprotective
pentahydroxyl-
flavone)
Gingko Dried leaves of Gingko biloba Gingkolide -A,B,C, kaempoferol, Vascular disorders,
Family-Gingkoaceae quercetin,isorhamnetin,ginkgetin,gi Raynaud disease, severe
nkolic acid sepsis,asthma(ginkolideB
)sugar coated tablet form use
contain extract
Silymarin/Milk Ripe seeds of Silybus Silybin,Silycrystin,silydianin,silyher Liver disorders,
thistle marianum min,betaine,apigenin,silybonol hepatoprotective, use in
Family-Asteraceae cirrhosis
1.5 Flavanone glycosides

test
Hesperidin/ Rind or peel or unripe, green Hesperidin Minimizing capillary
Cirantin citrus fruits; Bitter orange fragility,Hypertension,tr
(Citrus eatment of
aurantium),Lemons(Citrus cardiovascular,
limonis) Carminative
Family-Rutaceae
1.6 Furanocoumarin glycosides

test
Khellol glucoside/ Seeds of Ammi visnaga Khellin,visnagin Coronary vasodialator,

Visnaga Family-Umbelliferae potent smooth muscle
Seeds of Eranthis hyemalis relaxant, angina
Family-Ranunculaeae pectoris,asthma,
whooping cough, renal
pain
Psoralen/Lata Dried ripe fruits of Psoralea Psoralen,isopsoralen,psolaridin,8- Leprosy, leucoderma,

kasturi corylifolia methoxypsoralen,bergapten,angilic skin diseases, snake bite,
Family- Leguminoseae in,isobergapten,psoralenol,bavachr stomachic, anthelmintic
omanol,fixed oil, essential ,diuretic, laxative
oil,raffinose
1.7 Cyanogenetic/cyanophoric glycosides

test
Bitter almond Dried ripe kernels of Prunus Amygdalin, Hydrolysis product- Sedative due to HCN
amygdalus prunacin, mandelonitrile, content, demulscent in
Family-Rosaceae benzaldehyde, skin-lotion (oil form)
Hydrocyanic acid
Wild cherry bark Driedbark of Prunus serotina Prunasin (mandelonitrile Flovoured vehicle in
Family- Rosaceae glucoside),p-coumaric cough syrup, sedative
acid,scopoletin,gallic expectorant
acid,benzalehyde,hydrocyanic acid
Linseed/Flax seed Dried fully ripe seeds of Linamarin, fixed oils(33- Liniments &
Linum usitatissiumum 43%),mucilage present in lotion,treatment in
Family-Liliaceae testa(6%),proteins(25%) and linase scabies,skin disease
enzyme
1.8 Thioglycosides/Isothiocynate glycosides

test
Black mustard/ Dried ripe seeds of Brassica Βeta glucopyranoside termed as Rubefacient, counter
brown mustard nigra,B. juncea sinigrin or allyl glucosinolate, fixed irritant, emetic in higher
White mustard Dried ripe oil(30%), proteins(20%) and doses, condiment.
seeds of B. alba volatile oil.
Family-Liliaceae
1.9 Steroidal saponin

test
Dioscorea/Yam, Dried tubers of Dioscorea Diosgenin 4-6% aglycon part, Treatment of rheumatism
Rheumatism root delitoidea starch 75%,phenolic compound, arthritis,sex-harmones,
Family-Dioscoreaceae sapogenase enzyme oral contraceptive
preparation,
corticosteroids used.
Solanum Dried and full grown berries Solasonine,solasodine and fixed Starting material for the
khasianum/ of Solanum khasianum oil synthesis of steroidal
glyco alkaloid Family-Solanaceae drugs.
Shatavari/ Dried roots and leaves of Four Steroidal saponin shatavarin Galactogogue to promote
Shatamuli Asparagus racemosus I-IV, shatavarin I is major glycoside the flow of milk, tonic,
Family-Liliaceae present diuretic,
antioxytocic,nervine
disorder and
rheumatism,uterine
blocking activity
Safed musali Peeled tuberous roots of Hicogenin General tonic

Chlorophytum
borovovillianum
Family-Liliaceae
Gokhru Dried fruits Tribulus Steroidal sapogenins Diuretics
terrestris
Family-Zygophyllaeae
1.10 Triterpenoid saponin

test
Ginseng/Ninjin Dried roots of Panax ginseng Triterpenoid saponin, ginsenosides Tonic, stimulant,
(Korean), P. japonica (major), panaxosides, chikusetsu anaemia carminative,
(japanese), P. notoginseng saponins, oleanolic acid, diuretic, adaptogenic
(indian), panaxadiol, panaxatriol (antistress)
Family-Araliaceae
Liquorice Dried, peeled or Glycyrrhizin(glycyrrhizin acid) Demulscent,expectorant

unpeeled,roots, rhizomes or saponin like glycosides, its 50 times ,masking agent for bitter
stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra sweet than sugar,hydrolysis drug,flavouring agent in
Family-Leguminoseae product glycyrrhetinic acid with beverage,treatment in
two moles of glucuronic rheumatism,addition
acid,carbenoxolone is oleandane disease,inflammation
derivative having mineralocorticoid
activity& use in Note: Itenhances sodium&
antiulcer,liquiritin,isoliquiritoside, fluid retention, promotes
potassium depletion thus
mannitol,20% starch,umbelliferone
causescardiac problems or
and herniarin coumarin derivative hypertension so avoids
present. maximum consumption.
Senega/Snakeroot Dried roots and roots stock Two triterpenoid saponin Expectorant, chronic
of Polygala senega glycosides that are senegin (4%), bronchitis,emetic
Family-Polygalaceae polydallic acid (5.5%),senegenin,
senegenic acid,
presenegenin,polygalitol,fixed oil,
resin,sucrose
Bacopa/Bramhi Fresh stems and leaves of Bacoside A,B and bacogenin A,B Insanity,epilepsy,nerveto
Bacopa monnieri also contain Asiatic acid,brahmic nic,cardiotonic,diuretic,
Family-Scrophulariaceae acid antiasthmatic,mild
laxative
Quillaja/ Ineer dried bark of Quillaja Triterpenoid saponin glycosides, Mineral water industry,
Panama bark saponaria quilliac acid, shampoo
Family-Rosaceae sapotoxin,tannins,starch, etc. liquid,emulsifying
agent,foaming agent
1.11 Aldehyde glycosides

test
Vanilla Full grown,unripe fruit of 2-2.75% vanillin, glucovanillin, Flavouring agent
Vanilla planifolia vanillin alcohol
Family-Orchidaceae
1.12 Bitter glycosides/others

test
Picrorhiza/Katki, Dried rhizome of Picrorhiza Bitter glycosides,picroside Stomachic,febrifuge,laxa
Indian gentian kurroa I,picroside II and kutkoside-these tive,antibacterialand
Family-Scrophulariaceae are monoterpene iritoid also used in treatment
glycosides,resin, sugar & tannins ofjaundice activity
Kalmegh Dried leaves and tender Andrographolide Bitter tonic,

shoots of Andrographis anthelmentic,
paniculata hepatoprotective
Family-Acanthaceae
Gentian/Radix Dried rhizome & roots of Gentiopicrin also known as Bitter tonic in
Gentiana lutea gentiopicroside (2%), amarogenin anorexia,dyspepsia,impr
Family-Gentianaceae bitter in taste, amaroswerin ove dull appetite
gentioside, gentinin, gentisic acid
Chirata Dried plant of Swerlia Ophelic acid,bitter glycoside, Bitter tonic, febrifuge,
chirata chiratin, amarogentin, alkaloids- dyspepsia,diuretic,
Family-Gentianaceae gentianine, gentiocrucine antiepileptic
Gymnema Dried leaves of Gymnema Gymnemic acid Antidiabetic

sylvestre
Family-Asclepiadaceae
2. Alkaloids
2.1 Indole alkaloids- *Amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor

test
Ergot A fungal sclerotium of Ergometrinine,ergotaminine:dextr Oxytocic,prevent
Claviceps purpurea in ovary orotatory alkaloids and water postpartum
of rye plant Secele cereale soluble haemorrhage, use in
Family- of fungus Ergotamine,ergometrine: migrane
Claviciptaceae, laevorotatory alkaloids and water
Family of rye-Graminae insoluble It is controlled substance-
Positive for Van-urk reagent LSD
Showsblue color with p-
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Nux vomica/Crow Dried ripe seeds of 1.2% Strychnine,brucine,α- CNS stimulant,bitter

fig Strychnos nuxvomica colubrine,β- colubrine, novacine tonic,stomachic
Family-Loganiaceae
Physostigma/ Dried ripe seeds of Physostigmine,physovenine, Cholinergic,glaucoma(op
Calabar beans Physostigma venonosum eseramine, thalmic)
Family-Leguminosae eseroline,calabatine,calabasine
Rauwolfia/ Roots and rhizomes of Reserpine,deserpidine,rescinnamin Hypotensive,

Sarpagandha Rauwolfia serpentina e, ajmalcine, yohimbine,ajmaline tranquilizer,
Family- Apocynaceae
Vinca Entire plant of Catharanthus Vincristine,vinblastine, Aniticancer,mostly used

roseus catharanthine, vindoline, in hodgkins disease and
Family- Apocynaceae leukemia
2.2 Isoquinoline alkaloids- *Tyrosine/phenylalanine and DOPA is the biochemical precursor (amino acid)

test
Opium Dried latex from the Morphine,codeine,narcotine,papav Narcotic
capsules of Papaver erine,heroin,opium alkaloids are analgesic,diarrhea,
somniferum present as salts of meconic hypnotic sedative,local
Family- Papaveraceae acid,protopine and hydrocotarnine irritation of bronchial
are the minor tract,apomorphine is
opium,sugar,mucilage emetic
Curare Dried extract of stems & d-tubocurarine Skeletal muscle muscle
leaves of various plants from chloride,curine,curarine,isochondr relaxant,neuromuscular
Family- Loganiaceae odendrin,cycleanine,chondrocurin blocking actions
e
Ipecacunha/ Roots and rhizomes of Emetine,cephaline,psychotrine,o- Antiamoebic,emetic,exp
Ipecac Cephalis methyl ectorant
ipecacuanha,C.acuminate psychotrine,emetamine,ipecacuan
Family- Rubiaceae hin
Positive for frohdes reagent

Berberis Roots and rhizomes of Berberine,hydrastine To control uterine
Berberis aristata haemorrhage
Family- Berberidaceae
2.3 Tropane alkaloids- *Ornithine or arginine is the biochemical precursor(amino acid)

test
Bellodona/Deadly Dried leaves & flowering l-hyoscymine,atopine racemic Anticholinergic,
night shade leaf tops of Atropa bellodona or mixture,belladonine,scopoletin, antispasmodic,
A.acuminata hyoscine,pyridine, starch, mucilage bronchodilator
Family-Solanaceae
*Atropine is changed to l-
hyoscyamine by an enzyme
when the plant is dry, thus the
plant is more active when dry
Datura Dried leaves & flowering Scopolamine(hyoscine),hyoscyami Anticholinergic,
hub/Angels tops of Datura metel ne,atropine deodanal ulcers
trumpet Family-Solanaceae
Hyoscyamus/ Dried leaves & flowering Tropane alkaloids like Anticholinergic,

Henbane tops of Hyoscyamus niger l-hyoscyamine,hyoscine antispasmodic,purgative
Family-Solanaceae and sedative
Stramonium/ Dried leaves & flowering l-hyoscyamine,hyoscine, atropine Anticholinergic,mydriatic
Thornapple leaves tops of Datura stramonium ,controlsmotionsickness
Family-Solanacea
Duboisa/Cork- Dried leaves of Duboisa Scopolamine Anticholinergic
tree myoporoides
Family-Solanaceae
Coca Dried leaves of Erythroxylon Cocaine,cinnamyl cocaine,α- Local

coca truxilline anaesthetic,stimulant
Family-Erythroxyaceae Price of leaves determined by ecgonine-
get-cocaine
2.4 Quinoline alkaloids- *Amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor

test
Cinchona/Peru Dried root & stem bark of Quinine,quinidine,cinchonine,cinch Antimalarial,bitter
ian bark Cinchona calisaya onidine, cinchotanin acid, tonic,antipyretic
C.officinalis, C.ledgergiana, quinovin, hydroquinine
C.succirubra
Family- Rubiaceae
Camptotheca/ Dried stem woodof Camptothecin,10-hydroxy Antitumour

cancer tree Camptotheca acuminatal camptothecin,10-methoxy
Family- Nyssaceae camptothecin
2.5 Pyridine alkaloids- *Nicotinic acid is the biochemical precursor

test
Areca/Betal nut Dried ripe seeds of Areca Arecoline, arecaidine Respiratory stimulant
catechu
Family- Palmae
Lobelia/ Dried leaves and tops of Lobeline,lobelanidine,lobelanine Asthma,Respiratory
Indian tobacco, Lobelia nicotianefolia stimulant
Asthma weed Family- Campanulaceae
2.6 Imidazole alkaloids- *Amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor

test
Jaborandi/ Dried leaves of Pilocarpus Pilocarpine,pilosine,pilocarpidine Cholinergic(ophthalmic),
Pilocarpus jaborandi used in treatment of
Family- Rutaceae glaucoma
2.7 Quinazoline alkaloids-

test
Vasaka/Adulsa Leaves of Adhatoda vasica Vasicine,vasicinone Antitussive,expectorant
Family- Acanthaceae
2.8 Purine alkaloids-

test
Cocao seed Seeds of Theobroma cacao Theobromine,caffeine Diuretic, stimulant
Family- Stericulaceae
Tea Leaves and leaf buds of Thia Rich source of Caffeine upto CNS stimulant and
sinesis 3%&theobromine.Colour of leaves diuretic
Family- Theaceae is due to gallotannic acic (15%)
Cofee Dried ripe seed of Caffea 2-3%Caffeine, Stimulant,diuretic,count

Arabica trigonelline,tannins,proteins,fixed er effect over dosage of
Family- Rubiaceae oils,chorogenic acid CNS depressant
Positive for murexide test for caffeine
identification
2.9 Steroidal alkaloids-

test
Veratrum/ Dried rhizomes of Veratrum Germidine, protoveratrine A and B Hypotensive, cardiac
hellebore album,V.viride depressant
Family-Liliaceae
Ashwagandha/ Dried roots or leaves of Withanine,somniferine,withanolid Sedative,antirheumatic,
Asgandh Withania somnifera e(streroid) general debility
Family- Solanaceae
Kurchi/ Dried roots of Holarrhena Conessine,isoconessine Antiamoebic
Hollarrhena antidysenterica
Family- Apocynaceae
2.10 Amino alkaloids- Proto Alkaloids

test
Ephedra/ Dried stems of Ephedra Ephedrine,pseudoephedrine, Sympathomimetic,antias
Ma-huang gerardiana, norephedrine, roots contains thmatic,treatment of
E.equisetina,E.sinica oxazolidone amino alkaloid hay fever
Ma- anstrigent taste Family-
Huang-yellow in
Ephedraceae(Gnetaceae)
colour
Colchicum/Meado Dried ripe seed and corn of Colchicine,demecolcine, Treatment in gout,
w saffron seed Colchicum cycloheptatrienolone Rheumatism,induction
autumnale,C.luteum of polyploidy
Family-Liliaceae
Aconite/ Dried roots of Aconitum Aconitine,neopelline,napelline, Rheumatism and
Monkshood napellus Neoline,sparteine& hypoaconitine sciatica,antiiflammatory,
Family- Ranunculaceae Aconitine hydrolysis gives benzoyl analgesic,
aconine and acetic acid
*roots are slightly twisted and *Extremely poisonous drug
deeply wrinkled,having rootlet
and scars
Gloriosa/ Dried rhizomes and roots of Colchicin Gout,cancer
Glorry lily Gloriosa superba
Family- Ranunculaceae
Shankhpushpi Arieal part of the plant Bitter substance,oleo- Fresh juice use as
/Shankhvel Canscora decussate resin,triterpenes,alkaloids and nervine
Family- Gentianaceae xanthones tonic,insanity,epilepsy,n
ervous debility antiviral
activity
3. Terpenoids
3.1 Monoterpenoids containing drugs
Drugs/Synonyms Biological source(plant part Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

used in distillation) test
Anise Pimpinella anisum (dried Anethol,methyl Stimulant,flavouring
ripe fruits) chavicol,anisaldehyde agent,carminative,expec
Family- Umbelliferae torant,condiment
Lavender oil Lavandula officinalis (fresh Esters linalyl Aromatic,

flowering tops) acetate,linalool,pinene,geraniol,cin carminative,flavor
Family- Labiateae eol
Gaultheria oil Gaultheria procumbens 98% methyl salicylate,gaultherin Counter irritant,

