Free Vibration Analysis Of Parabolic

Arches using FEM

ABHISHEK KUMAR CHOUBEY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROURKELA-769008, ODISHA, INDIA
May 2020

I
Free Vibration Analysis Of Parabolic
Arches using FEM

A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

The award of the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
BY

ABHISHEK KUMAR CHOUBEY

(Roll Number- 218CE2034)

Under the guidance of

Prof. U.K.MISHRA
Department of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROURKELA-769008, ODISHA, INDIA
MAY 2020
II
 Department of Civil Engineering
National National Institute of Technology, Rourkela

May 29, 2020

Certificate of Examination
Roll Number: 218CE2034
Name: Abhishek Kumar Choubey
Title of Dissertation: Free Vibration Analysis of Parabolic Arches using FEM

We the below signed, after checking the dissertation mentioned above and the official
record book (s) of the student, hereby state our approval of the dissertation submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Mater of techonology in
Civil Engineering at National Institute of Technology Rourkela. We are satisfied with
the volume, quality, correctness, and originality of the work.

May29, 2020 Abhishek Kumar Choubey

Nit Rorkela

III
 Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela

Supervisor’s Certificate

This is to certify that the thesis “Free Vibration Analysis of Parabolic Arches
using FEM” submitted by Abhishek kumar Choubey (218CE2034) in the partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Technology in Civil
Engineering at National Institute of Technology Rourkela, is a reliable work carried
out by him under my supervision and guidance.

Place: NIT Rourkela Prof. U.K.Mishra

Date: May,2020 Supervisor
Department of Civil Engineering

IV
 Dedicated to

My Parents and to each and every

Teacher who taught Me from
alphabets to whatever till date.

V
 DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I hereby declare that this thesis “Free Vibration of Analysis of Parabolic Arches
using FEM” entirely belongs to my own work done during the course of Master’s
Degree and I assure to the best of my knowledge that this work does not contain any
piece of work that was taken directly from the work done by any researcher in the
past nor it was taken from any article that was published in the past. This work was
not submitted to any other university for the award of any other degree.

May 29,2020
Nit Rourkela ABHISHEK KUMAR CHOUBEY

VI
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to the Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Rourkela, for offering

me the chance to carry out this project, which is an integral part of the curriculum in
M.Tech program. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project guide
Prof. U.K.Mishra for introducing the project topic and for the inspiring guidance,
constructive criticism and valuable suggestion throughout this project work. I
consider myself as very fortunate one to get the opportunity to work under his
supervision and without his invaluable guidance and support, this thesis would not
have been possible.
specially thank Prof. M. Panda, Head of the Civil Engineering Department, for all
the facilities provided in the department to successfully complete this work.
I acknowledge with thanks the help rendered to me by the staff members of the
Structural Engineering Laboratory and Metallurgy & Material Engineering
Department Laboratory and other staffs of Civil Engineering department for their
continuous encouragement during the progress of my work.
I would like to thank all my colleagues and friends for the helpful discussions, we
have had in last two years. Last but not the least; I thank my family: my parents, my
brother and sister, for their continuous support and encouragement throughout my
life.

May29,2020 ABHISHEK KUMAR CHOUBEY

Nit Rourkela Roll No 218CE2034

VII
 ABSTRACT

The Parabolic arch are structural member that have considerable amount of intial
curvature. The parabolic arches are more efficient in load transfer as compared to
straight beam because the parabolic arches transfer shear force bending moment and
torsion. This thesis deals with free vibration of parabolic beam with different
cross-section , different rise/length ratio and different boundary condition (i.e
Fixed-Fixed and Hinged-Hinged). We see the effect on the parameter fundamental
frequencies of the variation of cross-section , rise/length ratio and boundary
condition.The result obtained from tool Ansys 18.1 and experiment are shown in
tables and different figures compares the frequency of parabolic beam. The mode
shapes of the deformation are represented in figure with different boundary condition.
This thesis also discuss about convergence study of frequency of parabolic which
helps to increase the accuracy in the results.This study also show that the result
obtained from ansy 18.1 and experiment has very less error which is less than 5
percent which comes under permissible limit.This study compares the frequency for
different cross section by using both experiment and ansys 18.1 and also study about
the effect of boundary condition on fundamental frequency.This thesis shows that
there is good co-ordinance of result obtained from ansys and experiment .

Keywords: Arches1; Natural frequencies2; Free vibration3; Modes4.Parabolic

arch;Convergence study .

