Adaptive Enterprise Architecture M-NEA for
Moroccan National System:
Towards Moroccan Smart-Government
Mariam CHERRABI Mohammed BENBRAHIM
STIC STIC
Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah
University University
Fez, Morocco Fez, Morocco
mariam.cherrabi@usmba.ac.ma mohammed.benbrahim@usmba.ac.ma
Abstract— Morocco has tried since 2009 to take charge of the
digitization of its government through a national project which
has experienced several difficulties due to organizational
specificities. The major difficulty lies in the need to create a
mediation system offering services shared between several
administrations and agencies working in a completely
autonomous way. Our proposal is a National Moroccan
Architecture M-NEA based on an adequate reconsideration of
the system and expectations of digitization. By first moving from
a target e-government system to a target SMART
GOVERNMENT and respecting the specificities of the national
system while applying good practices. We proposed to consider
the Moroccan public system as a system of systems, in applying
good enterprise architecture practices for each defined
independent system. We implemented the overall architecture
proposed using the ZACKMAN enterprise architecture
framework which is considered the most suitable enterprise
architecture framework as a starting point for defining a
taxonomy guide for the proposed enterprise architecture
Keywords— Enterprise Architecture, EA, E-government,
Smart Government, Zackman Framework, System Of Systems,
SoS .
I. INTRODUCTION
Since 2009, As part of the digital transformation, Morocco
has initiated the numeric13 project aimed at positioning itself
among the emerging dynamic countries in Information
Technology[47] .Thus, this project was articulated around 4
strategic pillars: Social Transformation, Implementation of
user-oriented public services, Computerization of SMEs and
Development of the IT industry. Priorities have therefore
been framed, including the establishment of an e-government
system playing the role of a mediating showcase of services
for the benefit of citizens, businesses and administrations.
The project was able to reach some objectives but the
electronic bet of an e-government system was far from being
won, according to the assessment drawn up by the
supervision and the professionals. So in order to ensure
continuity, the “Morocco digital 2020” project Was launched
in 2015, with the strategic priorities of Accelerating the
digital transformation of Morocco, Strengthening the place of
Morocco as a regional digital hub and Addressing eco-
systemic brakes by tackling in particular the issue of
governance and digital skills[47]. By renewing, as a priority,
the work on the electronic government system in Morocco.
978-1-7281-5806-8/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE
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Jaouad BOUTAHAR
ER-ASYR, LaGes
Hassania School of Public Works
Casablanca, Morocco
jaouad.boutahar@gmail.com
Although the e-Moroccan strategy has developed several e-
services and facilitates many administrative procedures, the
Moroccan e-government focuses on the architecture and
technical implementation of a showcase mediation system for
e-services. These services are developed independently at the
level of its administration. Each administration works with its
strategy and its functional objectives for a shared use. Thus,
this organization by silos generates interoperability problems.
This article proposes to think outside the box and to
reconsider, on the basis of subsequent experiences in
Morocco, We first propose to go through a collaborative
organizational architecture based on the architecture of a
enterprise made up of several enterprises. Allowing us to then
be able to set up an effective information system taking into
account feedback, concerns and objectives of each
administration. This system will be able to offer non-
redundant and transversal services. Thus A clear and concise
cartography of the processes based on the good practices of
setting up an information system, will allow to realize a
mature intelligent system of evolution; This proposal will
also allow to frame our possibilities, to define exactly the
process impossible to implement according to the constraints.
We will also be able to define the technical issues and put
forward the projects to take charge to gain maturity.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Related concepts
1) System of systems
The concept of "Systems of Systems" (SoS) introduces a
new way of working on systems, the main characteristic of
which is the interaction between many independent and
autonomous systems, often of large size, in order to meet the
central and general rules. The components of the central
system are subject to the system play[12].
2) Enterprise Architecture (EA)
a) Enterprise :
Enterprise is any collection / set of functional partitions
that take on corporate or institutional tasks that have a unique
strategy.[5]
An enterprise is a whole enterprise or even:
• A department or division of a company.
• An agglomeration of organizations or government
agencies distributed and linked together by central
task. [5].
 b) Architecture :As described in American National
Standards Institute/Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (ANSI/IEEE) Std 1471-2000, an architecture is
“The fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its
components, their relationships to each other and the
environment, and the principles governing its design and
evolution.”
An Architecture aims to structure and organize a chaotic