(leaves) rheumatism,vermiscide
Family- Ericaceae
Palmarosa/ Rosha Cymbopogon martini Geraniol,linalool,citronella Flavour,treatment of

oil (leaves) diterpene rheumatism and skin
Family- Graminae diseases
Citronella Cymbopogon nardus (leaves) Geraniol,citronellal(25- Flavour,perfume for

Family- Graminae 50%),camphene soap, in mosquito
repellant cream
Thyme Thymus vulgaris(dried Thymol,linalool,carvacrol Carminative,antispasmo
leaves) dic,flour, expectorant
Family- Labiateae
Camphor Cinnamomum Safrole, d-pinene, acetaldehyde, Flavour,rubefacient

camphora(wood) dipentene, cineole(eucalyptol), counter irritant
Family- Lauraceae phellandrene
Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus(fresh About 80% Cineole Counter irritant,
oil/Dinkum oil leaves) (eucalyptol),camphene, antiseptic, chronic
Family-Myrtaceae phellandrene,citronellal bronchitis, expectorant
Lemon grass oil Cymbopogon flexuausus,C. Citral,nerol,citronella,methyl Flavouring agent,from

citrates (leaves and aerial heptenol,geraniol,dipentene citral source-β-ionine is
parts) prepared and it is
Family- Graminae starting material for
synthesis of vitamin A
Turpentine Pinus roxburghii(oleoresin) α-pinene, β-

Counter irritant,
Family- Pinaceae pinene,Carene,limonene,turpentinrubefacient,expectorant,
e antiseptic
Peppermint Mentha piperita(fresh Menthol (Indian-70%, Japanese-70-
Antiseptic, Stimulant,
oil/Mentha oil flowering tops) 90%, American-80%) flavouring
Family- Labiateae pulegone,methone,menthafuram agent,carminative,
calcium channel blocking
activity causing smooth
muscle relaxant
Caraway /Carum Carum carvi(dried ripe About 45-60% Carvone,carvacrol, Aromatic, Stimulant,
seeds) limonene carminative,flavor
Family- Umbelliferae
Cardamom Elettaria cardamomum α-terpineol,borneol,cineole Aromatic, Stimulant,
(dried ripe seeds) carminative,flavoring
Family- Zingiberaceae agent
Coriander Coriandrum sativum(dried Coriandrol,coriandryl acetate, l- Aromatic, Stimulant,

ripe seeds) borneol,geraniol,pinene and leaves carminative,flavoring
Family- Umbelliferae are rich in vitamin A content agent
Ajowan Trychyspermum ammi (dried Volatile oil,proteins, Aromatic, Stimulant,

ripe fruits) carbohydrates,thymol,p- carminative,
Family- Umbelliferae cymene,terpinene antispasmodic,antifungal
, Insectisides
Dill/Anethum Anethum graveolens (dried Apiole,carvone, dihydrocarvone, d- Aromatic, Stimulant,
ripe fruits) limonene, phellandrene carminative,flavor,use in
Family- Umbelliferae gripello/gripe water
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare(dried Fenchone (ketone),anethole Aromatic, Stimulant,

ripe fruits) (phenolic ether sweet in carminative,
Family- Umbelliferae taste,ketone,phellandrene,limolen expectorant, flavouring
e agent
Lemon peel Citrus limonis(outer part of Limonene, hesperdin, pectin, Stimulant, carminative
pericarp of ripe fruits) citral,geranyl acetate,terpineol
Family- Rutaceae
Orange peel Citrus aurantium(outer part Hesperidin,isohesperidin, Aromatic, Stimulant,
of pericarp of ripe fruits) neohesperidin, Vit.C,limonene, carminative,flavoring
Family- Rutaceae auramtiamarin, aurantimarin acid
(bitter glycoside) citral
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans(dried Myristicin,saffrole,elimicin,fatty Aromatic, Stimulant,
kernels of seed) acids like palmitic,oleic,lauric carminative,flavor,use in
Family- Myristicaceae acid,nutmeg butter rheumatism,banda soap
use in industries
Cassia Cinnamomum cassia(dried Mucilage,coumarin,about 85% Carminative,

cinnamon/Cassia stem bark) cinnamic aldehyde,eugenol Stimulant,flavor,aromati
bark,Chinese Family- Lauraceae c,spices
cinnamon Cork is present
Cinnamon/Kalmi Cinnamomum 5-10% Eugenol, bezaldehyde, Carminative, Stimulant,

dalchini zeylanicum(dried inner bark cuminaldehyde about 60-70%% flavor, aromatic,
of shoots) cinnamic aldehyde, phlobatannins antiseptic, astringent
Family- Lauraceae Substituens/adulterants:jung
el cinnamon,cinnamon
Keep in cool place with closed chips,Saigon cinnamon,java
container cinnamon
Jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi Jatamansic acid, Sedative,diuretic,antispa

(dried rhizomes) Jatamansone,nardostachone smodic,emmunagogue,s
Family- Valerianaceae tomachic,stimulant,
antiepileptic
Rasna/Galanga Alpinia officinarum (dried Methyl Cinnamate (about Aromatic, Stimulant,

rhizomes) 48%),cineole (about carminative,
Family- Zingiberaceae 25%),pinene,camphor,galangin antibacterial treatment
of rheumatism
Garlic Allium sativum(bulb of Allicin,allin,iron,phosphourus,copp Carminative, Stimulant,
plant) er,propyl disulphide expectorant,anthelminti
Family- Liliaceae c,rubefacient
Spearmint/ Mentha spicata(dried leaves About 50% l- carvone, linalool flavouring agent in
Mentha viridis and flowering top) ,pinene, cineole, phenallandrine mouth washesh chewing
Family- Labiateae gums etc.
Tulsi/sacred Ocimum sanctum (fresh and Approximately 70% Eugenol, Antibacterial,insecticidal

basil,holy basil dried leaves) methyl eugenol, carvacrol, ,stimulant,aromatic,imm
Family- Labiateae caryophyllin unomodulatory agent
Kapur Hedychium spicatum(dried Paramethoxy cinnamic acid Stomachic,carminative,

kachari/spiked rhizomes) ester,cineole,limonene stimulant tonic
ginger lily Family- Zingiberaceae
Black pepper Piper nigrum (dried unripe Piperine,starch,piperidine,l- Aromatic, stimulant,

fruits) phellandrone,caryophyllene stomachic,carminative,c
Family- Piperaceae ondiment
Musk Moschus moschiferus( dried Musckone,cholesterin,albuminoids Perfumery used
secretion from pepticle ,resin
follicle of musk dear)
Family- Cervidae
Chenopodium oil Chenopodium About 0.5 to 1.0% volatile Anthelmintic,intestinal
ambrosioides(fresh oil,ascaridole,p- amoebae
flowering plant) cymene,myrcene,1-limolene and Contraindicated in pregnant
Family- Chenopodiaceae camphor and in patient with impaired
kidney /liver
3.2 Sesquiterpenoids containing drugs
Drugs/ Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Synonyms test
Artemisia Artemisia cina, A.brevifolia, Sanconin,artemisin,cineole,pinene, Anthelmintic,cumulative
A.maritima (flower heads) resin in action
Family- Compositae
Sandal wood oil Santalum album(heart wood) α,β-santalol, santene, santenone, Treatment in
Family- Santalaceae teresantol,santalone,santalene dysuria,usedin perfume
Clove Eugenia caryophyllus (dried Eugenol (about 70-90%),ester Dental analgesic,

flower buds) eugenin, caryophyllenes, carminative,
Family- Myrtaceae gallotannic acid, chromone flavor,stimulant
*adulterant-mother-ripened
fruit, blown-expanded
flowers,clove stalk powdered
cloves,exhausted clove
Hops Humulus lupulus (female α,β-acid Sedative,spasmolytic
flower) humulone,cohumulone,adhumulon
Family- cannabinaceae e,colupulone,aldupalone
Valerian Valeriana walichii (dried Chatinine,valerine,borneol In cough,antispasmodic,
rhizomes,root) formate,valtrate,valerenic acid CNSstimulant,tonic,
Family- Compositae antianxietic,
antidepressant
3.3 Diterpenoids containing drugs

test
Taxus /yew Taxus Taxol,cephalomannine,10-deacetyl Anticancer ie. (Interfere
baccata,T.cuspidata,T.brevif baccatin, baccatin-lll with mitotic spindle
olia,T.canadonsis(dried formation by preventing
leaves,bark,roots) disassembly of
Family- Taxaceae microtubules.)
Coleus Coleus forskohlii Forskolin,coleonol Vasodialator,cardiostimu
Family- Labiateae lant,lowering blood
pressure and use in
glaucoma
3.4 Triterpenoids containing drugs

test
Ambergris Physeter catoden Ambrein,epicoprostemol,coproste Perfume
Family- Physeteridae mone
3.5 Tetraterpenoids and polyterpenoids containing drugs
Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical test Uses
Annatto Bixa orllana(dried seeds) Bixin,trasbixin,norbixin,isobixin Its antioxidant and

Family- Bixaceae protects against ultra
violet light, colouring
agent for
foods,cosmetics
Saffron Crocus sativa Crocin,crocetin,picrocrocin Flavor,antispasmodic,em

Family- Iridaceae menagogue,stimulant
4. Resins and resins combination

test
Ginger Zingiber officinalis Volatile oil,starch(40-60%), Aromatic,carminative,
(rhizomes) zingiberene, curcumene, resin, Flavoring agent,motion
Family- Zingiberaceae gingerol, shogaols, gingediols sickness
*Jamaica ginger :scrapped to remove the outer skin and sun dried
*shows short and fibrous fracture
*T.S shows well marked endodermis which distinguishes the stele and cortex
*ginger adulterant identified by water soluble ash and volatile oil content
*(aroma - geraniol and citral,pungency and flavor is due to phenolic ketones such as gingerols,zingerone,gingediol)
*Pungency of ginger is destroyed by boiling it with 2% solution of sod. hydroxide
Capsicum Capsicum annum(dried ripe Capsaicin-pungency,capsanthin- Carminative,
fruits) red color,carotene,pigments Stomachic,counter
Family- Solanaceae ,thiamine,ascorbic acid irritant in
rheumatism,lumbago
*Pedicle is attached to five toothed calyx,
*it contains colourless crystalline and pungent capsaicin which is volatile above 650,
*capsaicin is not destroyed by boiling it with 2% solution of sod. hydroxide but destroyed by oxidizing agent
Turmeric Curcuma longa(dried or Volatile oil, curcuminoids (yellow Anti-inflammatory,

/Indian saffron fresh rhizomes) colouring substance), curcumin(50- condiment ,spice,use in
Family- Zingiberaceae 60%), pinene, camphene, detection of boric acid
*C.aromatica use as cervical curcumene
cancer and antiarthritic agent -curcumin is coloring substance
-gives crimson colour with sulphuric acid
-Root scars and annulation are -gives reddish brown with boric
present,horny fracture, acid,which add alkali changes greenish
-T.S of rhizomes shows brick blue
shaped parechymatous cork -violet colour with acetic anhydride and
followed by cork cambium sulphuric acid
Asafoetida/ Ferula foetida(oleo gum Resin (40-65%),gum,volatile Carminative, nervine

Devils dung resin from rhizomes) oil,asaresinotannol, ferulic acid, stimulant,
Family-Umbellliferae umbelliferone, umbellic acid intestinalflatulence
-gives reddish brown colour with
*ocuurs in two form:tears and sulphuric acid
masses,tear is milkfish whitish -gives green colour with 50% nitric acid
yellow,maa is agglutinated & -triturate with water gives yellowish
mixed with root fragment orange
*specific odour of the drug is due -free umbelliferone is absent in the drug
to sulphur compound where as present in allied drug in ferula
galbaniflua.
Cannabis/Ganja, Cannabis sativa(dried Resin,tetrahydrocannabinol, Narcotic analgesic,
Marihuana flowering tops) trigonelline,choline,cannabinol, psychotropic
Family- cannabidiol,cannabidiolic
Cannabinaceae/Moraceae acid,cannabichromene,cannabiger *psychotropic activity due to
ol tetrahydrocanabinol
Jalap Ipomoea purga (dried Resin,volatile Powerful cathartic

tubercles) oil,jalapin,convolvulin
Family-Convolvulaceae
*tubercle having lenticels
Podophyllum Podophyllum hexandrum, Resin- Purgative treatment of

/May aple (dried rhizomes),P.emodi podophyllin,peltatins,kaempferol, veneral worts,anticancer
Family-Berberidaceae asiragalin,podophyllotoxone
Benzoin Styrax benzoin (Sumatra Benzoin and cinnamic acids and Carminative,expectorant
benzoin),S.tonkinesis (Siam their esters, sumaresinolic and ,antiseptic
benzoin) siaresinolic acid,coniferyl acetate
Family-Styraceae
Sumatra benzoin-aromatic odour Siam benzoin differs from Sumatra in

Siam benzoin-vanilla like odour contains of insufficient cinnamic acid to
give an odour of benzaldehyde when
warmed with pot.permagnate solution
Tolu of balsum Myroxylon balsumum Cinnamic acid,benzoic acid,benzoyl Expectorant,antiseptic,fl
Family-Leguminasae benzoate,toluresinotannol,volatile avouring agent
oil,vanillin
Myrrh Commiphora molmol(oleo Volatile oil,gum,resin, Antiseptic , stimulant
gum resin) commiphoric acids (ether soluble)
Family-Burserraceae *substitute by balsam-
dendron mukul known as
indian bdellium
Guggul Commiphora weightii Gum, resin ,steroids, Anti-inflammatory,
Family-Burserraceae guggulosterone-z, guggulosterol-l hypolipidemic(gugulipid-
guggulosterone)
Boswellia Boswellia serrata Resin,boswellic acid, volatile Rheumatoid arthritis
Family-Burserraceae oil,sequiterpenes
Colophony/Rosin Pinus species Resin acids,abietic Stimulant diuretic
Family-Pinaceae acid,resene,dihydroabietic
acid,dehydroabietic acid
Balsum of peru Myroxylon balsumum Resin, Cinnamic acid,benzoic acid, Scabies,healing of
Family-Leguminasae benzoyl benzoate, volatile oil wounds,flavouring agent
Lac Lacifer lacca Resin,shelloic acid, aleuritic cid Sustained release

Family-Lacciferidae medicaments
Guaiac Guaiacum officinale Guaiareticacid (diaryl butane), α- Diaphoretic, expectorant
Family-Zygophyllaceae and β-guaiaconic acids (70%) and ,testing of blood and
guaiacie acid. haemoglobin
5. Tannins
5.1 Hydrolysable Tannins

test
Myrobalan Dried ripe,mature fruits of Chebulic acid,chebulagic Astringent,
/Harda, Haritaki Terminalia chebula acid,gallic acid, glucose, sorbitol stomachic,purgative,ingre
Family-Combretaceae dient of triphala churna,
laxative property due to
anthracene present in
pericarp,tonic,
anthelmintic, treatment
of piles
Bahera/Bibhitak Dried ripe fruits of Gallic acid, ellagic acid, Astringent,dyspepsia,diarr

