Sri Vidya College of Engineering & Technology Course Material (Lecture Notes)

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Sri Vidya College of Engineering & Technology Course Material (Lecture Notes)
EC6602- Antenna & Wave Propagation Unit IV Page 1
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Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) structure

The parameters of EBG (Figure 1)
- Permittivity of the dielectric materials used ( r)

- Dimensions of the mushroom patches (a)
- Periodicity (P)
- Incident angle of electromagnetic waves (θi)
A periodic structure is characterized by the following parameters:

1. λr =2.a (1)
2. Shape of individual patches.
3. Filling factor ratio between size of the patches and the periodicity of unit cell (a/P).
For best performance.

-For 3D-EBG 0.9 < a/P<0.95
-For 2D-EBG 0.65 < a/P<0.75
Fig: 1The parameters of EBG.

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The features of EBG

The main feature of EBG structures is their capability to affect the radiative dynamics within the structure so that there are no
electromagnetic modes available within the dielectric. This feature is analogous to periodically arranged atomic lattice of a
semiconductor which gives rise to the allowed values of energy that an electron can have at the valence band and at the conduction
band, with an energy band-gap separating the two. The optical analogy to this situation is a periodic dielectric structure with
alternating high and low values of permittivity, which gives rise to a photonic band-gap.
Applications of EBG
In optical domain new highly efficient opto-electronic devices are considered such as very efficient laser diodes micro scale
light circuits, multiplexers or demultiplexers based on inhibition of spontaneous emission, photoluminescence, wave-guiding and
super prism phenomenon. Studies of frequencies occurring for metal photonic crystals have also shown that the frequency can be
controlled and could appear in the microwave region. In the microwave domain, many developments concern the direct control of
the electromagnetic energy and its transmission: mirrors, electromagnetic windows, and radiation pattern control. We find also the
high impedance material of Sieve piper. They proposed their structure as perfect magnetic wall to reduce the leaky waves in antenna
array. The material developed allows the realization of antennas, low loss coplanar lines and compact integrated filter.
Other applications include duplexers and controllable PBG materials. Due to a certain easiness of fabrication in this
frequency domain, the challenge of the electronically controlled photonic crystals has a significant interest. Industrial applications of
these crystals are under development, concern mainly aerospace, and telecom domains.
Antenna substrates for surface wave suppressions

Surface waves are by-products in many antenna designs. It directs electromagnetic wave propagation along the ground plane
instead of radiation into free space, consequently reduce the antenna efficiency and gain. The diffraction of surface waves increases
the back lobe radiations, which may deteriorate the signal to noise ratio in wireless communication Systems such as GPS receivers.

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In addition, surface waves raise the mutual coupling levels in array designs as shown in figure 10, resulting in the blind scanning
angles in phased array systems. The band-gap feature of EBG structures has found useful applications in suppressing the surface
waves in various antenna designs. For example, an EBG structure is used to surround a micro strip antenna to increase the antenna
gain and reduce the back lobe as shown in figure 2. In addition, it is used to replace the quarter-wavelength choke rings in GPS
antenna designs. Many array antennas also integrate EBG structures to reduce the mutual coupling level more over to increase
antenna gain used super-state EBG as shown in figure 3.
Fig. 2. Multipath interference due to surface waves on a normal ground plane (on the left) and the alternative MDEBG layout (on
the right).

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Fig 3:EBG substrate for surface wave suppression with low mutual coupling microstrip array.
Fig 4: A high gain resonator antenna design using a woodpile EBG structure.
Antenna substrates for efficient low profile antenna design

Another favorable application of EBG is to design low profile wire antennas with good radiation efficiency, as shown in
figure 4, which is desired in modern wireless communication systems.
When an electric current is vertical to a PEC ground plane, the image current has the same direction and reinforces the
radiation from the original current. Thus, this antenna has good radiation efficiency, but suffers from relative large antenna height
due to the vertical placement of the current. To realize a low profile configuration, one may position an antenna horizontally close to
the ground plane. However, the problem is the poor radiation efficiency because the opposite image current cancels the radiation
from the original current. In contrast, the EBG surface is capable of providing a constructive image current within a certain
frequency band, resulting in good radiation efficiency. In summary, the EBG surface exhibits a great potential for low profile
efficient antenna applications as shown in figure 5. Based on this concept, various antennas have been constructed on the EBG
ground plane. Typical configurations include dipole antenna, monopole antenna, and spiral antenna. EBG surfaces have also been
optimized to realize better performance such as multi-band and wideband designs.

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Fig 5: EBG substrate with low profile antenna.
Advantages of EBG
Utilizing electromagnetic band-gap crystals in a patch antenna with an air gap appears to perform five key functions:
1. Increase operation bandwidth
2. Reduce side-lobe levels
3. Increase front to back (F/B) ratios
4. Increase directivity and consequently gain improvement
5. Harmonic control (suppression of resonance at the harmonic frequencies of the antenna)

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What is Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) ?
•The DRA is an antenna that makes use of a radiating mode of

a dielectric resonator (DR).
• It is a 3-dimensional device of any shape,

e.g., hemispherical, cylindrical, rectangular,
triangular, etc.
•Resonance frequency determined by the its dimensions and

dielectric constant  r.

