Engineer On a Disk

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will be welcomed.

This section last updated: April 28, 2002

Copyright © 1993-2002, Hugh Jack

email: jackh@gvsu.edu
phone: (616) 771-6755
fax: (616) 336-7215

Copyright © 1993-2001, Hugh Jack

 page 3

TYPES OF STRESS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 210

STRESS ANALYSIS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 214
STRAIN CAUSED BY AXIAL LOADS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 219
STRESS STRAIN CURVES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 220
ANALYSIS OF MEMBERS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 222
GENERALIZED STRESS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 225
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 229
STRESS ON OBLIQUE PLANES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 229
SHEAR STRAIN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 232
POISSON’S RATIO - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 236
GENERALIZED HOOKES LAW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 238
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 239
MOMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 240
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 240
CALCULATING SCALAR MOMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 244
CALCULATING VECTOR MOMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 247
MOMENTS ABOUT AN AXIS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 251
EQUILLIBRIUM OF MOMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 256
FORCE COUPLES TO MAKE CENTERLESS MOMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 260
TORSION ............................................................................................................................. 276
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 276
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN IN TORSION - - - - 280
PRACTICE PROBLEMS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 285
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 286
MASS PROPERTIES ........................................................................................................... 287
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 287
CENTRE OF MASS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 290
CENTROIDS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 293
FORCES AND MOMENTS ON RIGID BODIES .............................................................. 311
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 311
REACTIONS AND SUPPORTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 311
EQUILLIBRIUM OF FORCES AND MOMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 314
SPECIAL CASES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 323
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 324
TRUSSES AND FRAMES................................................................................................... 331
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 331
WHAT ARE TRUSSES? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 331
STABILITY OF TRUSSES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 336
THE METHOD OF JOINTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 339
THE METHOD OF SECTIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 352
ADDITIONAL TOPICS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 361
STRESS FAILURE .............................................................................................................. 363
FACTOR OF SAFETY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 363
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 367
STRAIN FAILURE .............................................................................................................. 368
POISSON’S RATIO - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 369
 page 5

STRESS STRAIN CURVES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 527

ANALYSIS OF MEMBERS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 529
POISSON’S RATIO - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 533
GENERALIZED HOOKES LAW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 535
SHEAR STRAIN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 535
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 540
TORSION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 543
TORSION STRESS CONCENTRATIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 546
PURE BENDING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 548
TRANSVERSE LOADING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 551
MECHANISM DYNAMICS................................................................................................ 555
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 555
PLANAR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 556
PRACTICE PROBLEMS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 563
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 564
VIBRATION ........................................................................................................................ 565
VIBRATION MODELLING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 565
CONTROL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 572
VIBRATION CONTROL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 577
VIBRATION MEASUREMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 584
VIBRATION SIGNALS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 586
VIBRATION TRANSDUCERS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 587
DEALING WITH VIBRATIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 591
RESOURCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 592
PRACTICE QUESTIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 592
SOUND/VIBRATIONS TERMS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 598
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 599
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ............................................................................. 600
POWER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 600
KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 603
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 605
SOUND CONTROL............................................................................................................. 606
BASIC PROPERTIES OF SOUND - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 606
SOUND MEASUREMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 612
THE HUMAN EFFECTS OF SOUND - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 614
NOISE CONTROL REGULATIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 626
SOUND ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTS/TECHNIQUES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 632
EQUIPMENT GENERATED NOISE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 642
ROOM ACCOUSTICS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 646
ENCLOSURES, BARRIERS AND WALLS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 654
MATERIALS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 663
MUFFLERS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 664
SOUND AND VIBRATION CONTROL STUDIES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 671
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 671
PRACTICE QUESTIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 671
INTRODUCTION TO KINEMATICS OF MECHANISMS .............................................. 685
 page 7

REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 814
GEARS ................................................................................................................................. 815
SPUR GEARS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 815
HELICAL GEARS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 826
BEVEL GEARS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 832
WORM GEARS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 834
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 838
DESIGN OF MECHANISMS .............................................................................................. 838
SIMPLE GEAR TRAINS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 838
LINKAGES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 848
PRACTICE PROBLEMS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 848
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 848
STATIC ANALYSIS OF GEARS ....................................................................................... 848
INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 848
ANALYSIS OF GEARS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 849
PRACTICE PROBLEMS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 850
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 850
MECHANICAL COOKBOOK ............................................................................................ 851
TRANFORMING DEVICES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 851
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 852
A MECHANICAL COOKBOOK ........................................................................................ 853
CONNECTORS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 853
MOTION/FORCE TRANSMISSIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 866
POWER TRANSMISSION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 871
 page 9

2. MECHANICAL DESIGN

DI:2.1 BASIC PHILOSOPHY

• Philosophy is an important concept, because design is basically making inexact decisions, in an

unpredictable environment.

• Some basic rules to follow are,

- use standard materials, processes, components, fasteners etc. where possible
- use looser tolerances where possible
- minimize parts
- only design what the specifications/function requires
-

• Typical mechanical design problems can be classified as,

- selection design - given certain criteria select a suitable component.
- configuration design - how are given components arranged to satisfy given criteria.
- parametric design - given a known relationship (equations, graphs, tables, etc.) and con-
strain (limits, objectives, etc) we can calculate an exact dimension (or other param-
eter values) for a design.
- original design - new concepts must be generated.
- redesign - a design must be changed conceptually to obtain better performance.

2.2 TYPICAL MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS

• This list below can be used to jog thoughts about possible mechanical concepts. [based on Ull-
man]
 page 11

3. FORCES

• WHAT? - We look at mechanical structures, and determine the distribution of forces and
moments.

• WHY? - a fundamental subject for every form of Mechanical Engineering (and every other
branch of engineering that has ever existed)

e.g., an electric transmission tower

When the weight of the transmission line (a force) is applied, how much
force does each part (beam) of the tower carry. How much support is
needed on the ground
If we do the analysis we can then determine how large the beams must be,
but this will be taught in Mechanics of Materials.

egr20935.jpg

• The difference between statics and dynamics, in brief,

Statics - does nothing, just sits there
Dynamics - moving things

EX1.WM

• Consider some of the applications of statics design techniques,

egr20921.jpg
egr20932.jpg
egr20926.jpg
 page 13

FP

Fg

• We have both action and reaction forces as well. As we apply action forces, there are forces that
will resist, these are called reaction forces.

• Some approximations,
- we are pretending the forces are applied at points, but in reality a force must be distrib-
uted,

each part of the thread on the screw will trans-

mit a bit of the force, and each will be a dif-
ferent amount (a very hard problem that is
dealt with by finite element methods).

F
- we generally assume there are no deflections. This is known as the RIGID BODY
assumption.
- we often use particle approximations that assume bodies have no size. This simplifies
calculations significantly.
- Transmissibility - a force can be moved along a line of action.
- Parallelogram law - a method for adding two forces to get a resultant vector.

3.2 VECTOR AND SCALAR FORCES

• definitions,