Terminalia belerica phyllembin, ethyl gallate, galloyl hoea, ingredient of
Family-Combretaceae glucose, triphala churna
Arjuna Dried stem bark of Triterpenoid saponin,arjunolic Cardiotonic,hypotensive

Terminalia arjuna acid, arjunic acid,
Family-Combretaceae arjunogenin,Ellagic acid,β-
sitosterol,arjunine,arjunetine,calc
ium,magnesium salts
Tannic acid Fermented oak galls which Gallic acid,glucose, Astringent for mucous
are growm on young twigs membrane
of Quercus infectoria
Family-Fagaceae
Amla /Indian Dried as well as fresh fruits Vitamin C,phyllembin,tannins,rich Diuretic,laxative,

goose berry of Emblica officinalis in mineral like phosphorus, ingredient of triphala
Family-Euphorbiaceae iron,calcium,pectin,75% moisture churna and chyavanprash
in fresh fruits
5.2 Condensed Tannins

test
Ashoka bark Dried stem bark of Saraca Catechol,ketosterol,haematoxylin,s Uterine tonic,oxytocic,
indica aponin,activity of drug is due to sedative ,
Family-Leguminosae the presence of steroidal
*Phellem(cork)& phelloderm components
form the outer most layers.
Black Dried aqueous extract of Acacatechin,quercetin,catechutann Kattha-Astringent

catechu/Cutch heartwood of Acacia inc acid,not contain chlorophyll externally for boils,skin
catechu and fluroscent substance which is eruptions and
Family-Leguminosae present in pale catechu ulcers,cough,diarrhea
and also cooling
Kattha-cake of extract after
cooling, centrifuged ,digestive properties
Cutch-mother liquor left while Cutch- is not use medicinally
centrifugation of cake
Pale catechu/ Dried aqueous extract of Catechin (7-33%),catechutannic Astringent for treatment
Gambier leaves and young shoots of acid,quercetin and gambier of diarrhea
Uncaria gambier fluorescin
Family-Rubiaceae Gambier fluorescin- drug+ alchohol +
NaOH+petroleum –shaken –shows-geen
fluorescence
Pterocarpus Dried juice of the plant Kinotannic acid,kinored,k- Hypoglycemic,powerful

/Malbar kino Pterocarpus marsupium pyrocatechin astringent
Family-Leguminosae
6. CARBOHYDRATES AND PRODUCTS

test
Isapgol Plantago ovata (dried seeds) Pentosan ,mucilage,aldobionic Demulscent, laxative,
Family-Plantaginaceae acid,galacturonic acid,rhamnose pharmaceutical aid,
chronic constipation,
ISAP-the horse, amoebic, bacillary
GHOL-the ear dysentery
Means ear of the horse
Psyllium Plantago psyllium(dried Pentosan,mucilage laxative,pharmaceutical
seeds ) aid
Family-Plantaginaceae
Its use as substitute for
isapgol
Bael / Aegle marmelos(unripe or Marmelosin,fucocoumarin,marmes Digestive,antidiarrhoeal,

Bengal quince half ripe) in,psorlin,umbelliferone,vit.C,vit.A, tonic,appetizer
Family-Rutaceae alkaloids like O-methylhalfordinol,
isopentyl
halfordinol,tannin,carbohydrates,p
rotein,volatile oil
Acacia / Acacia Arabica(dried gummy Arabin ,enzyme oxidase& Suspending agent ,

Indian gum exudation of stem) perioxidase ,salts of Arabic acid emulsifying agent ,
Family-Leguminosae binding
agent,administered
intravenously in
haemolysis
Guar gum Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Guaran (85%)water soluble and Binding agent, emulgent,
(powder of endosperm of hydrolysis product – disintegrating agent
the seeds) galactose,mannose
Family-Leguminosae
Algin (alginic acid) Macrocystis Alginic acid Thickening and

pyrifera/Laminaria suspending agent
hyperborsea
Family-Phaeophyceae
Tragacanth Astragalus gummifer(dried Tragacanthin,tragacanthic Thickening, Demulscent

gummy exudation of stem) acid,bassorin (60-70%),
Family-Leguminosae galactouronic acid
*Ruthenium not given red colur with

tragacant
Pectin Citrus limolis,C.aurantium D-galactouronic acid,pectic acid Adsorbent,thickening

Family-Rutaceae agent
Gum karaya Sterculia urens(dried gummy A polysaccharide containing 8% Thickening agent,

exudation of tree) acetyl,37% uronic acid emulgent, dental
Family-Sterculiaceae residue,galactose,rhamnose adhesive
Ruthenium given red colur with
karaya
Agar/agar-agar Gelidium Agarose-resposible for gel Bulk

amansii(driedgelatious strength,agaropectin- resposible laxative,bacteriological
substance) for viscocity,galactose cultures
Family-Gelidaceae
Carageenan / Chondrus cryspus (sulphated Kappa-carrageenan,lambda Demulscent,antidiarrhoe
Irish moss extract of the sea weed- carrageenan, al,pharmaceutical
carageen) aid,use d in food product
Family-Rhodophyceae
*is found in the intercellular
matrix and cell wall of the algae
Inulin Inula helenium Fructo-furamose unit Diagnostic agent,Use in

(polysaccharide from bulbs) foods and drinks,
Family-Compositae manufacturing in
fructose
Starch Zae mays-maize, oryza Amylose-water Demulscent,disintegratin

sativa -rice, soluble,amylopectin-water gagent,nutritive,protecti
triticum aestivum-wheat insoluble in propotion 1:2 and ve
Family-Gramineae amylase gives blue colour with
Solanum tuberosum-potato, iodine
(polysaccharide granules)
Family-Solanaceae
Dextrin Incomplete hydrolysis of Polysaccharide Adhesive in

starch with dilute acids or by paper,textile,food
heating dry starch industries
Dextran Enzymic fermentation of Α-D-glucopyranosyl units Binding,suspending,stabi
sucrose lizing agent,blood
plasma expander
Xanthum gum Fermentation of glucose Mannose,glucose,glucuronic acid Stabilizer,emulsifying

Dextran water soluble,insoluble in agent
alcohol
Honey Apis melifera(sugar Glucose about 38%, fructose 50%, Demulscent,sweetening

secretion in honey comb) Natural invert sugar agent, antiseptic applied
Family-Apidae to burns, wounds
*Artificial invert sugar/adulterant *Crystalline dextrose-
contains furfural which is detected by Granulated honey
fiehes test
Chitin Shells of lobster crab,cell 2-acetamide-2-deoxy Wound healing,

walls of lower plants cellulose,during canning of adhesive to glass and
lobster,crab waste material is plastics
formed it contain
chitin,deacetylated chitin is known
as a chitosan
Lactose Disaccharides from Disaccharides containing galactose Diluents in
mammlian milk ,glucose tablets,capsules and
pharmaceuticals,use in
sugar coating
7. Lipids (fixed oil,fats, and waxes)
test
Castor oil Ricinus communis (seed) Ricinoleic about (80%)-viscous and Cathartic,Laxative,lubric
Family-Euphorbiaceae isoricinoleic acid,linoleic,stearic ant,cosmetics,urethanes
Seed contain 75% kernel and ,isostearic acids,undecenoic
25% of hull acid,sebacic acid
Arachis oil Arachis hypogaea(seed Glycerides of oleic,linoleic,palmitic Base for oily injectables
kernels) acids,arachidic acid nutritive,lubricant
Family- Leguminosae
Olive oil Olea europoea (ripe fruit) Olein, palmitin and linolein Vehicle for oily injection
Family- Oleaceae and emollient,soften the
skin in eczemz, psoriasis
Chaulmoogra oil Hydnocarpus wightiana (ripe Hydnocarpic(48%) and Antileprotic,tuberculosi
seeds) chaulmoogric acid (27%) s, psoriasis,rheumatism
Family- Flacourtriaceae
Linseed oil Linum usitatissimum (ripe Fixed oil like glycerides of Lotions, treatment for
seeds) oleic,linoleic,proteins,mucilage and scabiesliniments,ointme
Family- Linaceae cyanogenetic glycoside- nt varnish,paint industry
lanamarin,linase
Sesame Sesamum indicum (seed) Glycerides of oleic,linoleic,palmitic Demulcent,laxative,base
oil/Gingelly oil/Til Family- Pedaliaceae acids and sesamolin,sesamin are for oily injectables,
ka tel lignin derivative present nutritive
Badouins test-for identification
Corn oil/maize oil Zea-mays (embryos) Oleic,linoleic acids,palmitic,stearic Dietary

Family- Gramineae acid phospholipids,vit.E,it also supplement,margarine,
contains ubiquinone antioxidant activity
Safflower oil Cathamus tinctorius Glycerides of oleic,linoleic acids Edible oil,oleo margarine
Family-Compositae vegetable ghee
Rice bran oil Oryza sativa(cuticle existing Glycerides of Food oil,cosmetics

between the rice and husk of oleic,linoleic,tocopherol
the paddy )
Family- Gramineae
Mustard Brassica Allyl isothiocynate and fatty acid Rubefacient,counter

oil/sarson ko tel nigra,B.juncea(matured glycerides,sinigrin irritant,condiment
seeds)
Family- Cruciferae
Neem Azadirachta indica (matured Glycerides of saturated and Non edible oil,
oil/margosa oil seeds) unsaturated fatty acids,oleic cosmetics,
Family- Meliaceae acid,stearic acids,sulphur containg spermicidal,anti-viral
compounds-nimbidin, nimbin, activity
nimbinin, nimbidol,
unsaponifiable-nimbosterol
Cotton seed oil Gossypium Glycerides of saturated and Pharmaceutical aid
herbaceum(matured seeds) unsaturated fatty acids
Family- Malvaceae
Wheat germ oil Triticum aestivum Glycerides fatty acids Nutritive, source of vit.E
Family- Gramineae
Cod liver oil Gadus morrhua Vit. A, vit. D, Glycerides fatty acids, Deficiency of
Family- Gadidae eicosapentaenoic acid, vit.A,vit.D,emollient, In
docosahexanoic acid cure of rickets
Shark liver Hypoprion brevirostris(fresh Vit. A and Glycerides fatty Deficiency of vit.A, In
oil/Oleum and preserved livers of acids,squalene,omega-3-fatty acids cure of rickets
selachoids shark)
Cocao butter Theobroma cocao Glycerides of stearic, oleic and Suppository base
/theobroma oil Family- Sterculiaceae palmitic acids
Kokum butter Garcinia indica Glycerides of stearic, linolenic and Demulscent, emollient,
Family- Guttiferae palmitic acids confectionary fat
Lecithin Soybean oil,egg oil Phosphates of phosphatidyl Source of choline,also

choline, phosphatidyl used in cosmetic,soaps
ethanolamine(cephaline)
Lard Sus scrofa Olein,stearin Ointment base

Family- Suidae
Carnauba Copernicia verifera Carnaubic and cerotic acid Depilatories,cosmetic
wax/brazil wax Family- Palmae products
Hydrous wool Ovis aries Ester of cholesterol and caraubic Absorbable ointment
fat/lanolin Family- Bovidae and oleic acids base
Bees wax Apis mellifeca,A.indica Myricyl palmitate,cerotic acid Hardening agent,

Family- Apidae ointment base
Spermaceti Physeter macrocephalus Cetyl palmitate Cosmetic creams,source

Family- Physeteridae of cetyl alcohol
8. Enzymes
test
Diastase Human saliva or digestive Amylolytic enzyme Digestion of starch
/Amylase tract of animals
Pepsin Glandular layer of fresh Proteolytic enzyme Conversion of protein

stomach of hog,Sus scrofa into peptone and
Family- Suidae proteose
Rennin Glandular layer of true Protolytic enzyme Preparation of cheese
digesting stomach of calf and junkets
Bos Taurus
Family- Bovidae
Pancreatin Pancreas of hog Sus scrofa Carbolytic, Proteolytic, lipolytic Digestive aid for starch,
Family- Suidae enzymes protein and fats
Trypsin Pancreas of ox, Box taurus Proteolytic enzyme Proteolysis of blood

Family- Bovidae clot,necrotic tissue
Chymotrypsin Pancreas of ox, Box taurus Proteolytic enzyme In ophthalmology, also

Family- Bovidae as anti-inflammatory for
soft tissues
Hyaluronidase Mammalian (bovine) testes Amylolytic enzyme To enhance absorption
of i.m. or s.c injection
Urokinase Human urine or kidney Fibronolysis activating enzymes Lysis of blood clots or
tissue cultures fibrin in pulmonary
embolism and inferior
chamber of eye
Fibrinolysin Human plasminogen Proteolytic enzyme Treatment of thrombotic
disorder
Deoxyribonucleae Beef pancreas Nucleolytic enzyme To reduce viscocity of

bronchopulmonary
secretions
Streptokinase Culture filtrates of beta Plasminogen activator enzyme Treatment of
haemolytic streptococci thromboembolic
group c. disorder
Collagenase Fermentation of Clostridium Proteolytic enzyme Debridement of dermal

histolyticum ulcers and burns
L -asparginase Escherichia coli L -asparginase Treatment of acute

lymphocytic leukemia
Bromelain Stem of pineapple plant Mixture of Proteolytic enzyme Anti inflammatory for
Ananas comosus soft tissue
Family- Bromeliaceae
Papain Latex of unripe fruit of Proteolytic enzyme Meat
tropical melon tree Caraca tenderizer,clarification
papaya of beverages
Family- Caricaceae
Seratio-peptidase Bacteria belonging to genus Proteolytic enzyme Anti
serratia inflammatory,especially
to enhance antibiotic
effect
9.0 Proteins drugs
Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents Uses
Malt extract Barley grains of Hordeum Proteins,maltose,amylotytic Nutritive
vulgare enzymes
Family- Gramineae
Protamine Sperms or mature testes of Various simple proteins Heparin antagonist

sulphate fish of family salmonidae or
clupeidae
Heparin sodium Mammalian tissues like Glycosamino glycans Anticoagulant in blood

lungs and intestinal mucosa transfusions and
vascular surgery
Collagen White fibres of connective Glycine and prolene Preparation of satures
tissues
Gelatin Skin,ligament, tendons and Protein Manufacture of hard and

bones of animals soft capsule shells
Casein Milk Phosphoprotein Dietary supplement
Kavach Seeds of Mucuna prurines l-dopa Use in Parkinson’s

Family- Leguminosae disease
Yeast Fungus Saccharomyces Proteins,glycogen,vitamins of B Nutritive, also in brewing
cerevisiae groups industry
Family- Saccharomycetaceae
Thaumantin Fruits of Thaumatococcus Protein named as thaumatin Sweetening agent

denielli
Family- Marantaceae
B. CLASSIFICATION OF
PHARMACOGNOSTIC DRUGS
1. Glycosides
1} Based on the chemical nature of nonsugar (aglycon) moiety
• Anthraquinone glycoside: anthaquinone moiety as aglycon eg-senna,aloe,rhubarb

• Sterol or cardiac glycoside:aglycon portion is steroid molecule eg-digitalis
• Saponine glycoside:eg.-liquorice,dioscorea
• Cyanogenetic orCyanophore glycoside: eg.-white cherry bark
• Isothiocyanate glycoside:eg.-black mustard

• Flavonoid& flavone glycoside:eg.-rutra graveolens, citrus bio
flavonoids,hesperidin,naringin,rutin,gentisin,kaempferol
• Coumarin glycosideor furano coumarin glycosides: eg-celery fruits,umbelliderone, tobacco
• Aldehyde glycosides: eg. -vanilla pods
• Phenol glycoside:eg. Salcive,salicin