VIII
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certificate of Examination…………………………………………………………………………………….iii
Supervisors’ certificate…………………………………………………………………………………………iv
Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………………………v
Declaration of originiality…………………………………………………………………………………….vi
Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………………………………………..vii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….viii
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………ix
List of figures……………………………………………………………………….xi
List of tables………………………………………………………………………..xii
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..1
1.1.Free vibration……………………………………………………………………,,.1
1.2.FEM And Ansys 18.1……………………………………………………………...1
1.3.Application of curved beam in different engineering field………………………..2
2.LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………….3
2.1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………..3
2.2.Review on modal investigation……………………………………………………5
2.3.Critical Literature Review…………………………………………………………5
3.METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………6
3.1.Modal analysis using ANSYS 18.1………………………………………………..6
3.1.1.Various properties in Ansys 18.1………………………………………………..7
3.1.2.Prerequisites……………………………….………………………………..…..8
3.2.Finite Element Method…………………………………………………………...10
3.3.Mathematical Formulation……………………………………………………….11
3.4.Variable to Research……………………………………………………………..12
4.EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY…………………………………………13
4.1.Objective of the experiment……...……….…………………………………….13
4.2.Introduction……………………………………………………………………..13
4.3.Experimental natural Frequency by FFT……………………………………….14
4.4.Experimental Setup……………………………………………………………..15

IX
 4.5.Equipment in FFT experiment………………………………………………….16
4.6.Experimental Procedure………………………………………………..……….21
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………22
5.1.FEM variables………………………………………………………………..22
5.2.Convergence study. ………………………………………………………….22
5.3.Parabolic beam sample size……………………………………………..…...24
5.4.Deformation Shapes………………………………………………………….25
6. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..36
7. REFERENCE………………………………………………………………….…37

X
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Application of curved beam as a Tunnel..........................................................................2

Figure 2:Analysis of beam by Ansys workbench 18.1 ............................................................... 7
Figure 3:Meshing of Parabolic beam in Ansys 18.1......................................................................10
Figure 4:Different graph shown by the FFT..................................................................................14
Figure 5: Experimental setup for Fixed-Fixed Boundary condition..............................................15
Figure 6: Experimental setup for Hinged-Hinged Boundary condition........................................ 16
Figure 7:Modal Hammer............................................................................................................... 17
Figure 8: Pulse Analyzer............................................................................................................... 18
Figure 9: Display Unit................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10:Accelerometer............................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Convergence study of Hinged-Hinged Curved beam computed by cross
section = 10 10mm, rise/length ratio=0.2385 , E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/
....................................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 12:Comparison of Frequency between Ansys and Experiment................................... 26
Figure 13:.Comparison of Frequency for different Rise/Length Ratio from Ansys 18.1
for fixed-fixed parabolic beam
....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 14:Comparison of Frequency for different Rise/Length Ratio from Ansys
....................................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 15: Comparison of Frequency for different cross section 16 16 and
12 12 mm from Ansys
....................................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 17: The first 3 mode shapes of parabolic beam with Fixed-Fixed Boundary
condition:....................................................................................................................................... 35

XI
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:Variation of frequencies with the number of elemenent…………………….23

Table 2 :Beam Specification…………………………………………………….…...24
Table 3: Fundanmental frequency (HZ) values of Fixed-Fixed Curved beam
computed by cross section = 10 10mm, E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/
......................................................................................................................................25
Table 4 : Comparison of First mode , Second Mode and Third mode of
frequencies
......................................................................................................................................28
Table 5: Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Hinged-Hinged Curved beam
computed by cross section = 10 10mm, E=210GPa and density=7850Kg/
….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
Table 6 : Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Hinged-Hinged Curved beam
computed by cross section = 10 10mm, E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/ with
rise/length ratio is 0.333
.................................................................................................................................….29
Table 7: Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Fixed-Fixed Curved beam
computed by cross section = 12 12mm,E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/
......................................................................................................................................30
Table 8:Comparison of First mode , Second Mode and Third mode of frequencies
......................................................................................................................................30
Table 9: Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Hinged-Hinged Curved beam
computed by cross section = 12 12mm, E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/
..............................................................................................…………………………31
Table 10 Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Fixed-Fixed Curved beam
computed by cross section = 16 16mm,E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/
......................................................................................................................................32

XII
Chapter 1

Introduction
The beam which have considerable initial curvature in the plane of loading are called
curved beam.They are more effective than straight beams because they resist the shear
force , bending moment and torsional moment while straight beams resist only shear
force and bending moment.In curved beam , it is determine that neutral axis and
centriod of beam does not coincide to each other but in straight beam both will
coincide and stress variation is not linear due to the variation of curvature like
straight beam.Stress will found more near the neutral axis as compared to distance
from neutral axis.