environment using systematic approaches [5][4].
c) Enterprise Architecture :
We don't find a universal definition for an enterprise
architecture [1][4]. For [5][4] , an EA identifies” the main
components of the enterprise, its information systems, the
ways in which these components work together in order to
achieve defined objectives and the way in which the systems
support business processes[5][4]
Enterprise architectures are essential for developing new
systems that optimize their mission value. This is
accomplished in logical, commercial or technical terms and
requires a general framework for the development and
implementation of the various recommendations.
d) EA frameworks :
Several enterprise architecture frameworks have been
developed,
Thus we distinguish:
• Zachman Enterprise Architecture Framework (ZEAF),
• The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF),
• Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF),
• Department of Defense architecture Framework
( DoDaf )
• Gartner Framework.
These frameworks have advantages and disadvantages and
can present complementarities depending on the indicators
supported and the need highlighted.[49].
B. Related works
1) Scope: Matrix of indicators
E-Government is defined as a government use of
information and communication technologies to give
citizens and businesses the opportunity to interact and do
business with the government, using different electronic
media [1]. Government is represented by several
government authorities and stakeholders, so the e-
government system must also allow intergovernmental
interaction. Thus interoperability has been recognized as a
major and crucial issue for e-government since at least 2001
[2], [3]. Interoperability is defined by the IEEE as the
ability of two or more systems or components to exchange
and use the information exchanged in a heterogeneous
network [4].
An effective e-government system is linked to its context
and it is defined essentially by the interoperability of the
component systems; Thus, in order to correctly set up the
e-government system, two processes must be supported:
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• Build the system through standards, architectures
and good practices for the implementation of
effective interoperability for the context concerned.
• Test the online administration system by evaluating
the interoperability implemented.
a) Building the system:
As a major issue for e-government, interoperability of e-
government can be implemented through the adoption of
standards and architectures as follows:[8]
• Standards:Represented by the Government's
Interoperability Framework (GIF):“represents a
codified representation of an agreement on how to
perform a process or implement a technology."
Which describes the modalities of this
interoperability, specifying the operating mode of
the administrations, as well as the standards for
sharing information and services for external and
internal stakeholders. This framework treats the
different aspects of interoperability as a key
element;
These aspects are distinguished as follows:
•Organizational: Organization and
Responsibilities
•Technical: Platform & Communication
•Conceptual: Semantics and syntax.
• Architecture: “the fundamental organization of a
system, embodied by its components and their
relationships to each other and to the environment
and by the principles guiding its design and activity,”
[8].
We distinguish:
• Enterprise-wide Architecture. (EA): Represented by
National Enterprise Architecture or Government
Enterprise architecture
as strategic planning framework.
• Service Oriented Architecture SOA as enterprise-
wide IT architecture for E-government system.
b) Testing the system:
Several researches have tried to treat the evaluation of e-
government systems, so we evaluated through: [TABLE I]
• The definition of international-government metrics
like: e-government development index (EGDI)
calculating the readiness and capacity of national
institutions to use information and communication
technologies (ICTs) in order to deliver public
services.
• The definition of Interoperability metrics:
• The implementation of generic or partial
frameworks, such as: E-Government Evaluation
Framework, Assessment Frameworks of E-
Government Projects (in a project-oriented system
E-government process assessment.
2) Related Works to the Moroccan e-government:
The table (TABLE I) below presents a projection on the
matrix implemented above of all the research work,
supported by our research and dealing with the Moroccan
e-government. These research works covering the period
 2007-2020 framing thus the period defined for the
Moroccan national project of digitization of the public TABLE II. AUTHOR’S COMPILATION ,SOME COUNTRIES
administration which started in 2009. THAT HAVE ADOPTED ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE AS
GOVERNMENT ARCHITECTURE
3) National /Government EA Around the world: Country
Aware of the importance of an enterprise architecture to USA
Singapore
improve public services, governments have launched United Arab Emirates
independent projects for the implementation of such an Australia
architecture. These initiatives have considered taking charge Jordan
of enterprise architecture as a strategy, in order to find a Denmark
functional framework for the management of projects linked Netherland
New Zealand
to the digitization of public administration and to enable
Saudi Arabia
better change management. South Korea
The (TABLE II) shows some countries that have started to Bahrain
develop government strategies based on adoption of the
business architecture since 2007[11][6].