• Steroidal glycoside:eg.Digitalis,strophanthus
• Lactone glycosides: eg. Cantharide
2} Based on the linkage between glycon and aglycon portion
*Interaction between OH groups of glycone and hydrogen coming through radicals in medicine like CH,-OH,-SH
and –NH present on aglycone part
• C-glycosides:They are not hydrolysed by heating with dilute acids/alkalis,but oxidative hydrolysis with
FeCl3eg. Like cascara,aloe,colchineal
Glycone- OH + H C-Agycone Glycone –C – Agycone +H2O
• O-glycosides: hydrolyzed by heating with dilute acids/alkalis eg. senna, rhubarb
Glycone- OH + H O-Agycone Glycone –O – Agycone + H2O
• S-glycosides: isothiocyanate glycoside like sinigrin by black mustard
Glycone- OH + H S-Agycone Glycone –S– Agycone + H2O
• N-glycosides: nucleosides, N-glycosidic form

Glycone- OH + H N-Agycone Glycone –N– Agycone + H2O
2. Alkaloids
1. Basis on bioprecursor classification-
Precursor Example of alkaloids
Lysine Lupinine,isopelletierine,lobeline,pyridine,quinazolidine
Phenylalanine Cinnamic acid,coumarin,emetine
Ornithine Atropine(Tropane,pyrrolidine,pyrrolizidine,polyamine
alkaloids),hygrine,ecgonine
Aspartic acid Nicotinic acid
Ornithine+Acetate+Phenylalanine Cocaine
Ornithine+Phenylalanine Viridicatin
Tryptophan Quinine,lysergic acid (Quinoline,indole derivatives)
Tryptophan/Tryptamine Reserpine,serpentine,strychnine
Tyrosine/ Phenylalanine Papaverine,berberine,narcotine,morphine,colchicine,
chelidonine,ephedrine
Dopamine Mescaline,emetine,cephaline
Ornithine+Nicotinic acid Nicotine
2. Basis on heterocyclic compounds structural classification-
Heterocyclic ring Source in present Examples of alkaloids
Tropane /piperidine, N- Atropa, scopolia, Datura, Dubosia, Hyoscyamine,atropine,hyoscine,metaloid

methyl pyrrolidine Hyoscyamus, Mandragora, coca ine,cocaine,pseudo,pelletierine
species,punica granatum
Quinoline Cinchona,Remijia Quinine,quinidine,cinchonine,cinchonidin

e
Isoquinoline Papaver somniferum,corydalis, Papaverine,narceine,narcotine,corydaline
dicentra,berberidaceae,Ranunculaceae,Pa ,hydrastine,berbine,emetine,cephaline,tu
paveraceae,cephaelis,curae plants of bocurarine
menisprermaceae
Pyrrole and pyrrolidine Erythroxylon coca,stachys tuberifera,soya Hygrine,stachydrine

bean,leguminosae
Pyrrolizidine Symphytum species,senecio Symphitine,echimidine,senecionine,sene

ciphylline
Pyridine and piperdine Fenugreek,strophanthus,coffee,conium,ar Trigonelline,conine,arecoline,lobeline,pel
eca catechu,lobelia,punica lentierine,nicotine,anabasine,piperine,rici
granatum,nicotiana tabacum,piper nine
species castor oil
Indole/Benz pyrrole Claviceps species,rivea Ergot alkaloids,lysergic acid amide,clavine
corymbosa,ipomoea alkaloid,physostigmine,serpentine,reserp
violacea,physostigma venenosum, ine,ajmalcine,yohimbine,aspidospermine,
rouwolfia species, Aspidosperma species vinblastine,vincristine,strychnine,brucine
catharanthus roseus,strychnos species
Phenathrene Papaver somniferum Morphine,codeine
Apomorphine Peumus boldus Boldine
Norlupinane/lupine Papilionaceae & leguminosae Sparteine,cytosine,lupanine,laburinine
Indolizidine Castanospermum austral Castanospermine, swainsoine,pilocarpine

Swaninsona species
Imidazole /glyoxalline Pilocarpus species Pilocarpine
Purine Coffee,tea,guarana,coca nuts ,cocoa Caffeine,theophylline,theobromine
Steroidal Potato shoots,veratrum, Solanidine,veratrum,conessine

schoenocaulon,holarrhena
antidysenterica
Terpenoid/Diterpene Aconitum & delphinium species Aconitine,aconine, hypoaconitine ,

atisine,lyctonine
Nonheterocyclic Ephedra ,colchicum species,streptomyces Hordenine,ephedrine,colchicines,erythro
alkaloids/Amino alkaloids erythreus, solanum paniculactum,taxus mycin,jurubin,pachysandrine A
brevifolia
3. On the basis of N-atom in amino group
Type of alkaloids Protoalkaloid True alkaloid Pseudo alkaloid
Description Protoalkaloid do not have a True alkaloid containing Biosynthesis not start by amino
heterocyclic ring with piperidine or pyridine ring acid,but other substance
nitrogen atom, they contain
quarternary atom with amino
group.
Ephedrine,Mescaline,chromo Pyridine-nicotine Terpenoid alkaloids-aconitine,
Examples Alkaloids,betanines etc. Piperidine-coniine Diterpenoid alkaloids-aconitum
Tropane alkaloids etc. species,
Steroid alkaloids-solanum
species,solanine etc.
3. Terpenoids
1. Classification of terpene as per cyclic ring structure-
1. Monoterpenes 2. Sesquiterpenes 3. Diterpenes 4. Triterpenes
Acyclic monoterpene (open Monocyclic sesquiterpene Acyclic diterpene(open Acyclic triterpene(open

chain structure)-e.g. (one ring in structure)- e.g. chain structure)- chain structure)-
ocimine,myrcene(hydrocarbon) Zingiberene e.g.phytol e.g.squalene
Geranal ,neral (aldehyde
monoterpene) Monocyclicditerpene(one Tetracyclic triterpene(four
Geraniol,nerol (alcoholic ring in structure)-e.g.d— ring structure)-
monoterpene) vitamin A1 e.g.lanosterol,agnosterol
Monocyclic monoterpene(one Bicyclicsesquiterpene(two Bicyclicditerpene(two Pentacyclic triterpene(five

ring in structure)-e.g.d- ring in structure)- e.g. ring in structure)- e.g. ring structure)-e.g.
phellandrene limolene, Cadalene,santonin Manool α-amyrin,ursolic acid,Asiatic
terpinene(hydrocarbon) acid, β-amyrin,glycyrrhetic
Terpineol,menthol(alcoholic acid,lupenol,betullin
monoterpene) Tricyclicditerpene(three
Perillaldehyde,phellandral ring in structure)- e.g.
(aldehyde monoterpene) abietic acid podocarpic
acid
2. Classification of terpene number of isoprene unit-
Class of terpenoid No. of isoprene units Molecular formulae
Isoprene unit 1 C5H8
Monoterpene 2 C10H16
Sesquiterpene 3 C15H24
Diterpene 4 C20H32
Triterpene 6 C30H48
Tetraterpene /carotenoids 8 C40H64
Pentaterpene 10 C50H80
Polyterpene or rubber material n (C5H8)n

3. Classification of volatile oil as per functional groups-
Type as per functional group Examples
Aldehydevolatile oils Lemon peel, orange peel, cinnamon, citronella oil, lemon-grass, bitter
almond
Alcohol volatile oils Sandalwood, cardamom, coriander, peppermint, orange flower oil, rose
oil
Ester volatile oils Gaultheria ,mustard,lavender
Hydrocarbon volatile oils Black pepper, turpentine
Ketone volatile oils Spearmint,buchu,camphor,musk,civet oil
Oxide volatile oils Chenopodium,eucalyptus
Phenolic ether volatile oils Anise,fennel,nutmeg
Phenol volatile oils Clove,thyme,creosote

4. Lipids (fixed oil, fats, and waxes)
4.1 Classification of fixed oils-
On the basis of their ability to absorb oxygen from air:-
Drying oil Non-drying oil Semi-drying oil Animal origin oil
-when exposed to air- -they neither undergoes -when exposed to air- Marine animals-cod
undergoes oxidation & oxidation nor tough and undergo slightly oxidation liver ,shark liver oil,
form tough and hard film hard film & form tough and thin film whale oil
-they usually used in paints
and varnishes
Examples - linseed oil Examples - Olive oil Examples- Castor oil Terrestrial animals-Lard
Hemp oil Peanut oil Mustard oil oil ,Neat-foot oil
Walnut oil Almond oil Sesame oil
Poppy seed oil Croton oil Rapeseed oil
Rice bran oil Cottonseed oil
Safflower oil
4.2 Fatty acids
Fatty acids Structural formula Systemic name Source
Acetic acid CH3COOH Ethanoic acid Food vinegar

Butyric acid CH3 (CH2)2 COOH Butanoic acid Butter fat
Caproic acid CH3 (CH2)4 COOH Hexanoic acid Palm kernel oil
Caprylic acid CH3 (CH2)6 COOH Octanoic acid Coconut oil
Saturated fatty acids
Capric acid CH3 (CH2)8 COOH Decanoic acid Palm oil
(Non essential)
Lauric acid CH3 (CH2)10COOH Dodecanoic acid Coconut oil
Myristic acid CH3 (CH2)12COOH Tetradecanoic acid Palm oil
Palmitic acid CH3 (CH2)14COOH Hexadecanoic acid Arachis oil, sesame oil
Stearic acid CH3 (CH2)16COOH Octadecanoic acid Arachis oil, sesame oil
Arachidic acid CH3 (CH2)18 COOH Eicosanoic acid Mustard, peanut oil
Behenic acid CH3 (CH2)20COOH Docosanoic acid Mustard, peanut oil,
rapeseed oil
Fatty acids Structural formula No of double bond Source
Unsaturated Palmitoleic acid C15H29COOH (ω7) One Cotton seed oil
fatty acids Oleic acid C17H33COOH (ω9) One Safflower,corn oil
Linoleic acid C17H31COOH (ω6) Two Sesame,sunflower oil
Linolenic acid C17H29COOH (ω6) Three Linseed,soybean oil
Arachidonic acid C17H31COOH (ω6) Four
5. Resins:
1) Functional groups
Type of resin Drugs-Examples
Colophony-abietic acid
Acid resin Myrrh –commophoric acid
Sandrac-sandracolic acid
Benzoin-benzyl benzoate
Ester resin Storax-cinnamyl cinnamate
Balsam of peru- peru resino tannol
Alcohol resin Gauiaccum resin-Gauic resinol
Gurjanbalsam-Gurjuresinol.
2) On basis of Part of resin used

Resin Cannabis,colophony
Oleo-resin Ginger,copoiba
Oleo-gum-resin Asafoetida,myrrh
Balsams Balsam of peru, balsam of tolu
Glycoresin Jalap
Resenes Asafoetida, colophony
6.0 Classification of tannin: -Tannins are classified in two types.
1. Hydrolysable tannin. 2. Condensed tannin.
Hydrolysable tannins Condensed tannins

1. They are hydrolysable by acids or enzymes 1. They are more resistant to hydrolysis
2. Chemically they are esters of Phenolic acids 2. They are related to flavonoid pigments.
3. On treatment with acids or enzymes they produce 3. On treatment with acids or enzymes. They
Gallic acid or Ellagic acids. decompose into insoluble red compound known
as phloba phenes.
4.On dry distillation they are converted into 4. On dry distillation they produce catechol.
pyrogallols
5. With iron salts they produce blue colors. 5. With iron salts they produce green colors.
6. Ex. Clove, Myrobalan 6.Ex. Black catechu, Acacia bark.

7.0 Colouring agents
Source of colourant Colouring constituent Colour utilize
ColchinealDactylopius coccus (insect) Carminic acid (anthraquinone C-glycoside) Purple-red
Annatto seeds of Bixa orellana Bixin (C-24 apocarotenoid), Nor-bixin (for Yellow-orange
cheese coloration)
SaffronCrocus sativus dried sigma &styles Crocin(carotenoid glycoside) Yellow-orange
Red beet rootBeta vulgaris Betalains(indicaxanthin glycoside) Red
Red rose petalsRosea gallica Anthocyanin Red
Marigold flowersTargetes erecta Lutein(a carotenoid)Xanthophylls pigment Yellow-orange
AlkannaAlkanna tinctoria Alkanin (napthoquinone glycoside) Red
HennaLawsonia inermis Lawsone(napthoquinone glycoside) Red
PaprikaCapsicum annum Capsanthin,capsorubin(oleo-resin) Orange
Carrot roots β-carotenes Orange
TurmericCurcuma longa Curcumin yellow
MonascusMonascus purperea Monascorubin Red
Caramel Heating sugar slowly around 1700C Dark-brown
KusumCarthamus tinctorius Carthamin Dark red
Lycopene Solanum lycopersicum Lycopene (carotene) Red
Lac dyeLaccifer lacca Scarlet pigment present in Red
insects(anthraquinone deravitives)
8. Mineral drugs
Drugs name Mineral constituent Uses
Calamine Zinc oxide and 0.5% of ferric oxide Skin protectant and astringent,use in
itching,pain
Asbestos(amianthus) Double silicate of calcium and magnesium Use in bacterial filters & filtration of
with little iron montmorillonite caustic alkalies, heat resistant
insulator fire proof gloves and clothing
Bentonite (whilkinite) Zinc oxide and 0.5% of ferric oxide Emulsifier,suspending agent,use in
plasters,lipsticks
Fuellers earth(floridin) Aluminimum magnesium, silicate(non- Cosmetic purposes,dusting powder in
plastic) different aid,filler for rubber
Chalk 98% of calcium carbonate and 0.5% of Antacid,dietary supplement, tooth
magnesium carbonate powder,dusting powder
Kaolin(china clay Hydrated aluminimum silicate free Light kaolin-Use in enteritis ,heavy
,porcelain clay) from gritty particles, derived from kaolin-as apoulutice,Adsorbent,as
decomposition of the felsper or granite filter aid
Talc Hydrated magnesium silicate As filter aid, lubricant, dusting powder
Kieselguhr Aluminimum silicate filter aid purpose

(Diatomaceous earth)
Shilagit Herbo-materials General tonic,aphrodisiac
Mica Aluminimum silicate Refractory bricks,insulation
9. Marine drugs
Class Examples
• Anthopleurins (Anthropleura xanthogrammica) peptide obtained from

Cardio vascular active coelenterates.
compounds • Laminine (Laminaria angustata) marine algae –basic amino acid with hypertensive
effect.
• Eptatretin(Eptatretus stoutii) bronchial heart of hogfish- cardiac stimulant.
• Saxitoxin (Saxidomus giganteus) found in butter clam.
• Spongosine(Crypotethia crypta) extract of Caribbean sponge –nucleoside in nature
• Eledosin(Eledone moschata)posterior salivary glands of cephalopod- potent
hypotensive
• ATX-ll-polypeptides found in sea anemones.
• Autonomium- isosteric structure like adrenaline and acetylcholine
• Ara-C– cytosine arabinoside obtained from Caribbean sponges

Cytotoxic compounds • Crassin acetate-(Pseudoplexaura porosa) cyclic diterpene from soft corals
• Simularin-(Sinularia flexibilis) from soft coral
• Holotoxin A,B,C-Sea cucumber ,Stichopus japonicas- antifungal in nature

Antimicrobial • Thelpin–Annelida, Thelepsus setosus
compounds • Eunicin–Gorgonian corals, Eunica mammosa
• Acanthelin- Acanthella acuta- antitubeculosis agent
• Cycloeudesmol-Red algae,Chondria oppositiclada
Antibiotic compounds • Variabilin, Ircinin-1-Sponge,Ircinia strobilina
Anti-inflammatory, • Manoalide-non steroidal anti-inflammatory, Luffariella variabilis.