1.1.Free Vibration
If the external force is removed after giving the initial displacement to the
system ,such vibration are known as free vibration. There are so many researches
from past to present on free vibration of curved beam .Vibration based examination
has become useful and rapid strategy for distinguishing basic structural defects such
as a crack. The dynamic property i.e. the fundamental frequency of a structure has
play a significance role role in the area of engineering. Static stability of curved
beams has lot of consideration since the initiate works were begun in the beginning of
1980s and been the ward upon various work and published books.At this moment the
objective of the research to get exact result with the help of effective and productive
approach.The short study about the static and dynamic response of curved beam are
describe in the literature review.

1.2 FEM (Finite element method) and Ansys 18.1

This research discuss about the free vibration of parabolic beam made by steel by

1
using experiment and tool Ansys 18.1.This parabolic beam have various
rise/length-ratio by using the specify material. There are two boundary condition
(Hinged-Hinged and Fixed-Fixed) which are imposed on parabolic beam.These
parabolic beam has also different cross-section. The experiment performed as a non
destructive test for the parabolic beam and it performed with the help of FFT analyzer
(Bluer and Kaiser). The current study also plans to building a numerical model for
contrasting pansy results and experiment result to examine the fundamental
frequencies and the mode shapes of various boundary condition .The initial three
modes and their frequencies are examine and also compare between the pansy and
experiment.The FEM is a numerical approach which are using to solve the differential
equation in a approximate aspect.

1.3. Application in different engineering field

Generally the application of curved beam in various engineering fields are huge. The
application of curved beam in civil engineering are arches , bridges , tunnels , roof
structures and girders etc and in mechanical engineering are c-clamps , crane rod ,
frames of presses , chains , links ,rings and high speed machinery like turbine etc and
they are also used in aircraft fuselages and hulls of submarine and ship and in many
lightweight structures. Since they are extensively used in the various area in modern
period, then the issue of dynamic instability may emerge during operation.to get the
more desirable knowledge about the dynamic stability of curved beams subjected to
time-based a force-vibration becomes necessary.

Fig 1. Application of curved beam as a Tunnel

2
 Chapter 2

Literature Review
2.1. Introduction

Lee ET AL (2002) discuss the attributes of free vibration of arches of with various
boundary condition of different rise/length ratio.He uses software SAP 2000 For
comparing the result obtained from his numerical method. The outcomes derives in
this investigation are using now days in the area of vibration.C F Cg an Y Y Lee
(2002) investigation helps the different property of phenomenon such as give the very
little swing from their original place and large vibration of steady snap through
motion pass over the two buckled position. He investigates that there is no importance
of fundamental frequency on the flat beam in onset of snap-through.

Lee ET AL (2003) investigation manages the free vibration of arches for

unsymmetrical axis.He uses the boundary condition Fixed-Fixed , Fixed-hinged ,
Hinged-Fixed and Hinged-Hinged in his numerical model. He found that the
fundamental frequency is a function of rise/chord length and shear
parameters.Karaganda ET AL (2010) studied about the edge crack of curved beam
with the help of FEM. This FEM (finite element method) is establish with the
help of energy method.He examine that the decrease in buckle load and fundamental
frequency is not relate to crack depth or crack position , it also depend upon the mode
shapes.

Karaganda ET AL (2011) examine about the frequency and the buckling load in the
circular curved beam , when the cracks are changing their place.They are studied
with the help of FEM which is analyzed by energy method. He found that the
more decease in frequencies and buckling load when the crack is situated near the

3
fixed support and very less decrease , when amplitude of mod shapes are maximal.Ha
et al (2013) analyse about stability of arch which are imposed to same load .He
investigated asymptotic dependability of the arch by setting up a precise arrangement
suppose that the load will depend upon the time.Lee et al (2013) observe free
vibration of horizontal curved beam with a steady volume. The impact of shape ,
change of cross-section and elasticity ratio of beam on frequencies are widely
examine about their numerical outcomes.He achieve that the with the increasing of
the elasticity ratio and volume ratio the fundamental frequency will also increases.for
the boundary condition Hinged-Hinged and fixed-fixed the torsional frequencies are
nearly same.