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Some DRAs :

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Advantages of the DRA
• Low cost
• Low loss (no conductor loss)
• Small size and light weight
• Reasonable bandwidth (~10% for r ~10)
• Easy of excitation
• High radiation efficiency ( generally > 95%)

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Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas
Ground z Rectangular
b
Plane a DRA
x
r
d
W1
y l1
Coaxial Conducting
Aperture Strip
a b d l1 W1 r
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
14.3 25.4 26.1 10 1 9.8
4
1

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Analytical Solution
• Dielectric Waveguide Model (DWM)

Resonant frequency of TEmnl(y) mode
f0 
c k2  k 2  k 2
2 r
x y z
m n
 l
k  ,k  ,k
x y z
a b 2d
k2  k2  k2   k2
x y z r 0

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Numerical Solution
• Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method

Advantages
- Very simple
- High modeling capability for general EM structures
- No spurious modes nor large matrix manipulation
- Provide a very wideband frequency response
Disadvantages
- Time consuming, powerful computer required
16

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Source model and extraction of S parameters
Baseband Gaussian pulse

E z  exp[ (t  n  3T) 2 T 2 ] T : pulse width
Conformal Strip
Z in  FFTV(t)
FFTI(t)
Ground Plane
Z  Z0
(I)
S11  in
Hy Ez (V) Hy Z in  Z 0
Hx
Hx Source occupies only one grid
17

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Resonance frequency of the HEMmnr mode of the cylindrical DRA
2
z k2i k  k 2 (1)
Ground plane zi r 0i
r h i = 1, 2 for f1, f2
Cylindrical  f1 : HEM111 mode frequency

a
DRA f2 : HEM113 mode frequency

kρi & kzi :dielectric wavenumbers along the  & z directions 


k0i = 2fi/c : wavenumber in air 

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Sri
Vi
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66
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Pr
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Un
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IV
Pa
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40

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Resonance frequency of the HEMmnr mode of the cylindrical DRA
For k :


 1 Jm 'kia
 
 
1 Km ' ki ' a  r Jm 'kia
 

1 Km 'ki ' a

 k 

k
Infinite z  i Jm (kia) ki ' Km ki ' a  i Jm (kia) ki ' Km ki ' a
    
dielectric rod
2 2 2 2 2
 m (ki  ki ' )(ki  r ki ' )
4 2
 (kiki ') a (2)
r where
2 2
a  ki ' (r 1)k0 i  ki (3)
 y
is the radial wavenumber outside the
x dielectric rod
Jm(x) : Bessel function of the first kind Km(x): modified Bessel function of the second kind.

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Resonance frequency of cylindrical DRA
For kz: approximated by the

TM01-mode wavenumber
 2 2 
Infinite dielectric hkzi 1 r (r 1)k0i  kzi 
 tan  k 
slab z pi  zi 
 
 r h  (i = 1, 2 for f1, f2) (4)


where p1 = 1 and p2 = 3
correspond to the HEM111 and
HEM113 modes, respectively.

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Design formula of ratio h/a for given f1, f2, and r
z
f1 : HEM111 mode frequency (lower band) Ground plane
f2 : HEM113 mode frequency (upper band)
r h
Using the covariance matrix adaptation Cylindrical 

evolutionary strategy again, DRA a
 
h ES  4 1  Ai 
 4    Di  (1)
a  i 1 
4i Bi f2
f
r r e 1 C 
 i 

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Sri Vidya College of Engineering & Technology Course Material (Lecture
Notes)
 A1 B1 C1 D1 Es   489.7 0.234  0.937  34800 116500 

  
A B C D
 2 2 2 2 0   680.3  625.2  4.402 3682.7 0 
A B C D 0 = 36.15 1.511  4.713 160.2 0 
 3 3 3 3
  
 A4 B4 C4 D4 0 19.23 1.162 3.982 1.996 0 

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Sri Vidya College of Engineering & Technology
Course Material (Lecture Notes)
Design formula of radius a
EC6602- Antenna & Wave Propagation

Unit IV Page 45

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Notes)
Radius a can be found by inserting h/a into (2)

below:
  

E 4
1 
4 
c  S Ai D
a  4i  Bi h i  (2)
2r f1
 r i1  r  e a
C  
  i 
 A1 B1 C1 D1 Es   1.109 1.751 0.00152 3107.8 10932 
 A B C D 0    0.0571  0.005  0.9973  304.1 0 
 2 2 2 2
 
 A3 B3 C3 D3 0=  0.152 0.0368  0.9764 17.814 0 
   
A
 4 B4 C4 D4 0
  4.429 5.659 6.114 0.057 0 
After a is found, h can be determined from h/a.

Maximum error of a: 2.1% for 1  h/a  3.5,
9  r  27
Maximum error of h: 3.0% for 1.28  h/a 
1.85, 9  r  27

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Electromagnetic Band-Gap (EBG) structure

- Permittivity of the dielectric materials used ( r)

A periodic structure is characterized by the following parameters:

For best performance.

Fig: 1The parameters of EBG.

EC6602- Antenna & Wave Propagation Unit IV Page 27

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The features of EBG

Antenna substrates for surface wave suppressions

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