antispasmodic • Tetradotoxin-liver and ovaries of puffer fishes-strong antispasmodic
compounds
• Ciguatoxin-Present in red tide dinoflagellate Gambier discus-toxicus
Marines toxins • Palytoxin-Present in Palythoa species and is most potent coronary vasoconstrictor
• Saxitoxin- Present in red tide dinoflagellate,Gonyaulax catenella
• Brevetoxin-Ptychodiscus breuis
• Kainic acid-Convulsant
Miscellaneous • Domoic acid-Ascaris & pinworm
compounds • Aplysinopsin-Antidepressant
C. CHEMICAL TEST FOR
ALL PHARMACOGNOSTIC DRUGS
1. Glycosides
Chemical Test Observation Conclusion

Modified Born-Trager’s Test:
Powdered sample+ferric chloride Upon standing rose pink Presence of glycosides eg.aloe
and filtered, to thefiltereate add colour changes to red emodin,barbaloin
dilute HCI and organic solvents like
Benzene/ether/chloroform. The
organic layer isseparated using
pipette. To the organic layer add
diluteammonia.
Test For Saponin Glycosides:
1. Foam test: Thepowdered drug is Foam is develops Presence of saponins
shaked well withwater.
2. To the powder add about 80% Shows deep yellowcolour Presence of saponins
H2SO4.
Antimony Trichloride Test:
Solution of the glycoside is heated Blue or violet colour is Presence of cardiacglycosides
with antimonytrichloride and obtain
trichloroacetic acid.
Libermann Burchard Test:
To the powder solution of glycosides Gives greencolour/bluish green Presence of cardiacglycosides
is added in CHCI3+aceticanhydride (Bufenolides,sterol,triterpenoids)
followed by concentrated sulphuric
acid
Raymond’s Test:
A small quantity of glycosides is Appearance of violetcolor,which Presence of cardiacglycosides
dissolved in 1ml of changesinto blue colour For activates C21 methylene group
about50%ethanol followed by
addition of 0.1ml of 1%solution of
dinitro benzene in ethanol or
methanol. To this solution, 2-3
drops of 20% NaOH solution is
added (or) Violet colour isproduce Presence of cardiacglycosides
Test solution+hot methanolic alkali.
Kedde’s Test:
Extract the drug with chloroform; Purple colour isdevelops Presence of cardenolide
evaporate to dryness.Add 1drop of cardiacglycosides
90% alcohol. Make alkaline with
20%NaOH solution.
Baljet’s Test:
Test solution+picric acid or sodium Orange colour isobtain Presence of digitoxose eg.Digitalis
picrate.
Xanthohydrol Test:
Test sample is heatedwith 0.125% Red colour isproduced by deoxy Presence of glycosides( for 2-deoxy
solution of xanthohydrol in glacial sugars. sugar)
acetic acid containing 1% HCl.
Tollen’s Test:
Glycoside solution is taken in minute Formation of silvermirror on the Presence of glycosides
of pyridine andammonial silver walls oftest tube
nitrate and warmed on water bath.
Test for Coumarin Glycosides:
1.Alcoholic extract made alkaline. Shows blue or greenfluorescence Presence of coumaaringlycosides
2. Cover the test tube containing The paper shows green Presence of coumaarin
test sample withfilter paper fluorescence Glycosides
moistened with dilute NaOH
sol.Place the covered test tube on
water bath forseveral minutes.
Remove the pper and expose toUV
light.
Test for Cyanogentic Glycosides:
1. Grignard reagent-Powder of drug Formation of reddishpurple Presence ofcyanogenetic
is taken in conical flask andmoistens color glycosides
with few drops of water. Moisten
apiece of picric acid paper with 5%
aq sodiumcarbonate sol. And
suspended with by means ofcork in
the neck of the flask. Warm gently
at about 370C
2. Paper solution of Guaiacum resin Paper turns blue Presence ofcyanogenetic
in absolute alcoholand allow it to colour glycosides
dry on paper. Treat it withCuSO4
solution.
Test for hydroxyl anthrax quinines:

Add KOH solution to the samle. Red colour isproduces Presence of glycosides
Test for Cyanophoric Glycosides:
To the powder in a test tube add Picrate paper turns toblack red Presence ofcyanophoric glycosides
little amount of waterand suspend colour
the piece of sodium picrate paper
above thedrug. Trapping a top edge
between the cork and the tube wall.
Allow it to stand for 30minutes.
Hydrocholric acidgets evolved.
Legal Test:
The extract of glycoside in pyridine. Pink to red colour isdevelops Presence of cardiacglycosides
Sodium nitroprusside or Sodium (cardenolide eg-digitoxose/Digitalis)
nitrogenamide solution and NaOH
solution (alkaline) are added.
Borax test/Schonteten’s Test:
To a solution (5ml), borax is added Green flourescece isappear Presence ofanthraquinone
and it isheated to dissolve glycosides (aloe)
completely. Few drops of the liquid
are poured in a test tube filled with
water.
Bromine Test:
Thesample added with bromine. Pale yellow precipitate Presence ofanthraquinone
of tetrabromation glycosides (aloe)
Klunge’s or CupraloinTest:
Anaqueoussolution of aloe(about A purple colour isdevelops Presence ofisobarbaloin (aloe)
20ml), CuSO4 solution isadded
followed by NaCl and 90% alcohol
(about10ml).
Test for Flavonoid Glycosides:

To the small quantity of the residue, Yellow colourprecipitate is formed Presence of flavonoidglycosides
add lead acetate solution.
Note: Cardenolide-steroid has five member lactone ring at position C-17

Bufadienolide-steroid has six member lactone ring at position C-17
2. Akaloids

Mayer’s test:
To small amount of crude drug, add Gives cream colour or Presence of alkaloids
mayer’s reagent (potassium yellowprecipitate
mercuric iodide solution)
Dragendroff’s test:
To the small amount of crude drug, Gives reddish brown colour or Presence of alkaloids
add dragendroffs reagent orange colour
(potassium bismuth iodide solution)
Wagner’s test:
To small amount of crude drug, add Gives reddish brown colouror brown Presence of alkaloids
Wagner’s reagent (iodine-potassium precipitate
iodide solution)
Hager’s test:
To small amount of crude drug, Gives yellowprecipitate Presence of alkaloids
Hager’s reagent(saturated solution
of picric acid)
Van-urk’s for indole alkaloids:
To a 2-3 ml of solution add p- Gives blue colour Presence of Indolealkaloids
dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde
Vitali morin test for tropane

alkaloids:
2-3ml of samples solution is treated White coloration takesplace Presence of Tropane
with fuming HNO3, followed by Alkaloids
evaporation to dyness and addition
ofmethanolic KOH solution to an
acetone solution ofnitrated residue.
Thalleoquin Test for Quinoline
Alkaloids: Gives emerald greencolour Presence of Quinolinealkaloids
To the powder drug, when Br2 water
and dilute NH2solution
*Reminder-May I dragwags Hag for precipitation with alkaloids.
3. Tannin

Goldbeater’s skin test:
A small piece of goldbeater’s skin is A brown or black colour isproduced Presence oftannins
soaked inabout 2% HCI rinsed with on the skin
distilled water and placed in a
solution oftannin for 5min.The skin
piece is washed with distilled water
and kept ina solution of FeSO4.
Gelatin Test:
To a solution of tannin (about 1%) A white buff-coloredprecipitate is Presence oftannins
aqueous solution of gelatin andNaCI formed
(10%) are added.
Phenazone Test:
A mixture of aqueous extract (5ml) A bulky colored precipitateis formed Presence oftannins
of a dug and sodium andphosphate
is heated, cooled and filtered. A
solution ofphenazone (about 2%) is
added to the filtrate.
Catechin test (matchstick test):

A matchstick is dipped in aqueous On warming near a flamethe Presence oftannins
plant extract, dried nearburner and matchstick wood turnspink or red
moistened with conc HCI. due to formationof phlorogucinol.
Chlorogenic acid test:

An extract of clorogenic acid A green color is formed onexpsure Presence oftannins
containing drug is treatedwith to air
aqueous NH3.
Vanillin-Hydrochoric Acid Test:

When the drug is treated with Pink or red colour is formed Presence oftannins
Vanillin-Hydrochoric Acidreagent due to formation ofphloroglucinol
Gambir-fluroscein test:
A mixture of alcoholic extract of The petroleum ether layershows Presence ofgambir (tannin)
pale catechu (about 1g)NaOH green fluorescence
solutionand petroleum ether is
shakenand kept for sometime.
A very dilute FeCI3 solution is A blue color is producedwhich is Presence
gradually added to an changed to olivegreen as more FeCI3 oftannins,proanthocyanidins
aqueousextract of hamamels leaves isadded
(Hamamelis virginiana)
4. Resins

To the extract add 5mL of distilled Turbidity is formed Presence of resins
water
Alcoholic solution of colophony It turns blue litmus to red Presence f diterpenic acid
Alcoholic solution of balsam of Gives green colour with FeCI3 Presence of toluresino tannols
tolu
To a petroleum ether solution Sumatra:reddish brown colour Presence of resins

ofbenzene, 2-3 drops of H2SO4 Slam:purple red colour
isadded in a china dish.
0.1g powder in 10mL of(CH3CO)2O in Purple colour Presence of resins (colophony)

a test-tube and add adrop of
concentrated H2SO4.
5. VOLATILE OILS

To the section of the drug, add Red colour obtained by globules Presence of volatile oil
alcoholic solution of sudan lll
To the thin section of the drug, add Red colour is obtained Presence of volatile oil
a drop of tincture alkaline.
6. FLAVONOIDS

Shinoda test:
The dry powder extract add about Pink colour is observed Presence of flavonoids
5-6ml of90% ethanol, few drops pf
conc. HCl and small of
magnesiumtunings.
Bate-smith and metcalf test:
Sample boiled with 1% HCl Orange red to blue to red Presence of flavonoids
(anthocyanin,leucoanthocyanin)
To small quantity of residue add Yellow colored precipitate is Presence of flavonoids
leadacetate solution formed
Add increasing amount of NaOH It shows yellow coloration, which Presence of flavonoids
to the residue decolorizes after addition of acid
7.Carbohydrates

Fehling’s solution test:
The substance (0.5g) is treated with Red precipitate of cuprous Presence of carbohydrates
dilute HCl. Thereaction mixture is oxide is produced on heating
neutralized by addition ofNaOH
solution and then fehling’s solutions
1 & 2 areadded.
Molisch test:
A solution of carbohydrate is A purple ring is formed onthe Presence of carbohydrates
prepared in watercontaining α- junction below upperlayer
naphthol concentrated
H2SO4isadded along the side of the
test tube
Osazone formulation:
A sugar is heated with phenyl Formulation of yellow Presence of carbohydrates
hydrazinehydrochloride, sodium crystals of osazone
acetate and acetic acid
Resorcinol test for ketones

(seliwanoff’s test): Pink colour is produced Presence of carbohydrates
A crystal of resorcinol is added o the (Differentiate between of
solutionand heated with equal monosaccharides and in case of
volume of concentratedHCI. ketonesfructose, honey,hydrolyzed
insulin )
Test for pentoses:
A solution of materials is heated Red colour is formed Red colour is formed
with equalvolume of HCI containing
a littlepholoroglucinol
Killer-kilani test for deoxysugars:

A deoxy sugar is dissolved in acetic A reddish-brown color isformed at Presence of carbohydrats
acidcontaining a trace of FeCI3 and the junction whichturns blue latter (deoxysugars)
transferred to the surface of on
concentrated H2SO4
Furfural test:
The sample is heated in a test tube A pink or red stain appears A pink or red stain appears
with a dropof syrupy phosphoric on the reagent paper on the reagent paper
acid to make it intofurfural. A disk of
filter paper moistened with adrop of
about 10% solution of aniline in 10%
aceticacid is placed over the mouth
of the test tube.The bottom of the
test tube is heated for one minute.
Benedict’s test:
To the solution, add benedict’s Solution appears green,yellow or Presence of carbohydrates
reagent andheated on water bath red deendingon concentration of
reducingsugar
Lead sulphide test:

To the alkaline solution of sulphur A black precipitate is formed Presence of proteins
containingproteins add lead acetate
Heat coagulation test:

Heat the test solution in a boiling Proteins get precipitated Presence f proteins
water bath.
8. FIXED OILS

Halphen’s test/Bevan’s test:
3-4ml of oil is mixed with 1ml of Red color is formed (failswhen Presence of cotton seedoil
amyl alcohol and1ml of about 1% heated to over 2000C)
solution of sulphur in CS2 for
10minutes in a water bath
Badouin’s test:
The oil is shaken with half its volume Development of pink colour Presence of sesamol
ofconcentrated HCI containing
about 1% of sucrose
BP Test for sesamol:
The oil is shaken with a furfural sol Development of bluish-greencolor Presence of sesamol
in aceticanhydride in the presence
of H2SO4 (mentioned inBP)
Test for persic oil:(prunus
armeniaca) Produces color Presence of persic oil
The oil is shaken with HNO3
Confirmatory test for fixed oil & fat
Using sodium hydrogen sulphate: Pungent odour is produced Glycerine is present

4-6drops oils in a test tube add a-
pinch of sodium hydrogen sulphate.
Using sodium hydroxide –
4-6 drops of oils + 1 ml of about 1 % Blue solution is obtained
CuSO4 solution and add 5 drop of 10 Glycerine is present
% NaOH solution
9. OTHER GROUPS

Test for insulin:
To the test solution add solution of Brownish red colour isproduced Presence of insulin
α-naphthol andH2SO4
Test for steroid/Salkowaski
test:Extract of drug inCHCI3 + Red colour Steroids
concentrated H2SO4
Test for mucilage:
1. To the test solution add Pink color is obtained Presence of mucilage
ruthenium red
2. To the test solution add thionine
(Lauth's violet)solutionand after 12- violet red Presence of mucilage
15 minutes wash with alcohol
Test for waxes:
To the test solution, add alcoholic Waxes get saponified Presence of waxes
alkali solution
Name of test Performed for drug
Baljet test Cardiac glycosides (Digitalis)
Barfoed’s test Carbohydrates
Biuret test Proteins
Borax test Aloes
Borntrager’s test Anthraquinone glycosides (Senna)
Boudouin’s test Sesame oil
Carr-price reaction Vitamin A
Claud’s test Yellow bees wax
CupraloinTest/Klunge’s test Aloe (isobarbaloin)
Fiehe’s test Invert sugar
Frohdes test Ipecac alkaloids
Fluorescence test Pale catechu
Foam test Saponins
Gold beater skin test Tannins
Grignard reaction Cyanogenetic glycosides
Haemolysis test Saponins
Halphen test Cholesterol in hydrous wool fat
Hulphen’s test Cotton seed oil
Kedde’s test Cardiac glycosides
Keller Killiani test Digitoxose
Klunge’s/Cupraloin test Aloes
Kreis test Rancidity of fats and oils
Legal test Cardiac glycoside (Digitalis)
Libermann-Buchard test Steroids
Match-stick test Black catechu
Modified Van-urk’s test Indole alkaloids
Molisch’s test Carbohydrates
Murexide test Caffeine
Mandelin reagent Nux vomica
Ninhydrin test Amino acids
Nitrous/Nitric acid test Aloes
Noller’s test Volatile oils
Pesez test Cardiac glycosides
Phenazone test Tannins
Raymond’s test Cardiac glycosides
Saponification test Fixed oils and fats
Schilber’s test Alkaloids
Spot test Fixed oils and fats
Thalleoquin’s test Cinchona
Tilden’s test Volatile oils
Van-urk’s test Ergot alkaloids
Vitali-Morin reaction Tropane alkaloids (Belladonna)
Umbelliferone test Asafoetida
D. CLASSIFICATION OF
DRUGS ACCORDING TO
PHARMACOLOGICAL USES
1.Drugs used on nervous system (Brain)
Name of plant Synonyms Biological name Plant Chemical constituent Pharmacological
part used Use
Hyoscymus Indian Hyoscyamus niger, Leaf and Tropane alkaloids hyoscyamine,and Sedative. Narcotic
Henbane, Solanaceae flowering hyoscine drug. Used for
Paarsika- top convulsions.
yavaani
Belladonna Belladonna, Atropa belladonna, Dried Atropine,(d,l-hyoscyamine), Antispasmodic,