Mishra and Sahu (2014) performed the experiment with the help of FFT analyzer on
open transverse crack of a beam to check the frequency of beams. He investigate that
the position and depth of crack has a remarkable impact on the frequency and the
buckling load of the beam. They found that with increase the depth of crack frequency
is also increasing and observed that the crack location has different effect of different
beams as a example for cantilever beam the vibration and buckling will be more at
fixed end as compare to free end.Hanumantharaju H G1 and Motupalli Jayaprasad2
(2015) observed that the there is a more importance of curved beam in engineering
field like bridges , tunnels , long home roofing , chains , cranes etc. He found that
that the error in frequency of curved beam frequency is 5.64 percent in fixed-fixed
boundary condition which is under permissible limit.Eroglu (2017) in his study
studied about damage identification curved beams. It was concluded from the study,
in addition to locating the crack on the beam axis, coupling effect helps to identify the
crack location.
Jockovic et.al. (2019) studied the linear free vibration analysis of Rayleigh curved
beams using isogeometric approach. Further they defined the geometry and
displacement field using NURBS basis functions. The formulation developed used for
the dynamic analysis of spatial curved beams.Sarparast et.al. (2019) studied the effect

4
of forced and free vibrations on LCB under moving loads. The results of the study
shows resonance speeds are equal in both symmetric and non-symmetric cross ply and
were higher than other layup types.

2.2. Review on modal investigation

Das et.al. (2018) performed modal analysis of curved composite beam with open
crack. Study focused on effect boundary conditions on natural frequency of curved
beams. It was seen that natural frequency values of the modes decreases as the crack
depth increases.Jay Kumar Sharma (2019) describe a hypothetical ,tentatively and
numerical modal investigation of beam in free-free and Hinged-roller end restraints.
The fundamental frequemcy , mode shapes and damping is the function of modal
parameters which will find with the help of experiment.He using FFT to convert
signal into frequency by the MATLAB. He notice that the frequency of third mode
will not obtain in simply supported and the frequency of Fourth or upper mode will
not obtain free boundary condition in experiment by using impact hammer.The sine
sweep test will conducted for the results for higher modes.Piana (2016) presented
experimental modal analysis of straight and curved slender beams by piezoelectric
transducers. Using the transducers various mode shapes are obtained for steel arch
beam.

2.3.Critical Literature Review

Lee and Wilson(1990) discuss in his paper about the non circular arch with the help of
hypothetically and experimentally.His investigation stand a strategy for processing
arch frequencies and mode shapes that is efficient and strong.His strategy suits design
of varying curvature and varied support condition such as Fixed-Hinged. Numerical
outcomes represent that for a given arrangement of arches and various support end
condition ,the impact on the frequency parameters is very small due to geometry of
arch.Krakow(1997) presented a FEM model to analyze arch with a transverse one
edge crack. Author presented the method of the formation of the stiffness matrix of
the arch. He studied the effect of crack location and length on natural frequency.

5
Chapter 3

Methodology
3.1.Modal analysis using ANSYS 18.1

It is a FEM (Finite element method) based tool which are used to determine the
frequency of different structure , with different material and different geometry and
different meshing size.ANSYS is the first name for ANSYS Mechanical or ANSYS
Multiphysics, universally useful finite element analysis ( programming. ANSYS, Inc.
in reality builds up a total orange of CAE items, yet is definitely notable for ANSYS
Mechanical and ANSYS Multiphysics. The scholastic parts of these business items
are credited to as ANSYS Scholastic Research, ANSYS Academic Teaching
Advanced, and Introductory and so on. All of these items are universally useful finite
element independent analysis instruments consolidating pre-handling solver and
post handling modules in a brought together graphical UI . At the point when we talk
about ''ANSYS'', we mean the FEA ability of either the business or scholarly ANSYS
Inc. items which were referenced as above. The conversation will be restricted to the
customary UI of ANSYS, not the ANSYS Workbench condition. Best in addition to
purpose of ''ANSYS'' is the client programmable ability. The ANSYS Order Language
involves a few thousand orders worried to geometry, work, limit conditions, solver
settings and parcels more applications. A subset of these orders are named ANSYS
Parametric Design Language , also, center around overseeing parameters, macros, on
the off chance that else stretching, do-circles, and scalar, vector and grid activities.
For example, if the client requires different examinations with various estimations of
parameters, he can utilize do-circles change parameters can be acquired, or the
Optimization module can be actualized for programmed the executives of
parameters.

6
 Fig.2. Analysis of beam by Ansys Workbench 18.1

3.1.1.Various properties in Ansys 18.1

Jobname: - A particular name to be doled out for those records made during an
ANSYS program execution. This name can be given previously or after inception of
the ANSYS program.

Working directory: -A specific folder (index) is required for ANSYS to store all
documents made during a meeting. It is conceivable to make reference to the Working
Directory previously or in the wake of starting ANSYS.

Interactive Mode: -This mode is known as the most widely recognized method of
collaboration between the client and the ANSYS. Graphical User Interface {GUI), is
used as enactment of stage which contains menus, exchange boxes, press catches, and

7
various windows. Intelligent Mode is enthusiastically suggested mode for amateur
since 11 it gives master level stage to learning. It is likewise generally helpful for post
preparing.