TABLE I. AUTHOR’S COMPILATION, PROJECTION ON THE MATRIX IMPLEMENTED ABOVE OF ALL THE RESEARCH WORK,
SUPPORTED BY OUR RESEARCH AND DEALING WITH THE MOROCCAN E-GOVERNMENT

Criteria
Building the System Evaluating the System
Architecture Standards
References
Open Decision e-government Interoperability Framework
DATA EA SOA Organizational Technical Making Index & Quality metrics & Models
Evaluation
[16],[22],[24][25],
8 8 8
[27],[32][34],[42]

[17],[29],[33],[35],
8
[36],[38],[39],[41]

[18],[20],[21],[23], [26] 8

[19] 8
[28] 8 8
[30] 8
[31] 8 8
[37] 8 8 8 8
[40] 8
[48] 8

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 III. OUR CONTRIBUTION
A. The Moroccan context
The Moroccan strategy faces two challenges [16]:
• Link organizational blocks,
• Work on the quality of the exposed e-services.
Each department or administration operates as an
autonomous and independent system aimed at satisfying
its own need while remaining linked to the central
objectives of the national system.
In addition to being an independent system, the
Moroccan administration can be modeled as a system of
systems, by considering an approach oriented enterprise
architecture for each subsystem.
The system thus defined, will support the national
enterprise consisting of independent enterprises, each
component representing an autonomous administration
with specific needs and revolving around central needs.
B. Moroccan National Enterprise Architecture M-NEA
1) Recommendation
In order to be able to evolve in this direction, it is
recommended to redefine the initial goals. Thus, starting from
an objective targeting an e-government system, we see
ourselves focusing only on the challenges confronting
technological advances and aiming to place of an information
system.
Fig I.
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Knowing the Moroccan context, targeting an information
system in this context should be reviewed. We must first
implement modeling according to good practices and
respecting the complexity, specificity and constraints of the
Moroccan context. Then move on to technical architecture and
technological implementation.
"Smart government" is a concept to deal with these aspects;
unlike the concept of "e-government" focusing on the
implementation of technologies for the benefit of public
services [15];
“Smart government” allows the implementation of
organizational processes and good practices as the basis for
implementing the technical architecture.[15]
2) Moroccan National Enterprise M-NE
a) Presentation
Like the experiences of other countries cited above,
the definition of National Enterprise Architecture as it has
been defined is essential but not sufficient. We offer in this
article to extend this concept by working on components as
autonomous systems.
Our contribution focuses on the Moroccan
specificity and proposes to extend a modeling in enterprise
architecture to architecture of several sub-enterprises.
Thus, M-NEA is defined as being enterprise architecture.
Each administration or department is considered to be a
separate enterprise.
Moroccan National Enterprise, Author’s proposal
 a) EA Frameworks :Benchmarking • Zackman Framwork overview:
• Benchmarking
The first article in the Zachman framework was written
In order to be able to develop enterprise architecture in 1982 and finally published in IBM's internal journal in
(EA), the adoption of one or more EA frameworks is 1987 [3]. It is the first EA framework published. Successively
essential. These frameworks have strengths and different versions will be produced over time since the V1.0
weaknesses and complement each other according to version launched in 1987; Until the V3.0 version launched in
the supported indicator/criteria. 2011 and which constitutes the reference for the different
The table below (TABLE III) presents a comparative Zachman certifications for the period of our research.
analysis between the different EA frameworks John A. Zachman the CEO of Zachman International
according to the indicators summarized by Cameron (Zachman.com) and author of the Zachman Framework.
and McMillan [8]. presents it as follows:
“The Zachman Framework™ is a schema - the
intersection between two historical classifications that have
been in use for literally thousands of years. The first is the
TABLE III . A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT EA fundamentals of communication found in the primitive
FRAMEWORKS [8] interrogatives: What, How, When, Who, Where, and Why. It
is the integration of answers to these questions that enables
Atibute /Criteria Zackman TOGAF DoDAF FEA Gartner the comprehensive, composite description of complex ideas.
Business-IT alignment 1 3 1 1 4 The second is derived from reification, the transformation of
Taxonomy guidance 4* 2 2 3 1 an abstract idea into an instantiation that was initially
Reference-model 1 3 2 4* 1 postulated by ancient Greek philosophers and is labeled in
Process completeness 1 4* 1 2 3 the Zachman Framework™: Identification, Definition,
Maturity assessment 1 2 2 3 3 Representation, Specification, Configuration and
Governance support 1 2 3 3 3
Instantiation.”.
Interoperability 2 4 3 3 2
Knowledge repository 2 4* 2 2 1
The table below (TABLEV) presents a description in the form
Standards 2 4* 3 3 1 of a two-dimensional table of the two classifications
Best fit 2 4* 2 3 1
Integration 3 4* 2 3 2 TABLEV. SUMMARIZES THE MAIN ROLE OF EACH ENTERPRISE
ARCHITECTURE FRAMEWORK [8]
Vendor neutrality 2 4* 2 3 1
a.
What How Where Who When Why
(*) 1-very dissatisfied, 2-dissatissfied,3-staisfied,4-very satisfied
Objective
/Scope
Thus, in terms of scope, the table below (TABLE IV) Enterprise
Model
summarizes the main role of each enterprise architecture System Model
framework[8]: Technology
Model
Detailed
TABLE IV. AUTHOR’S COMPILATION Representations
out of context
EA frameworks Main role Functioning
ZACKMAN Define the basic taxonomy, taxonomy guidance Enterprise
TOGAF Build the technological layer
DoDAF Governance
FEA Reference models and segment architecture
Gartner Build Process architecture, EA viewpoints b) M-NEA : Implementation based on adapted
Zackman
After presenting the proposed architecture M-NEA,
• Our choice in terms of EA frameworks for current we proceed to its development using the Zackman
research: framework that we considered adequate previously.(Fig . 2)
• Zackman for each component /
Our research proposes a multi-enterprise architecture administration :
modeling a system of systems (SoS). As a starting point, a Each administration / component of the government
definition of architectural elements and architectural system can be developed through the Zackman framework
requirements is necessary. The most suitable framework is via a two-dimensional classification (V 3.0):
that of Zachman offering a better vision concerning the basic • 6 Perspectives: what, how, where, who, when, why;
architectural elements as well as the taxonomy guide: • 5 Abstractions instead of 6:
« in most cases the Zachman framework remains as a Knowing that we are working within the framework of an
conceptual framework more than a pragmatic one. » [10] independent architecture around the central administration.
In this context, the ZACKMAN Framework is necessary as a And considering that our system of systems is seen as a single
starting point in order to frame and define our proposal. Future system. It was considered that the 6th abstraction consisting
research will propose a development centered on TOGAF as of the general operation of the government enterprise will be
a well-placed framework in relation to the indicators. taken over by the M-NE.