Deadly Solanaceae leaves, l- scopalomine,hyoscine(atropine parasympathetic,
Nightshade flowering is changed to l-hyoscyamineby depressant,
leaf,Suuchi top anenzyme when the plant vasoconstrictor,
isdry,thus the plant ismore active smooth muscle
when dry)starch, sugar, mucilage inhibitor,
Bronchodilator.
Stromonium Thornapple Datura Dried Atropine, l-hyoscyamine, hyoscine Anticholinergic
leaves Stromonium leaves, ,mydriatic,sicknes
Solanaceae flowering s,
top control motion
Aconite Indianaconite, Aconitum ferox , Tuber Aconitine or nepalline, Narcotic,
Monkshood Aconitum napellus, hypaconitine,neopelline, sedative,
Ranunculaceae neoline,sparteine antileprotic,
anti-
inflammatory.
Extremely
poisonous.
Analgesis,cardiac
depressant,rheum
atism
Use as liniment in
neuralgia,sciatica
Ashwagandha Winter Cherry, Withania Root Alkaloids ─ withanine, Anti-
Asgandh, ashwagandha, withananine, withananinine inflammatory
Gandharvagan (cultivated variety) pseudowithanine,somnine,somnifer drug for
dhaa W.somnifera, ine,somniferinine. swellingstumours,
Solanaceae steroidal lactones ─ rheumatismand
withanolide as asedative and
hypnoticin anxiety
neurosis
Ephedra Ma-Huang Ephedra sinica, Dried Alkaloids ephedrine, Sympathomimetic
E.Gerardiana stem phytosterols,pseudoephdrine ,
Ephedraceae (alkaloidal amine), tannin,saponin, Antiasthmatic,
flavone, oil diaphoretic,
stimulant,
decongestant,
expectorant ,
Opium Raw opium, Papaver Dried Isoquinoline alkaloids , Narcotic,use in
Ahiphena, somniferum, poppy morphine, narcotine, diarrhea
Aaphuuka, Papaveraceae juice codeine, papaverine and ,sedative,
thebaine. hypnotic,analgesi
c
antispasmodic.
Cannabis Indian Hemp, Cannabis sativa, Dried Cannabisconsist of various hallucinogenic,
Bhangaa, Cannabinaceae juice classes—cannabinoids, hypnotic,
Indraasana leaves of cannabispirans,and various sedative,
alkaloids,of which -9- analgesic,
tetrahydrocannabinol antiinflammatory,
(THC) is important and as an
antiemetic
in cancer
chemotherapy.
Nux vomica Semina Strychnos Nux- Seeds Strychnine, brucine, CNS stimulant
Strychni vomica, caffeotannic acid, igasuric ,bitter stomachic
Loganiaceae acid, loganin andtonic
Shankhpushpi Shivakrandi Evolvulus Aqueous Evolvine,beta-sitosterol, Brain tonic, an aid
alsinoides, extract stearic,oleic, linoleic inconception,
Convolvulaceae of whole acids, pentatriacontane astringent,
plant and triacontane antidysenteric.
Shatavari Shatmuli, Asparagus Dried Saponins-shatavarins I– Uses like
Atirasaa, racemosus root and IV.shatavarin IV is a glycosideof galactagogue, for
Shatpadi Asparagaceae leaves sarsasapogenin,sitosterol etc. disorders of
femalegenitourin
ary tract,ulcer-
healing
agent,intestinal
disinfectantand
astringent in
diarrhea, nervine
tonicand in sexual
debilityfor
spermatogenesis
Hypercium/ Goat weed Hypercium Dried Hyperforin, hypericin Antidepressant

St.Jonhs wort perforatum aerial
Hypericaceae part
Duboisia Cork- tree Duboisia Dried Scopalamine Anticholinergic
myopoides leaves
Solanaceae
Hops Humulus Humulus lupulus Dried Humulone Sedative,spasmol
Cannabinaceae female ytic
flowers
2.Laxatives
Name of plant Synonyms Biological name Plant part Chemical constituent Pharmacological Use
used
Aloe Curacao Aloe, Aloe barbadensis, Dried Juice Anthraquinoneglycosides – Purgative (causes
Barbados Aloe, A. Indica, of leaves aloin,barbaloin,aloe -emodin griping),gel—
Indian Aloe, A. Vera, acemannan,glyburide, topicallyemollient,
Kummari Liliaceae antiinflammatory,
antimicrobial -used
for wound healing,
sunburn.
Rhubarb Rhubarb Rheum officinale, Rhizome , Chrysophanol,chrysophanic Purgative,stomachic,
Rheum Palmatum, root acid, emodin, aporetin, astringent, used
Polygonaceae phaeoretin, erythroretin, forconstipation
rheumic acid, andrheotannic andatonic dyspepsia
acid,
Ispaghula Blond Psyllium, Plantago ovata, Seed, Essentialoils with Seed shows astringent
Isabgol, Plantaginaceae husk alphapinene,dipentene, property where
Indian Psyllium, linalool,cineol, methyl seed coat have
Spogel salicylate,decyl aldehyde, demulcent activity
eugenol,anisaldehyde,
bergapten,indole,salicylic
andbenzoic acids as
majorconstituents
Senna Alexandrian Cassia acutifolia, Fruit (pods), Sennoside A and B, Rhein, Purgative (free from
Senna, Cassia angustifolia, leaves aloeemodin,kaempferol, astringent action of
Tinnevelly Leguminosae isormamnetin, both freeand as rhubarb type herbs,
Senna(Indian glucosides,together with but causes gripe),
senna) mycricylalcohol the distentionof stomach,
purgativeprinciples are vomitingand hiccups
mainlyrecognized to
anthraquinonederivatives and
theirglucosides.
3.Cardiotonic
Name of plant Synonyms Biological name Plant part used Chemical constituent PharmacologicalUse
Digitalis Grecian Digitalis lanata, Leaves Cardiac glycosides Cardiac stimulant
Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, foundthrought entire Diuretic,emetic
Scrophulariaceae plant
Arjuna Arjun Terminalia arjuna Bark Triterpenoids Cardiotonic

Combreataceae saponin,arjunolic
acid,arjunolone
Indian Squill Jangli pyas,sea Urgenia indica Dried bulbs About 0.3% cardiac Cardiotonic,
onion Liliaceae glycoside Scillaren A Stimulant,emetic,
and B, proscillaren, expectorant
mucilage, ca oxalate
crystals
Thevetia Yellowo-leander, Thevetia nerifolia Dried seeds Thevetin ,peruvoside Cardiotonic

lucky nut tree Apocynaceae Nerifolin,thevenerin, Poisonous plant
Peruvosidic acid
Strophanthus Strophanthus kombe Dried ripe seeds Strophanthin, cyamarin Cardiotonic

Apocynaceae k-strophanthoside, Parenterally given
trigonelline because less oral
absorption
4.Carminative and gatric regulator
Name of Synonyms Biological name Plant part used Chemical constituent PharmacologicalUse
plant
Coriander Dhaanyaka, Coriandrum Fruits Containsvolatile oil, Stimulant,aromatic

Kustumburu, sativum, coriandrol, coriandryl acetate, stomachic,carminative,
Dhanika Umbelliferae L-borneol, delta-linalool,α- antispasmodic,also
pinene and terpinine. It also hypoglycaemic and
containsflavonoids, anti-inflammatory.
coumarins,phthalides and Oil use—bactericidal,
phenolicacids (including larvicidal.
caffeic and chlorogenic)
Fennel Madhurikaa, Foeniculum Fruits fennel seed contain Carminative,
Madhuraa, vulgare, volatileoils anethole, stomachic,
Shatapushpaa Umbelliferae fenchone antispasmodic,
andmethylchavicol,flavonoids, galactagogue,
coumarins(including diuretic.
bergapten) and sterols
Ajowan Ammi, Trachyspermum Fruits, It contain a volatile oil, p- Antidiarrhoeal, stimulant.
Carum ammi, Leaf juice cymene phenolic glucoside, anthelmintic,antifungal
Carum copticum, Root constituents of the ajowan oil carminative,diuretic,
Umbelliferae are the phenols,mainly febrifuge,antispasmodic
thymol and somecarvacrol.
Cardamom Sukshmailaa. Elettaria Seed Main constituents are, Seeduse- carminative
cardamomum, 1,8-cineole and antiemetic, stomachic,
Zingiberaceae αterpinylacetate, anti-gripe,antiasthmatic,
withlimonene, α- oiluse - antispasmodic,
terpineol,sabinene and Antiseptic.
linalool
Ginger Aardraka, Zingiber officinale, Rhizome Starch about 40%, fat, fibre Antiemetic,
(Fresh Zingiberaceae ontains anessential oil antiflatulent,
rhizome), (monoterpene)geranial and hypocholesterolaemic,
Shunthi, neral; anti-inflammatory,
Naagara.(Dried sesquiterpenes mainly antispasmodic,
rhizome) β sesquiphellandrene, expectorant,
betabisabolene; circulatory stimulant,
Aroma by curcumene and diaphoretic, increases
α-zingiberene; bioavailability of
Pungent principles, prescription drugs.
consisting of
gingerols,shogaols and
relatedphenolic
ketonederivatives.
Black pepper Black Pepper , Piper nigrum, Fruits Thefruit contain Stimulant,carminative,
Maricha, Piperaceae piperine,piperatine and diuretic, anticholerin,
Vellaja piperidine, piperyline, antiasthmatic. used
piperoleinsA and B infevers, dyspepsia,
flatulence, indigestion,
and as mucous membrane
andgastro-intestinal
stimulant.
Asafoetida Devil’s Dung, Ferula assafoetida Oleo gum resin Resinscontains mainly Carminative,stimulates
Ferula rubricaulis, obtained by asaresionotannolsand theintestinal andrespiratory
Ferula foetida , incising the their tracts andthe nervous
Umbelliferae living rhizomes esters;farnesiferols,ferulic system.
and roots acid and other
acids,gum,volatile oil and
secondary propanylisobutyl
disulphide,
sulphatedterpenes, pinene,
cadineneand
vanillin;sesquiterpenoid-
coumarins.
Ferulic acid with HCI-umbellic
acid-loose water gets
umbelliferone.
Nutmeg Jaatiphala, Myristica fragrans Dried kernels of Containsmyristicin,elimicin, Nutmeg is used in
Myristica, Myristicaceae the seeds saffrole,licarin-b and flatulency, diarrhoea,
Nux Moschata dehydrodiisoeugenol,eugenol nausea and vomiting.
and isoeugenol,oleic,lauric mace is used in
and other acids. rheumatism, chronic
bowel complaints and
asthma.
Cinnamon Ceylon Cinnamomum Dried inner bark About 60-70% Leaf use-carminative,
Cinnamon, zeylanicum, Of shoots cinnamaldehyde, antidiarrhoeal,
Kalmi-Dalchini Cinnamomum alphaandbeta-pinene, spasmolytic,
loureirii, pcymeneand limonene, antirheumatic,
Cinnamomum linalool,eugenol. hypoglycaemic.
burmanii essential
Lauraceae oil use—fungicidal.
Clove Lavanga, Syzygium Clove (dried Eugenin,triterpene Carminative,
Devakusum, aromaticum, Flowerbud) acids,crategolic acid,steroid antiinflammatory,
Devapushpa, Caryophyllus glucosides. antibacterial.
aromaticus,, Eugenol about 70-90% a Flower buds use—
Eugenia maincomponent of the antiemetic,
caryophyllata, oil,caryophyllenes stimulant,carminative, used
Myrtaceae indyspepsia, gastric
irritation.
Oil use—employed as a
localanalgesic for
hypersensitive
dentlines and carious
cavaties
5.Antihypertensive
Rauwolfia Snake root, Rauwolfia serpentina, Root Indole alkaloids Anti-arrhythmic

Sarpgandha Apocynaceae ,antihypertensive anti-hypertensive
alkaloids - reserpine
(other chemical like
alseroxylone,
corganthine,voxinil,
rescinamine)
antiarrhythmic alkaloids
-ajmaline
Hesperidin Cirantin Citrus aurantium Ripe and Hesperidin(Flavanone Hypertension,
Rutaceae unripe fruits glycosides) treatment of
cardiovascular
,carminative
Colenol Coleus Coleus forskohli Colenol/forskolin Hypotensive
6.Acting on cold and cough (Antussive)
Name of Others name Biological name Plant part Chemical constituent PharmacologicalUse
plant used
Adulsa Malabar-nut, Adhatoda zeylanica, Leaves along Quinazoline alkaloids - Cold , cough,
Vasaka, Adhatoda vasica, with tender vasicoline, adhatodine, whooping-cough
Adulsa Acanthaceae stem vasicolinone and andchronic
bronchitis
vasicinol,vasicinone,deoxyvasicinone, andasthma as
deoxyvasicine sedativeexpectorant
Tolu Balsam Balsamum Toluifera Balsamum, Balsam of the Toluene, benzylic benzoate,benzylic Expectorant
Tolutanum Leguminosae Plant cinnamate,benzoic acid,
cinnamicacid, resins
Tulsi Holy Basil, Ocimum Sanctum, Seed, leaves Chief components of theessential oil Expectorant,
Sacred Basil, Labiatae are eugenol,carvacrol, nerol carminative,
andeugenolmethylether. stomachic,
Leaves contain been antispasmodic,
reported to have ursolicacid, antiasthmatic,
apigenin,luteolin, apigenin-7- antirheumatic,
Oglucuronide, stimulant,
luteolin-7-O-glucuronide,orientin antipyretic and
and molludistin. diaphoretic,used
ingenitourinary
diseases.
7.Antirheumatic
Guggul Guggulu Commiphora mukul, Gum , resin Guggolestrones E, Z. Anti-cholesterol,