Batch mode: - Such technique is utilized for the ANSYS program without initiating
the GUI. It deals with an Input File written in ANSYS Parametric Design Language
{APDL), permitting the utilization of parameters and regular programming highlights,
for example, DO loops and IF statements. Such effectiveness makes the Batch Mode a
viable examination device. Another perceptible preferred position by utilizing such
mode can be acknowledged when there is a blunder/botch in the model age. This kind
of issue can be sifted through by modifying a little area of the Input File and perusing
it once more, which spares adequate of time.

Combined mode: - It is gotten by joining the Interactive and Batch Modes. The client
actuates the GUI and he is permitted to peruse the Input File. All things considered,
Combined Mode permits the client to create the model and discover the arrangement
by the assistance of Input File, at the same time looking into the outcomes using the
Postprocessor inside the GUI. Such technique joins the restrictive focal points of the
Interactive and Batch Modes.

3.1.2.Prerequisites
The advancement of answers for designing issues utilizing FEA procedure requires
either PC program on the FEA plan or economically utilized general reason FEA
program, for example, ANSYS. The ANSYS program is a viable, multipurpose
investigation device which is utilized in a wide assortment of designing applications.
Before executing ANSYS for age of a FEA model of a physical framework the
accompanying focuses must be dealt with dependent on engineering judgment and
perceptions:

8
  What are the objectives of analysis
 Is the whole problem to be modelled or part of it?
 Number of parameters to be used in present model
 Fineness of mesh
While explaining such questions, the computational cost should adjust itself against
the exactness of the outcomes. That is the reason the ANSYS finite element program
ought to be utilized in a right and viable manner in the wake of breaking down the
accompanying 4 focuses.
 Type of the problem
 Its dependency on time
 Non linearity
 Modelling assumptions
Meshing: - The model is to be to be part into various elements so as to improve the
accuracy of the arrangement therefore the beam is to be meshed. Meshing is a
procedure of parting into numerous quantities of element. As the quantity of elements
expands multifaceted nature additionally will in general increment. Meshing is
discretizing of an element into limited number of parts and every element is thought
of and tackled independently. Mesh generation is the act of creating a polygonal or
polyhedral mesh that approximates a geometric space
Rendering: - Run of the mill utilizes are for rendering to a PC screen or for physical
recreation, for example, finite element examination. After this stage a one end is to be
made to fix before the utilization of vibration
Modelling and Meshing: - These are to be finished utilizing FEA and the
reenactment is to be performed. Conduct of the pillar is dictated by choosing various
modes and the frequency comparing to the mode is noted down. By methods for the
numerical arrangement, vibration examination of the whole element is to be
accomplished. Approval of the outcomes acquired in the FEA is to be validated.

9
 Fig.3.Meshing of Parabolic beam in Ansys 18.1

3.2.Finite Element Method

The finite element method (FEM) is an effective numerical method for the
comparative solution of various problems related to engineering with the help of
boundary conditions. It is used in designing or used in structural simulation in the
different engineering practice. The structure is correlated with different field variables.
These field variables changes from point to point and possess numerous solutions.
In FEM any continuum can be divided into a number of small elements and the
original domain is an assemblage of these small elements. In this domain the elements
are linked through number of joints known as nodes. When the structural system is
discretized it is assumed that nodal points are the points through which the element is
attached to the adjacent element. In finite element analysis the unknown field

10
variables are within the element are expressed by its nodal field variables with the
help of interpolation function also known as shape functions.
Engineering disciplines which contain various eigenvalue problems and pragmatic
analysis for the solution of boundary the finite element method turns to be the most
efficient method and it also deals with the material properties, different loadings and
complex geometries.
Discretization
In FEM this process is necessary in which the whole structure is converted into
assemblage of small elements known as finite elements for the determination of
responses. In the structure the elements are linked through number of joints known as
nodes. Discretization is to be in such a way that the result should follow convergence
criteria.
Shape functions
The unknown field variables are within the element are expressed by its nodal field
variables with the help of interpolation function also known as shape functions.

Degrees of Freedom
Displacements of limited number are assumed to accomplish the reasonable level of
accuracy. Degree of freedom of the structure is given by these limited numbers of
displacements. For example the triangular element has three degrees of freedom.

3.3 Mathematical Formulation

The beam is subjected to free vibration then there will be number of modes more than
one but for this analysis we will consider only first three fundamental frequencies.