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 Thus, for each component / administration, the following i. Scope:
Zackman abstractions are retained:. A framing of the system representing intelligent government
requires collaboration between the various collaborators and
• Scope actors. This collaboration will make it possible to align with
• Business Mode the framing carried out at the level of each administration in
• System Model order to be able to define the scope of the requirements of
• Technology Model central system.
• Detailed Representation. So the abstraction "scope" is composed of:
Each Administration-component has an autonomy ƒ Collaboration
allowing defining its objectives to satisfy its needs. ƒ Scoping boundries & government
• Zackman for central administration: artifacts identification
Zackman Framework 3.0 offers to detail the ƒ Business Model
abstractions and perspectives as follows: Considering that each component proceeded
ƒ Perspectives: what, how, where, who, independently to establish its business model, and, in
when, why order to be able to implement the business model, a
ƒ Abstractions: centralized business model will focus on the common
process. Redundancy processing is necessary for the
central system.
To support the change in business requirements in
an agile environment; Such support is necessary at the
level of this abstraction.

Fig

Fig II. ZACKMAN for Moroccan National Enterprise, Author’s

proposal

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Thus we propose an abstraction of the business
model in two phases:
ƒ Redudancy Treatment of common
business process
ƒ Business Model, Change Review
& adaptability.
ii. System Model
The implementation of the central model system
will allow integration of the autonomous systems
established at the level of each component. In this case, a
detection of a failure will be detected at this level.
iii. Technology Model
The implementation of the central system is
implemented at this level. This perspective will therefore
take care of the implementation of the bluprint &
Manufacturing Engineering description.
iv. Detailed Representation
After a detailed representation at the level of each
component / administration, A central configuration tool
will allow the representation of the central system.
v. Functioning Enterprise.
Once the system is complete, we will proceed to a
central training. Maintenance should be taken into
consideration for the central system..
• The entities and directories involved in the
proposed methodology:
ƒ .National Knowledge & information
Base:
Consists of all the knowledge, information,
archives, databases and / or computer systems used by the
various stakeholders. This database provides a lifelong
supply of all the abstractions and perspectives thus defined.
This knowledge base will be linked directly to all
governance instances during all phases.
IV. CONCLUSION
Morocco has tried since 2009 to take charge of the
digitization of its government through a national project
which has experienced several difficulties due to
organizational specificities. The major difficulty lies in the
need to create a mediation system offering services shared
between several administrations and agencies working in a
completely autonomous way. Our proposal is a national
Moroccan architecture M-NEA based on an adequate
reconsideration of the system and expectations of
digitalization. By first moving from a target e-government
system to a target SMART GOVERNMENT and
respecting the specificities of the national system while
applying good practices. We proposed to consider the
Moroccan public system as a system of systems, in
applying good enterprise architecture practices for each
defined independent system. We implemented the overall
architecture proposed using the ZACKMAN enterprise
architecture framework which is considered the most
suitable enterprise architecture framework as a starting
point for defining a taxonomy guide for the proposed
enterprise architecture; By considering M-NEA we aim to
make the constraints of communications and
interoperability clearer in order to be able to find effective
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solutions in depth and gain in level of maturity.
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