Burseraceae antirhumatic
Colchium Meadow Colchicum autumnale, Seed and the Colchicines Antirhumatic,
saffron seed, Liliaceae corn as emetic in
colchicum ofcolchicum poisioning
8.Antitumor
Name of plant Synonyms Biological name Plant part Chemical constituent PharmacologicalUse
used
Vinca Periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, Whole plant Indole alkaloids Anticancer(hodgkins
amaranth Apocynaceae extract (vincamine, vinblastine) disease,
tannins Leukemia)
circulatory
stimulant
(increase blood
flowto the brain)
Hypotensive
Taxus Himaliyan yew Taxus baccata, Dried leaves, Taxol,cephalomannine,10- Refractory ovarian
Taxus brevifolia bark, & roots deacetyl baccatin lll cancer
Taxaceae
Camptotheca Cancer tree Camptotheca Dried stem Camptothecin Antitumour
acuminatal, wood
Nyssaceae
Podophyllum May apple Podophyllum peltatum Rhizome and Podophyllotoxin or Antitumour,emetic,
American Berberidaceae leaves podophyllin,etoposide, cathartic
mandrake tenoposide
9.Antileprotic
Chaulmoogra Taraktogenos. Taraktogenos Kurzii, Seed oil Hydnocapic acid Leprosy

oil Chaulmoogra. Hydnocarpus wightiana, primarily constituent
Achariaceae for antimicrobial
activity, Fixed oil, about
25-50 %
containspalmitin,
linolein, but
mainlyglycerides of two
fattyacids—
chaulmoogric, and
hydnocarpic,
starch,proteins,
tannin,colouring
matter
10.Antidiabetic
Name of plant Synonyms Biological name Plant part Chemical constituent PharmacologicalUse
used
Pterocarpous Gummi (Resina) , Pterocarpus Marsupium, Bark juice Kino-tannic acid, Diabetes ,diarrhea,
Vengay, Bastard Papilionaceae/ Fabaceae kino-red, kinoin, pyrosis, menorrhagia,
pyrocatechin dysentery,
(pyrocatechuic acid, leucorrhea,ulcers,
catechol),
Gymnema Australian Cow Gymnema sylvestre, Dried Leaves Gymnemagenin, Oral antidiabetic.
Plant,Ipecacuanha Asclepiadaceae or whole gymnemic acid 1-4 excitationthe heart
(Indian), plant &circulatorysystem,
Meshashringi, stimulates theuterus.
Meshavishaanikaa, used in parageusia and
furunculosis.whole
diureticemetic,
expectorant,astringent,
stomachic.
Momordica Karela, Momocardia charantia Freshly green Charantin(fruits & Antidiabetic,stomachic,
Bitter gourd Cucurbitaceae fruits leaves),polypeptide tonic
steroidal saponin-
antidiabetic,
momordicin(fruits),
ascorbic acid
11.Diuretics
Name of Synonyms Biological name Plant part Chemical constituent PharmacologicalUse

plant used
Punarnava Horse-purslane, Boerhavia diffusa, Whole plant Xanthone, Diuretic,anti-
Hogweed, Nyctaginaceae β -ecdysone. inflammatory,antiarthritic,
Rakta- flavonoid, spasmolytic,antibacterial(used for
Punarnavaa, arbinofuranoside inflammatoryrenal
Shophaghni. diseases,nephritic syndrome,in
cases of ascitesensuing fromearly
cirrhosis of liverand
chronicperitonitis, dropsyrelated
withchronic bright’sdiseases
Gokhru Puncture vine Tribulus terrestris, Ripen fruit, Saponins,which under Diuretic,tdemulcent,anti-
Kshudra Zygophyllaceae leaves, hydrolysis yield: inflammatory,anabolic,spasmolytic,
(Laghu) root. Sapogenins musclerelaxant,hypotensive,
Swaadukantaka *Pedalium murex (leaves & root)- hypoglycaemic.
(Bara gokhru)- diosgenin,gitogenin, Haemostatic,stomachic,
dysuria,gonorrhoea chlorogenin,ruscogenin
Flavonoids
(leaves & fruits)-rutin,
quercetin,kaempferol,
kaempferol-3-glucoside
and rutinoside,
tribuloside havebeen
remote fromtheleaves
and fruits.
Theseeds include
carbolinealkaloids—
harmane, harmine and
harmol.
12.Antidysenterics
Ipecacuanha Ipecacuanha. Cephaelis ipecacuanha, Dried root Emetine, cephaeline, Antidysenterics,

Ipecac Rubiacae cephaelic acid, emetic
epecacuanhic acid,
tannicacid, volatile oil,
starch,gum
13.Antiseptic and disinfectant
Benzoin Sumatra Styrax benzoin, Resinous Benzaldehyde, vanillin Antiseptic and

benzoin Styraceoe exudates (about 1 %), disinfectant
in use by phenylpropyl
injury to the tree cinnamate, styrol, and
styracin, cinnamic acid,
benzoic acid
Myrrh African Myrrh, Commiphora myrrha, Oleo-gum-resin The gum contains Antiseptic
Myrrha, Burseraceae acidicpolysaccharides, anddisinfectant
Bitter Myrrh, volatile oilincluding
otherconstituents,
eugenol,
monoterpenes and
furano-sequiterpenes.
Neem Limb, Azadirachta indica Leaves, Amorphous resin, a Insect repellant,
Nila Melia Azadirachta, bark, crystalline, bitter bittertonic,
Meliaceae (oil from seed) alkaloid(margosine), antiseptic and
margosiaacid, a disinfectant
crystallinesubstance and
tannin
Curcuma Turmeric, Curcuma Longa, Dried Containsvolatile oil Antiseptic and
haridra, Zingiberaceae rhizome about 5-10%, disinfectant,
haldi, halad. turmerones which stomachic,
aresesquiterpene, aromatic,
ketones, Curcumin, stimulant;
Curcuminoids,bitter dyspepsia,
principles, sugars,starch, flatulence
resin.
14.Antimalarial
Cinchona Cinchona bark, Calisaya Weddell, Quills or in Quinine, quinidine, Malaria

Jesuit bark. Cinchona officinalis, curved pieces cinchonine,cinchonidine,
Rubiaceae of quinamine, quinic acid,
bark quinovic acid
15.Oxytocics
Ergot Ergot of rye, Claviceps purpurea Dried Alkaloids,ergotamine Oxytocic,

Ergota Clavicititaceae sclerotium ,ergometrine ,ergotic hemostatic,
acid,ergotinic acid, motor excitant
sclerotic
16.Liver disorder
Picrorhiza Katukaa, Picrorhiza kurroa, Root Glycosidal bitterprinciple, In jaundice,

Katurohini, Scrophulariaceae kutkin found to bea intermittent fever,
Kutki. mixture of two dyspnoea and
iridoidglycosides, picroside skin diseases
l and kutkoside
alsoobtained were D-
mannitol,kutkiol,
kutkisteroland a ketone
(identical with
apocynin).
Kalmegh Andrographis Andrographis paniculata Dried leaves and Andrographolide Bitter tonic,
Family-Acanthaceae tender shoots anthelmentic,
hepatoprotective
Silymarin Milk thistle Silybus marianum Ripe seed Silybin,silycrystin Liver disorders
Asteraceae/Compositae
17.Use in gout
Colchium Meadow Colchicum autumnale Seed and corn Colchicine,demecolcine Use in treatment for
saffron seedLiliaceae gout
Gloriosa Glory lily Gloriosa superb Dried rhizome Colchicin In Gout ,cancer
Liliaceae and roots
18.Immunomodulator and adaptogens
Name of plant Synonyms Biological name Plant part used Chemical constituent Pharmacological
Use
Gudchi Giloy Tinospora cardifolia Seed Syringin and cordiol Immunodulator
Menispermaceae
Echinacea Black sampson Echinacea purpurea Dried part Polysaccharide Immunodulator
Asteraceae
Ashwagandha Asgandh Withania somnifera Dried root and Sitoindoside VII and VIII Immunodulator,
Solanaceae stem antistress
E. MICROSCOPY OF CRUDE DRUGS
1. STOMATA: Two kidneys shaped guard cells having chloroplast, covering by subsidary cells
i.e epidermal cell
Types of stomata (Depend on arrangement of subsidary cell)
Moss (united guard cell) Gymnospermous (oval& partial) Gramineous(dumbbellshape) Dicotyledonous(Bean shape)
Dicotylendonoustype
Paracytic or rubiaceous or Two guard cells covered by two subsidary cells, parallel to axis
parallel-celled stomata e.g.cocca,senna leaves
Diacytic or caryophyllaceous or Two guard cell covered by two subsidary cells, arrangement in
cross-celled stomata right angle to the stoma e.g. vasaka,peppermint,spearmint*
Anisocytic or cruciferous or Two guard cells covered by three subsidery cell,in which one is
unequal-celled stomata large than other two subsidery cells
e.g.Belladonna,Datura,Stramonium*
Anomocytic or ranunculaceous or Stoma is surrounded by varying number of subsidery cells
irregular-celled stomata resembling other epidermal cell e.g.buchu,lobelia,digitalis
Actinocytic or radiate-celled Two guard cells are surrounded by a cirlce of radiating
stomata subsidery cells e.g.Bucchancinia,lanzan spreng
*Anisocytic reminder-Anil cumble BDS doctor
*Diacytic reminder- DiVaPepSi drinks at 900C
2. TRICHOME: TQ this is tubular or glandular outgrowth of epidermal cells
Covering trichomes/non glandular

Unicellular* Nux vomica,strophanthus (lignified trichomes), senna
,cannabis,lobelia,tea
1.Uniseriate-datura,stramonium,digitalis,belladonna
Multicellular-unbrached 2.Biserate-calendula officinalis
3.Multiserate-Male fern
1.Stellate (radiating like) -Hammamelis

Multicellular-brached
2.Peltate (shield like) -Eleagnus,croton
3.Candelabra (chandalier like) -Verbascum
4.T-shaped- pyrethrum
Glandular trichomes
Unicellular glandular trichomes Piper,vasaka

Multicellular glandular trichomes Digitalis,bellodona,mentha,cannabis(compositae and labitae family)
Hydathode (piper betal,london pride)
*This is organ for absorption or secretion of water
* Unicellular reminder-Tea with lobelia on NSSC canteen
* Uniseriate reminder- unique stranger dignesh datewith belladonna
3. Calcium oxalate crystals or calciphytoliths:
CaC2O4.3H2O(tetragonal), CaC2O4. H2O (monoclinic)–

Type of Calcium oxalate crystals Examples
Prisms or pseudo raphides or Senna,hyoscyamous,quassia,liquorice,cascara,quillalia,

styloids or cubical henbane,Rauwolfia,cascara
Rosettes or cluster crystals Rhubarb,stramonium,cascara,senna,clove,jalap,buchu,

(aggregation of crystals) podophyllum,ipomea,strophanthus,coca,eucalyptus,wild
cherry,arjuna
Acicular crystals Ipecacuanha,squill,veratrum,sarsaparilla,angustura,phytolac
(long slender,pointed,bundles) ca
Raphides/Scatter needle-gentian,cinnamon
Microcrystals or sandy crystals Hyoscyamus-tetragonal microspheroids,
(minutes in structures) Henbane- microspheroids
Belladonna – monoclinic microspheroids
Cinchona-small prisms
Capsicum
*CalciphytolithsGood diagnostic tool for identification and detection of adulterant in crude drugs
*Druse is a group of crystals found in Allium,vitis,morus
4. EPIDERMIS:
Class of Epidermis Examples
Straight walled polygonal Senna, Coca
Beaded type Digitalis
Wavy type Hyoscyamus
Wavy walled with striated cuticle Belladonna
Papillose type Dog senna, Coca, Stigma of pyrethrum
5. VASCULAR BUNDLES:
Type of vascular bundle Examples
Open collateral Podophyllum, Valerian
Closed collateral Senna, Ginger, Vasaka

6. Microscopic evaluation by (Leaf constants)
• Stomatal number. : It isaverage no. of stomata present in 1 sq. millimeter of epidermis. The total no is
constant for a given drug.
Ex.Drug Stomatal no. Datura stramonium-87, Datura innoxia -141.
• Stomatal Index: - Itis the percentage which the number of stomata form to the total no. of epidermal cells,
each stoma being counted as one cell. Stomatal index is useful for evaluation ofleaf drug
I = S *100/(E+ S )I = Stomatal Index, S = No of stomata, E = No of epidermal cell in same area.
Drug Stomatal index
Indian senna 17 to 20
Alexandrian senna 10.8 to 12.6
• Vein islet number: - Islet is area surrounded by veins “It is the no. of vein islets per sq.mm of leaf surface. It
is constant for given species of drug It is used for evaluation of crude drug
Drug Vein islet no
Indian senna 19 – 23
Alexandrian senna 25 – 30
• Veinterminationnumber:- It is number of veinilet termination per sq.mm of the leaf surface midway
between the midrib and margin
• Palisade ratio: - It is the average no of palisade cells beneath one epidermal cell using four continues
epidermal cells for the count. It is constant for given leaf. Used for evaluation of leaf.
Digitalis purpurea 3.7 to 4.2
Datura stramonium 4 to 7
Atropa belladonna 6 to 10
7. Plant harmones:
Plant growth promoters
Plant harmones (location) Plant harmone function
Auxins:Seed embryo,young leaves and apical • Stimulation of cell elongation,cell division in
buds meristem cambium,lateral root development
(Eg.Indole acetic acid ,4-chloro-indole-3 acetic • delaying leaf senescence
acid,2-phenylacetic acid,indole-3-butyric acid • inhibition of lateral bud,root growth
Synthetic auxins:1-napthaleneacetic acid, 2,4- • inhibition or promotion of fruit
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) • delaying fruit ripening
• stimulates flower parts
Cytokinins:Synthesized in roots,and then • development of embryo during seed
transported to other plant parts development
Eg.Zeatin,kinetin,zeatin-riboside,isopentyl • inhibition of senescence
adenine,6-Benzyl adenine • stimulation of cell division,growth of lateral
buds and apical dominance
• stimulation of shoot initiation
• leaf cell enlargment that stimulate leaf
expansion
• Enhancement of stomatal opening
• Stimulate stem elongation
Gibberellins(GA1 to GA7):Meristem of apical • Promoting vegetative and fruit growth
buds,roots,young leaves,embryo • Development of seedless fruits
(discover first by gibberella fujikuroi) • Delaying senenscence in leaves and citrus
fruits
• Can end seed dormancy in plants that require
light for induction or germination
• Increase in the size of leaves
Plant growth modulator
Ethylene :Ripening fruits,flowers,stems • Stimulation of fruit ripening
,roots,tuber and seeds • Leaf and fruit abscission
• Stimulation of shoot and root growth along
with differentiation
• Stimulation of flower opening,flower and leaf
senescence
Abscisic acid • Stimulation of closing of stomata
• Inhibition of shoot growth
• Release of dormancy state
• Inducing seeds for synthesizing storage of
proteins
8. Difference between organised and unorganised drugs
Organiseddrugs Unorganised drugs
1.These are organs of plants or animals and are 1.These are derived from parts of plants or
made of cells or definite structure,like flowers, animal by some process of extraction and
seeds,fruits,insects,etc. followed by purification,if necessary eg.juices,
extracts,resin,etc.
2.Botanical or zoological terminolgy can be used 2.Such terminolgy is inadequate to describe

to describe these drugs them,but one has to look for their physical
character,such as the solubility in various
solvents,density,optical rotation,refractive
index,etc.as per requirement
3.Thes are solid in nature 3.These are solid,semiolid or liquids in nature