Mass matrix [M] and stiffness matrix [K] are used to determine the equation of
motion.We know that free vibration is behave as a harmonic so the displacement can
be represented as

{Δ}={p}. e
iwt

(1)

11
Where is (Δ) magnitude of displacem nts and (w) represent the fundamental
e
frequency of of beam and t shows the time

By using euler-lagrange equation removing the ( e ) we find

iwt

(-w2.[M]+[K]).{p}=0 (2)

This is the case of undamped free vibration that can be written as

-w2. [M] +[K]=0

With the help of last equation we will determine the natural frequency of beam.
This research discuss about free vibration analysis of parabolic arch using both
experimentally and Ansys 18.1. This beam is analyzed with different cross section of
material steel.This study deals with different boundary condition (Fixed-Fixed and
Hinged-hinged).for the experimental study FFT analyzer are using to find the natural
frequency and for analytical study Ansys 18.1 are using .Then compare the result
obtain from Ansys 18.1 and Experiment.Then we find the first three natural frequency
by using both experiment and Ansys 18.1.

3.4.Variables to research

1 . Fundamental frequency: The fundamental frequency of the parabolic arches are

directly related axial loads (tensile and compressive load) and also related with
stiffness and mass of the structure.

2. Free vibration: Free vibration of a structure states that the structure will vibrate
after applying the force once.In this there is no use of external energy.

12
Chapter 4

Experimental Methodology

4.1.Objective of the experiment

To determine the natural frequencies up to third mode of a parabolic beam
experimentally and to see the system response for various boundary condition.

4.2.Introduction

If the external force is removed after giving the initial displacement to the system ,
such vibration are known as a free vibration. It vibrate without damping and outside
power. In this system oscillate with constant frequency and amplitude. The system
oscillate with its natural frequency. The total energy of the oscillation remains
constant.
But in actual practice there exists some damping. Due to this gradual dissipation of
energy and it decrease the amplitude of the free vibration. Damping has important role
in restrain the amplitude of oscillation.
A mode shape is a specific pattern of vibration exceed by a mechanical system at a
specific frequency. The different mode shape will be associated with different
frequencies. The experimental techniques of modal analysis discover the mode shapes
and the frequencies. The mode shape of the lowest natural frequency is known as the
fundamental frequency. The numbers of modes to be used in the analysis of parabolic
beam should be used in the analysis should be such that sum total of modal masses of
these models consider is at least 90 percent of the total seismic mass. The mode
shapes varies with different cross section and different boundary condition.

13
4.3.Experimental natural Frequency by FFT
To determine the natural frequencies of the parabolic beam subjected to free vibration
do the experiment up to third mode of the experiment was done with the
differentspecimen. The data of Time-History and FFT was recorded. Time History
analysis is a analysis of the dynamic response of the structure at each instant of time ,
when its base is subjected to a specified ground time history. The Peak value of FFT
graph gives the different natural frequency of modes.

Fig.4.Different graph shown by the FFT

14
4.4.Experimental Setup

The PULSE software was used for to determine the natural frequencies of parabolic
beam with different cross-section and different boundary condition , when beam is not
subjected to any external loading and there is no damping.This software will help to
design of the parabolic beam , when a beam is subjected vibration or earthquake
loading. We show the natural frequency of parabolic beam with different boundary
condition (i.e the fixed-fixed ,fixed-Hinged , Hinged-Hinged) with the help of
structural engineer lab in N.I.T. Rourkela .

Fig.5 . Experimental setup for Fixed-Fixed Boundary condition

15
 Fig.6.Experimental setup for Hinged-Hinged Boundary
condition

4.5.Equipment in FFT experiment

1. Model hammer
2. Accelerometer
3. Samples
4. Bruel and kjaer pulse anlyzer
5. Screen

16
1. Model Hammer

it impact on the beam with the same force for so many times with a constant
interval.It excite five times on a beam near the accelerometer which gives the graph
between amplitude of vibration and frequency.

Fig.7.Model Hammer

17
2..Bruel and kjaer pulse anlyzer

This software was used to determine the frequency of parabolic beam , when it is
subjected to external force or no force. It will help us to design the parabolic beam
against earthquake or vibration.

Fig.8.Pulse Anlyzer

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2. Screen
Generally this is the screen of laptop which are directly gives the various graph (i.e
the frequencies vs time , frequency vs amplitude , acceleration vs time etc) and it
connects with all the equipment.

Fig.9.Display Unit

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4.Accelerometer

It has a transducer which changes the acceleration of vibration into a voltage signal
and send to the data analyse system.

Fig.10.Accelerometer

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4.6.Experimental Procedure

Brüel and Kjær PULSE was used to determine the natural frequency of parabolic
beam with different boundary condition.

 Parabolic beam of different rise/length ratio and also different cross-section was
used for the experiment.

 The material used for this beam is steel.

 We used two boundary condition (i.e Hinged-Hinged and Fixed-Fixed ) for the
experiment.
 The accelerometer is applied at any nodal point of the parabolic on the beam.

 With the help of model hammer free vibration will be applied on the parabolic
beam.

 The transducer will be used to measure the vibration of the parabolic beam.

 The signals got are prepared by system that will digitize them and use them for
estimation of Frequency response function.

 Then the peak of the frequency response function will give the frequency of
different modes.

 This technique is repeated so many times for different boundary condition and
different cross-section and different rise/Length ratio.

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Chapter 5

Result and Discussion

5.1.FEM variables

 The fundamental frequency of parabolic arch of various end condition and

various cross-section are calculated with the help of experiment and Ansys
18.1.
 The cross section dimension and different boundary condition are given.Support
condition are clamped-clamped and Hinged-Hinged.
 The convergence study of frequency will represent the tables and graphs with
increasing number of elements .The graph shows the variation of frequency for
the number of elements of 100,150 and 200.
 The results and tables are shown below.

5.2.Convergence study

This study helps to determine the fixed value of frequency. Mesh converge states
that we will increase the number of elements and determine the frequency of the
structure and due to increase the number of elements increase the complexity of the
structure .At a fixed value of number of elements the fundamental frequency value of
the structure will not change and it is called convergence study .The frequency will
converge means it will give the repeatable solution with increasing number of
elements.
Ansys is using Newton-Raphson method for predicting the result at each iteration and
checking the result is converged or not .Convergence is all about conversation of
energy and the difference between the input energy and the work done.

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Table no-1 Variation of frequencies with the number of elements
No of elements Mode 1 Mode2 Mode 3

100 1053 1578 1628

150 1019 1498 1622

200 1009 1490 1620

Fig .11.Convergence study of Hinged-Hinged Curved beam computed by cross

section = 10 10mm, rise/length ratio=0.2385 , E=210GPa and
Density=7850Kg/

23
The figure number 11 shows that the frequency variation according to no of
elements.Its clearly show that the frequency will be give the same value after
increasing the number of elements.

5.3.Parabolic beam sample size

Table No-2 Beam Specification

Tool used ANSYS 18.1

Variable Frequency

Material Steel

Density 7850Kg/

Elastic Modulus 210GPa

Poisson Ratio 0.3

To determine the effect of rise/length ratio (i.e. h/L ratio) on the fundamental
frequency of a clamped-clamped boundary condition of a parabolic beam .The
rise/Length ratio was decreased from 0.25 to 0.20.The frequency obtained from
Ansys 18.1 are compared with experiment to verify the Ansys modal program and
experiment result(Table No 2) .After comparing the result

24
of ansys and experiment we found the significant effect of rise/length ratio on the
parabolic beam.

Table no -3 Fundanmental frequency (HZ) values of Fixed-Fixed Curved

beam computed by cross section = 10 10mm, E=210GPa and
Density=7850Kg/

Rise/Length Mode No Frequency(HZ) Frequency(Hz)

(Ansys) (Experiment)
0.25 1 1385 1364
2 2265 2280
3 2710 2724
0.2385 1 1243 1248
2 2033 2040
3 2355 2332
0.20 1 1193 1200
2 3081 3148
3 3351

The error obtained from first mode , second mode and third mode was compared
which are shown in table no 3.
Table No-4 Comparison of First mode , Second Mode and Third mode of
frequencies

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg. Min.

error error error error error error error error error

1.51% 0.83% 0.40% 2.17% 1.05% 0.34% 0.51% 0.425% 0.34%

25
The low percentage error between ansys and experiment results are given in table
number 3 is under permissible limit. The better representation of comparison between
Ansys 18.1 and experiment can be shown in figure no 1 and 2 and after that
comparison of Frequency for different Rise/Length Ratio from Ansys.

Fig.12. Comparison of Frequency between Ansys and Experiment

The above figure shows that a very less error in the frequency obtained from the
ansys and experiment .

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Fig.13.Comparison of Frequency for different Rise/Length Ratio from Ansys
18.1 for fixed-fixed parabolic beam

The above figure shows the comparison of frequency obtained of parabolic beam of
a fixed-fixed boundary condition and fix cross-section and vary the rise/length
ratio.This figure also shows that when the rise/length ratio is decreased from 0.25 to
0.2385 then frequency of beam is decrease and further decrease from 0.2385 to 0.2
then decreases in first mode and increasing in second mode and third mode.