eg.oils,gums and balsams
4.Microscopic characters are one of the 4.Chemical tests and physical standard are
important crieteria for the identification of confirmatory tests
organised drugs
Examples-Clove,ephedra,colchineal,jalap, Examples-Pepsin,castor oil,tolu of balsam,bees
datura,cinchona wax,opium,aloe,agar
F. DRUG /MOLECULE IN MEDICINAL
PLANT AND its ACTIONS
Drugs made from plants: Drug name, pharmacological action and species
Drug/chemical name Action/clinical use Plant source
Acetyldigoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata
Adoniside Cardiotonic Adonis vernalis
Aescin Anti-inflammatory Aesculushippocastanum
Aesculetin Anti-dysentery Frazinus rhychophylla
Agrimophol Anthelmintic Agrimonia supatoria
Ajmalicine Circulatory Disorders Rauvolfia sepentina
Allantoin Vulnerary Several plants
Allyl isothiocyanate Rubefacient Brassica nigra
Anabesine Skeletal muscle relaxant Anabasis sphylla
Andrographolide Baccillary dysentery Andrographis paniculata
Anisodamine Anticholinergic Anisodus tanguticus
Anisodine Anticholinergic Anisodus tanguticus
Arecoline Anthelmintic Areca catechu
Asiaticoside Vulnerary Centella asiatica
Atropine Anticholinergic Atropa belladonna
Benzyl benzoate Scabicide Several plants
Berberine Bacillary dysentery Berberis vulgaris
Bergenin Antitussive Ardisia japonica
Betulinic acid Anticancerous Betula alba
Borneol Antipyretic, analgesic, Several plants
antiinflammatory
Bromelain Anti-inflammatory, proteolytic Ananas comosus
Caffeine CNS stimulant Camellia sinensis
Camphor Rubefacient Cinnamomum camphora
Camptothecin Anticancerous Camptotheca acuminata
(+)-Catechin Haemostatic Potentilla fragarioides
Chymopapain Proteolytic, mucolytic Carica papaya
Cissampeline Skeletal muscle relaxant Cissampelos pareira
Cocaine Local anaesthetic Erythroxylum coca
Codeine Analgesic, antitussive Papaver somniferum
Colchiceine amide Antitumor agent Colchicum autumnale
Colchicine Antitumor agent, anti-gout Colchicum autumnale
Convallatoxin Cardiotonic Convallaria majalis
Curcumin Choleretic Curcuma longa
Cynarin Choleretic Cynara scolymus
Danthron Laxative Cassia species
Demecolcine Antitumor agent Colchicum autumnale
Deserpidine Antihypertensive, tranquillizer Rauvolfia canescens
Deslanoside Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata
L-Dopa Anti-parkinsonism Mucuna sp
Digitalin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea
Digitoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea
Digoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea
Emetine Amoebicide, emetic Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Ephedrine Sympathomimetic, Ephedra sinica
antihistamine
Etoposide Antitumor agent Podophyllum peltatum
Galanthamine Cholinesterase inhibitor Lycoris squamigera
Gitalin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea
Glaucarubin Amoebicide Simarouba glauca
Glaucine Antitussive Glaucium flavum
Glasiovine Antidepressant Octea glaziovii
Glycyrrhizin Sweetener, Addison's disease Glycyrrhiza glabra
Gossypol Male contraceptive Gossypium species
Hemsleyadin Bacillary dysentery Hemsleya amabilis
Hesperidin Capillary fragility Citrus species
Hydrastine Hemostatic, astringent Hydrastis canadensis
Hyoscyamine Anticholinergic Hyoscyamus niger
Irinotecan Anticancer, antitumor agent Camptotheca acuminata
Kaibic acud Ascaricide Digenea simplex
Kawain Tranquillizer Piper methysticum
Kheltin Bronchodilator Ammi visaga
Lanatosides A, B, C Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata
Lapachol. Anticancer, antitumor Tabebuia sp
a-Lobeline Smoking deterrant, respiratory Lobelia inflata
stimulant
Menthol Rubefacient Mentha species
Methyl salicylate Rubefacient Gaultheria procumbens
Monocrotaline (topical) Antitumor agent Crotalaria sessiliflora
Morphine Analgesic Papaver somniferum
Neoandrographolide Dysentery Andrographis paniculata
Nicotine Insecticide Nicotiana tabacum
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid Antioxidant Larrea divaricata
Noscapine Antitussive Papaver somniferum
Ouabain Cardiotonic Strophanthus gratus
Pachycarpine Oxytocic Sophora pschycarpa
Palmatine, Antipyretic detoxicant Coptis japonica
Papain Proteolytic, mucolytic Carica papaya
Papavarine Smooth muscle relaxant Papaver somniferum
Phyllodulcin Sweetner Hydrangea macrophylla
Physostigmine Cholinesterase Inhibitor Physostigma venenosum
Picrotoxin Analeptic Anamirta cocculus
Pilocarpine Parasympathomimetic Pilocarpus jaborandi
Pinitol Expectorant Several plants
Podophyllotoxin Antitumoranticancer agent Podophyllum peltatum
Protoveratrines A, B Antihypertensives Veratrum album
Pseudoephredrine* Sympathomimetic Ephedra sinica
nor- Pseudoephedrine Sympathomimetic Ephedra sinica
Quinidine Antiarrhythmic Cinchona ledgeriana
Quinine Antimalarial, antipyretic Cinchona ledgeriana
Qulsqualic acid Anthelmintic Quisqualis indica
Rescinnamine Antihypertensive, tranquillizer Rauvolfia serpentina
Reserpine Antihypertensive, tranquillizer Rauvolfia serpentina
Rhomitoxin Antihypertensive, tranquillizer Rhododendron molle
Rorifone Antitussive Rorippa indica
Rotenone Piscicide, Insecticide Lonchocarpus nicou
Rotundine Analagesic, sedative,traquillizer Stephania sinica
Rutin Capillary fragility Citrus species
Salicin Analgesic Salix alba
Sanguinarine Dental plaque inhibitor Sanguinaria canadensis
Santonin Ascaricide Artemisia maritma
Scillarin A Cardiotonic Urginea maritima
Scopolamine Sedative Datura species
Sennosides A, B Laxative Cassia species
Silymarin Antihepatotoxic Silybum marianum
Sparteine Oxytocic Cytisus scoparius
Stevioside Sweetner Stevia rebaudiana
Strychnine CNS stimulant Strychnos nux-vomica
Taxol Antitumor agent Taxus brevifolia
Teniposide Antitumor agent Podophyllum peltatum
Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC) Antiemetic, decrease occular Cannabis sativa
tension
Tetrahydropalmatine Analgesic, sedative, traquillizer Corydalis ambigua
Tetrandrine Antihypertensive Stephania tetrandra
Theobromine Diuretic, vasodilator Theobroma cacao
Theophylline Diuretic, brochodilator Theobroma cacao
Thymol (topical) Antifungal Thymus vulgaris
Topotecan Antitumor, anticancer agent Camptotheca acuminata
Trichosanthin Abortifacient Trichosanthes kirilowii
Tubocurarine Skeletal muscle relaxant Chondodendrontomentosum
Valapotriates Sedative Valeriana officinalis
Vasicine Cerebral stimulant Vinca minor
Vinblastine Antitumor, Antileukemic agent Catharanthus roseus
Vincristine Antitumor, Antileukemic agent Catharanthus roseus
Yohimbine Aphrodisiac Pausinystalia yohimbe
Yuanhuacine Abortifacient Daphne genkwa
Yuanhuadine Abortifacient Daphne genkwa
The following are plants and chemicals which are still under research for cancer and AIDS/HIV:
(+)-Calanolide A Calophyllum lanigerum, Calophyllum teysmanii
Conocurovone Conospermum incurvum
Prostratin, Homolanthus nutans
9AC (9-aminocamptothecin): Cancer
Camptothecin Cancer
Homoharringtonine Cephalotaxus harringtonia
Perillyl alcohol, flavopiridol Dysoxylum binectiferum
G. STANDARDISATION OF
HERBAL PRODUCTS
 ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATION OF SYRUPS- LIQUID ORAL
1. Description,colour,odour(organoleptic)
2. Total ash
3. Acid insoluble ash
4. Water soluble extratives
5. Alcohol soluble extractive
6. pH
7. Total sugar content
8. Viscocity
9. Identification-HPTLC/TLC/GLC
10. Test of heavy/ toxic metals- lead,cadmium,arsenic,mercury
11. Microbial contamination- total bacterial count,total fungal count
12. Test for specific pathogens like
E.coli,
Salmonella species,
S.aureus,
P.aeruginosa
13. Pesticide residue- Organoclorine pesticides,
Organophosphorus pesticides,
Pyrethroids
 ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATION OF VATI/GUTIKA- TABLET/PILLS
1. Description,colour,odour
2. Weight variation
3. Disintegration time not more than 15 min
5. Assay
6. Test of heavy/ toxic metals- lead,cadmium,arsenic
7. Microbial contamination- total bacterial count,total fungal count
8. Test for specific pathogens like E.coli,salmonella species,S,aureus,p.aeruginosa
9. Pesticide residue-organoclorine pesticides,organophosphorus pesticides,pyrethroids
10. Test for aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2)
 ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATION OF ASAVA AND ARISHTA- FERMENTED LIQUIDS

1. Physical evaluation:Specific gravity at 25 0C
2. Alcohol content
3. Total acidity
4. Non reducing and reducing sugar
*Others same specification followes as liquid oral

 ANALYTICAL SPECIFICATION OF CHURNA
1. Description,colour,odour(organoleptic)
2. Total ash
3. Acid insoluble ash
4. Water soluble extratives
5. pH
6. loss of drying
8. Particle size-80-120 meshMicrobial contamination- total bacterial count,total fungal
count
9. Test for specific pathogens like E.coli,salmonella spp.,S,aureus,p.aeruginosa
10. Pesticide residue-organoclorine pesticides,organophosphorus
pesticides,pyrethroids.
11. Shelf life
12. Test for aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2)
TESTS ON HERBAL PRODUCTS AS PER I.P
 Foreign Organic Matter

 Ethanol-Soluble Extractive
 Water-Soluble Extractive
 Complete Extraction of Alkaloids
 Total Solids
H. DEFINATION OF MEDICINAL
TERM IN PHARMACOGNOSY
1) Carminative: -The drug, which expels gases from gastrointestinal tract, is known as carminative
in simply drug removes flatulence
e. g. Fennel, Dill, Caraway
2) Expectorant: - The drug, which increases fluidity of cough & helps in easy removal of cough are
known as expectorant.
e. g. Vasaka, Tolu-balsam, Benzoin.
3) Purgative: - The drug which evacuate the bowels,strongly cathartic effect
e. g. Senna leaf, Aloe,Castor oil, Rhubarb.
4) Laxative: - These are the purgatives, which effects in mild action.
e. g. senna
5) Cathartic: - These are drastic purgative stools produced are watery in nature,simply accelerates
defecation
e.g. Castor oil, Rhubarb.
6) Analgesic: - The agent which relieves pain by acting on Central Nervous System. They are of
two types
I) Narcotic Analgesics e. g. Opium
II) Antipyretic Analgesics e. g. Aconite
7) AntipyreticAnalgesics: - The drug, which reduces, elevated body temp.
e. g. Cinchona bark
8) Diaphoretic: - Drug, which reduces, elevated body temperature by increasing rate of sweating.
e. g. Tulsi, Camphor Tulsi, Camphor
9) Diuretic: - The drug, which increases rate of Formation & excretion of urine, is known as
diuretic.
e. g. Tea, Buchu leaves
10) Hypnotic: - The drug which produce sleep, like Natural sleep, is known as Hypnotic e. g.
Opium
11) Sedative: - The drug, which lowers activity of any organ or central Nervous System, is
recognized as sedative. (Tranquillizer.)
12) Emetic: - The drug which produces vomiting.
e. g. Mustard, Ipecac Senega.
13) Febrifuge: - The drug which reduce the body temperature.
14) Oxytocic: - The drug which causes contraction of uterus.
e. g. Ergot
15) Anthelmintic: - The drug, which kills or expels, worms from G. I. T.
e. g. Santonica flower, Chenopodium oil.
16) Appetizer: - The drug which increases desire for food
e. g. Cinchona, Nux-vomica.
17) Aphrodisiac: - An agent which stimulate sexual desire
e. g. lahsun.
18) Bitter: - Bitters are drugs having bitter taste, due to bitter taste they stimulate nerves and
stimulate secretion of stomach and appetite.e.g. Chirata, Nux vomica.
19) Counterirritant: - Counter irritant is a substance, which when applied is externally produces
irritation. This irritation is mild in nature, this irritation reduce the original pain sensation. e. g.
Camphor, Turpentine oil, methyl salicylate.
20) Stomachic- The drug, which increases secretion of gastric juice & function of stomach,
digestion is known as stomachic
e. g.dill,fennel,gentian,rhubarb
21) Diaphoretic–drug inducing perspiration. eg.Guaiac
23)Galactagogue-drug that promotes or increases the flow of a mother's milk.eg.Shatavari
24)Parageusia or Dysgeusia-drug is a distortion of the sense of tasteeg. Drug use as Gymnema
25)Furunculosis - This bacterial disease ,repeated occurrence of boils on the skin-Drug use as
Gymnema
THANKS NOTE
I am immensely thankful to Namrata Malpani for developing this mobile application and also
thankful to Pankaj Vyawhare for support during project. I would specially like to thank Poonam
Bhansali for this unique idea.
THANKs to Mama & Family
“Most failure people are failed not because they did not try well for success but because they
give up when are near to success”
THANKS TO NAGOBA SIR FOR
GUIDING FOR THE BOOK

Pharmaco Go Nosy

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Author: Krishna B.

2.8 Purine alkaloids-....................................................................................................................................................................................................23

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Dried latex of leaves of Aloeemodin(freebase),Emodin,aloi Purgative,External aid to

Rhizomes and roots of Anthraquinones with COOH Chronic

Positive to modified borntrager test

Positive for Modified borntragers test

Senna/ Dried leaflets of Cassia Sennosides A,B,C & D, dimeric Purgative

1.2 Phenol glycosides

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Salicin/ It is obtain by Salicin,emulsin,saligenin,saliretin Analgesic,bitter

1.3 Steroid glycosides/Cardiac glycosides

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Digitalis/foxglove Dried leaves of Digitalis Primary glycoside-Purpurea Cardiotonic,controls of

Squill/Sea onion, Indian squill-dried slices of Cardiac glycosides(0.3%): scillaren Cardiotonic,stimulant,ex

Strophanthus Dried and ripe seeds of K-strophanthoside, K- Intravenously for

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Khellol glucoside/ Seeds of Ammi visnaga Khellin,visnagin Coronary vasodialator,

Psoralen/Lata Dried ripe fruits of Psoralea Psoralen,isopsoralen,psolaridin,8- Leprosy, leucoderma,

1.7 Cyanogenetic/cyanophoric glycosides

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Safed musali Peeled tuberous roots of Hicogenin General tonic

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Liquorice Dried, peeled or Glycyrrhizin(glycyrrhizin acid) Demulscent,expectorant

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

1.12 Bitter glycosides/others

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Kalmegh Dried leaves and tender Andrographolide Bitter tonic,

Gymnema Dried leaves of Gymnema Gymnemic acid Antidiabetic

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Nux vomica/Crow Dried ripe seeds of 1.2% Strychnine,brucine,α- CNS stimulant,bitter

Rauwolfia/ Roots and rhizomes of Reserpine,deserpidine,rescinnamin Hypotensive,

Vinca Entire plant of Catharanthus Vincristine,vinblastine, Aniticancer,mostly used

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Positive for frohdes reagent

2.3 Tropane alkaloids- *Ornithine or arginine is the biochemical precursor(amino acid)

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Hyoscyamus/ Dried leaves & flowering Tropane alkaloids like Anticholinergic,

Coca Dried leaves of Erythroxylon Cocaine,cinnamyl cocaine,α- Local

2.4 Quinoline alkaloids- *Amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Camptotheca/ Dried stem woodof Camptothecin,10-hydroxy Antitumour

2.5 Pyridine alkaloids- *Nicotinic acid is the biochemical precursor

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

2.6 Imidazole alkaloids- *Amino acid tryptophan is the biochemical precursor

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

2.8 Purine alkaloids-

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Cofee Dried ripe seed of Caffea 2-3%Caffeine, Stimulant,diuretic,count

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

2.10 Amino alkaloids- Proto Alkaloids

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Drugs/Synonyms Biological source(plant part Chemical constituents/chemical Uses

Lavender oil Lavandula officinalis (fresh Esters linalyl Aromatic,

Gaultheria oil Gaultheria procumbens 98% methyl salicylate,gaultherin Counter irritant,

Palmarosa/ Rosha Cymbopogon martini Geraniol,linalool,citronella Flavour,treatment of

Citronella Cymbopogon nardus (leaves) Geraniol,citronellal(25- Flavour,perfume for

Camphor Cinnamomum Safrole, d-pinene, acetaldehyde, Flavour,rubefacient

Lemon grass oil Cymbopogon flexuausus,C. Citral,nerol,citronella,methyl Flavouring agent,from