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Table No-5.Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Hinged-Hinged Curved beam
computed by cross section = 10 10mm, E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/ .
Rise/Length Mode No Frequency(HZ)
(Ansys)
0.25 1 1128
2 1618
3 1863
0.2385 1 1008
2 1490
3 1621
0.20 1 1529
2 2218
3 2283

Fig.14. Comparison of Frequency for different Rise/Length Ratio from Ansys

28
The figure no 2 shows that when the rise/length ratio decrease from 0.25 to 0.2385
then the frequencies will decrease and when rise/length ratio decreased from 0.2385
to 0.2 then all frequency of 0.2 rise/length ratio is greater than both of 0.25 and
0.2385 rise/length ratio.

Table no-6 Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Hinged-Hinged Curved beam

computed by cross section = 10 10mm, E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/
with rise/length ratio is 0.333

Frequency Frequency
Rise/length Mode no (Hz) (Hz)
Ansys Experiment

0. 1 228 216

2 476 492

756 724

The percentage error between ansys and experiment , given in a above table is 4.28 %
which is under permissible limit so it shows the validation of a hinged-hinged
parabolic beam between ansys software and experiment.

29
Table no-7 Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Fixed-Fixed Curved beam
computed by cross section = 12 12mm,E=210GPa and Density=7850Kg/

Rise/Length Mode No Frequency(HZ) Frequency(Hz) Percentage

(Ansys) (Experiment) error(%)

0.333 1 1066 1080

2 1743 1772 1.02

3 2113 2008

0.288 1 1557 1556

2 2531 2556 1.32

3 3004 3092

0.225 1 2952 2980

2 3676 0.94

3 4452

Table No-8.Comparison of First mode , Second Mode and Third mode of

frequencies
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg. Min.

error error error error error error error error error

1.29% 0.763% 0.06% 1.66% 1.32% 0.98% 2.9% 1.565% 0..23%

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In above table it represent the very less in error in mode frequencies which are
under permissible limit .

Table no-9 Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Hinged-Hinged Curved

beam computed by cross section = 12 12mm, E=210GPa and
Density=7850Kg/
Frequency(HZ)
Rise/Length Mode No (Ansys)

0.333 1 1025

2 1533

3 2003

0.285 1 1238

2 1821

3 2029

0.225 1 2654

2 3384

3 4568

31
Table No-10 Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Fixed-Fixed Curved
beam computed by cross section = 16 16mm,E=210GPa and
Density=7850Kg/

Rise/Length Mode No Frequency(HZ) Frequency(Hz) Percentage

(Ansys) (Experiment) error(%)

0.333 1 1608 1600

2 2571 2520 0.881

3 3025 3020

0.288 1 2002 2008

2 3160 3104 1.03

3 3715

0.225 1 3734

2 4742

3 4906

The frequency value of different rise/length ratio for different coos-section is not
shown in above all table because the frequency range for experimental value in lab is
up to 4000Hz.

32
Fundamental frequency (HZ) values of Fixed-Fixed Curved beam of
rise/length ratio=0.333 for different cross section , E=210GPa and
Density=7850Kg/

Fig.15. Comparison of Frequency for different cross section 16 16 and 12 12

mm from Ansys

The above figure shows the comparison of frequency for different cross-section and
same rise/length ratio of 0.333 then it is observed that when cross-section increased
then the frequency of the parabolic beam increases.

33
5.4.Deformation shapes

Fig.16. The first 3 mode shapes of parabolic beam with Hinged-Hinged

boundary condition

34
 Fig.17. The first 3 mode shapes of parabolic beam with Fixed-Fixed boundary
condition

35
Chapter 6

Conclusion
The study about free vibration analysis of a parabolic arch by experiment and Ansys
18.1 is represented above. The parabolic arch of different cross-section and various
end condition are also shown above .This study represent the fundamental frequency
and mode shapes of the parabolic arches .First the frequency obtained from Ansys
18.1 and the experimentally and then compare both the results.The effect of variation
of rise/length ratio , support condition and and cross-section are investigated.The
result obtained from Ansys 18.1 and experiment are under permissible limit.
Following conclusion obtained according to above results:

1. If the Rise/Length ratio increases then frequency decreases up to a certain value of

rise/length ratio then increases in case of parabolic beam with Hinged-Hinged
boundary condition.
2. When Rise/Length ratio decreases then frequency creases up to a certain value of
rise/length ratio then increases in case of parabolic beam with Fixed-Fixed boundary
condition.
3. When cross section of Parabolic beam increase then frequency increases.
4. When numbers of elements of curved beam increases then frequency decreases.
5. We see the good co-ordination of result obtained from experiment and Ansys
18.1 of a parabolic beam with hinged-hinged and fixed-fixed boundary
condition.

36
7.References
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